Using Statistical Methods In Social Science Research 3rd Edition Soleman H. Abu-Bader - Solutions

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3 Explain the following:(a) the difference between quality of design and conformance;(b) quality-related costs.
2 ‘Quality’ cannot be inspected into a product nor can it be advertised in, it must be designed and built in.Discuss this statement in its application to a service providing organization.
1 It has been argued that the definition of product quality as ‘fitness for intended purpose’ is more likely to lead to commercial success than is a definition such as ‘conformance to specification’. Discuss the implication of these alternative definitions for the quality function within a
Are there any cases that may influence your results?
What is the range of the standardized residuals? Is there any problem with these values?
What will be Adam’s satisfaction score if he scored 24 on the promotion scale?
Does opportunity for promotion predict levels of satisfaction? (SPSS Variables: Satisfaction and Promotion)
When the variances of the dependent variable are not equal for each level of the independent variable, data are considered __________.
G iven an effect size of .15 and an alpha of .01, a sample size of __________ cases will be needed to conduct simple linear regression in order to achieve a power of .90.
A scatterplot of the residuals by the predicted scores is used to examine the __________.
__________ measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable due to the predictor.
A __________ shows how a change in the dependent variable is a function of a change in the independent variable.
Cook’s distance examines a data point or points that may influence the results of the regression equation.a. Trueb. False
The ANOVA test examines the overall regression equation.a. Trueb. False
In simple linear regression, R and beta coefficients are identical in size and direction.a. Trueb. False
Homogeneity of variance is to categorical data is as homoscedasticity is to continuous data.a. Trueb. False
The standardized regression intercept can take any value.a. Trueb. False
Simple linear regression is used primarily to examine if:a. Variable X is different from variable Y.b. Variable Y causes Variable X to occur.c. Variable X predicts Variable Y.d. Both b and c are correct.
In the regression equation “Y′ = a + bX,” b is:a. Standardized regression slopeb. Regression constantc. Unstandardized regression sloped. Pearson’s correlation coefficient
In the regression equation “Y′ = a + bX,” a is:a. Predicted scoreb. Regression interceptc. Residual scored. Regression slope
Which of these tests examines if standardized correlation coefficient is statistically significant?a. ANOVAb. Pearson’sc. t testd. N one of the above
These are assumptions of simple linear regression except:a. There is a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variable.b. Independent and dependent variables are normal.c. Dependent variable is either interval or dichotomous.d. Residuals are normal.
Is there a statistically significant association between race and levels of financial status among college students? (SPSS Variables: Race and FStatus).
Is there a statistically significant difference between the sample of college students and the population with regard to their financial status? Be sure to address the standardized residuals. (SPSS Variable: FStatus. Population Data: Overextended = 15%, Making ends meet = 55%, and comfortable =
For a 3 × 4 table, ____________ measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the independent variable.
The chi- square test of association is to the ____________ test as the independent t- test is to the one- sample case t- test.
The ____________ implies that each subject provides data to only one joint cell.
A ____________ measures the difference between the observed and expected frequency in each joint cell.
When the observed frequencies in the sample are the same as the expected frequencies in the population, the researcher should ____________ the null hypothesis.
In a 2 × 2 table, the Phi2 coefficient is to the chi- square test of association as the coefficient of determination is to the Pearson’s correlation coefficient.a. Trueb. False
Fisher’s exact test is an alternative to the chi- square test of association when data are continuous.a. Trueb. False
The column percentage represents the percentage of cases in one cell within the corresponding column.a. Trueb. False
A linear- by- linear test can be used to examine the difference between the observed frequency in a sample with that expected in the population.a. Trueb. False
Chi- square test of association examines the difference between the independent and dependent variables.a. Trueb. False
The degrees of freedom of a 4 × 5 table depend on:a. N umber of rowsb. N umber of columnsc. Sample sized. Both a and b are correct.
The number of cells in a 4 × 5 table that can have expected frequencies of less than 5 in order to use chi- square test of association cannot exceed:a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5
With an alpha of .001 and effect size of .50, what is the total sample size that is needed to examine the association between a 3 × 4 table in order to achieve a power of .80?a. 76b. 103c. 130d. 87
Which of these tests is not appropriate to examine a 2 × 2 table when the expected frequency in one or more cells is less than 5 cases?a. Fisher’s exact testb. Chi- square goodness- of- fit testsc. Yates’s continuity correctiond. All are correct.
These are assumptions of chi- square tests except:a. Variables consist of categorical data.b. Observations are independent of each other.c. The dependent variable is normally distributed.d. N o expected frequency is less than 1.
When data violate the assumption of homogeneity of variances, researchers should consider using the ______________ test to examine the difference between the group means.
The ______________ measures the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the grouping variable.
The assumption of ______________ implies that there is a relationship between the covariate and dependent variable.
Homogeneity (equality) of variances is also known as the assumption of ______________.
A(n) ______________ occurs when multiple independent t- tests are used to compare K groups, whereas K > 2.
Tukey to the one- way ANOVA is as Games- Howell to Welch test.a. Trueb. False
If the results of the one- way ANOVA are statistically significant, then we can conclude that all group means are significantly different.a. Trueb. False
To compare the means of six groups, we need 15 independent t- tests.a. Trueb. False
The variable “religious affiliation” can be used as a covariate.a. Trueb. False
Homogeneity of regression implies that there is no interaction between the independent and dependent variables on the covariate.a. Trueb. False
The following are assumptions of both ANOVA and ANCOVA except:a. Homogeneity of variancesb. Dependent variable is normally distributedc. Independent variable is dichotomousd. Linearity
The degrees of freedom in a study of four groups of 30 subjects each are:a. 3, 26b. 4, 30c. 3, 116d. 4, 120
With a two- tailed alpha of .01 and effect size of .25, what is the total sample size needed to compare the means of four groups to achieve a power of .90?a. 285b. 256c. 316d. 128
These are post hoc tests for multiple comparisons except:a. Games- Howellb. Bonferronic. Brown- Forsythed. Sidak
These are sources of variation in ANCOVA except:a. Between- groups variabilityb. Within- groups variabilityc. Covariate variabilityd. All the above are correct.
Whereas the dependent t- test examines the difference between the of two repeated measures, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test examines the difference between the ___________of two repeated measures.
If pretest depression was measured using 20 items on a four- point Likert scale and posttest depression was measured using five items on a four- point- Likert scale, the two measures violate the assumption of ___________.
The Wilcoxon signed ranks test is appropriate to examine the difference between two related topics when data violate the ___________ or are measured at the ___________level.
With a one- tailed alpha of .01, a medium effect size, and a sample of 43 cases, the results of the dependent t- test will have a power of ___________.
If one measure is transformed to use the dependent t- test, the second measure should also be transformed using same transformation method.a. Trueb. False
The dependent t- test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test are used to examine the relationship between two paired observations.a. Trueb. False
If two repeated measures have equal ranges, they must have equal means.a. Trueb. False
The dependent t- test is to the Wilcoxon signed ranks test as the independent t- test is to the Mann- Whitney U test.a. Trueb. False
Given a one- tailed hypothesis, an alpha of .01, and a two- tailed p value of .05 for the dependent t- test, researchers would reject the null hypothesis.a. Trueb. False
Which of these test statistics is/ are appropriate to examine the difference between students’ oral and written grades in a qualifying exam, given a four- point grade scale?a. Independent t- testb. Pearson’s correlation testc. Wilcoxon signed ranks testd. Dependent t- test
Which of these assumptions is/ are required for the Wilcoxon- signed ranks test?a. Sample is representative.b. Measures are continuous data.c. Measures have equal ranges.d. All are correct.
With a one- tailed alpha of .001 and a medium effect size, what is the minimum sample size needed for the dependent t- test to achieve a power of .95?a. 66b. 103c. 95d. 98
The following are assumptions of the dependent t- test except:a. Equal rangesb. Equal variancesc. Normal distributionsd. All the above are correct.
The dependent t- test examines which of the following hypotheses?a. There is no statistically significant difference between participants’ levels of physical and mental health.b. There is a statistically significant improvement in subjects’ levels of self- esteem after completing a 10- week
When data violate the assumption of normality, researchers should consider data transformation before using the ______________ test to examine the difference between the two samples.
The ______________ is used to examine the assumption of homogeneity of variances.
In the hypothesis “There is a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group with regard to their stress level,” ______________ is the dependent variable, and ______________ is the independent variable.
The assumption ______________ implies that the variances for the two groups are equal.
The one- sample case t- test to the ______________ test is as the independent t- test to the Mann- Whitney U test.
If the results of the independent t- test were t = 1.25 and p = .08, then we can conclude that the two variances are equal.a. Trueb. False
If the two groups have equal means, they must have equal variances.a. Trueb. False
Given a one- tailed hypothesis, an alpha of .05, and a two- tailed p value of .08 for the independent t- test, researchers would reject the null hypothesis.a. Trueb. False
The Levene’s test examines if the group means are significantly different.a. Trueb. False
Homogeneity of variances implies that the sample and populations have equal variances.a. Trueb. False
Which of the following is or are assumptions of both the independent t- test and Mann-Whitney U test?a. Sample is representative.b. Dependent variable is normally distributed.c. Independent variable is dichotomous.d. a and c are correct.
Adam was interested in the difference between male and female graduate students’ overall satisfaction with their GRE scores (1 = very dissatisfied to 5 = very satisfied). Which test or tests are most appropriate to examine Adam’s hypothesis?a. One- sample case t- testb. Two- sample case t-
With a two- tailed alpha of .010 and a large effect size, what is the total sample size needed for the independent t- test to achieve a power of .90?a. 49b. 60c. 68d. 98
The following are assumptions of one- sample case t- test except:a. Representative sampleb. N ormal distributionc. E quality of variancesd. All the above are correct.
A Student’s one- sample t- test examines which of the following hypotheses?a. There is no significant relationship between gender and levels of anxiety.b. There is a significant improvement in levels of self- esteem among emotionally abused women after completing a 10- week group therapy.c.
A ___________ examines the relationship between one dichotomous variable and one normally distributed continuous variable.
If the variance between the independent and dependent variables in the above hypothesis is .25, then the Pearson’s r correlation coefficient is ___________.
In the hypothesis “There is a statistically significant negative relationship between physical health and body weight adjusting for age,” body weight is the ___________ variable, physical health is the ___________ variable, and age is the ___________ variable.
___________ is a statistical measure of the percent of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the independent variable.
A(n) ___________ is a useful graphical presentation to display the overlap area between the independent and dependent variables, and the control variable, if any.
A significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables indicates that the independent variable was responsible for the change in the dependent variable.a. Trueb. False
The covariance in a partial correlation test can be measured at any level of measurement.a. Trueb. False
A scatterplot is a graphical presentation illustrating the relationship between two variables.a. Trueb. False
With all other factors held constant, a one- tailed hypothesis requires a larger sample size than a two- tailed hypothesis.a. Trueb. False
A correlation coefficient of (.56) is stronger than a correlation coefficient of (– .65).a. Trueb. False
Given a one- tailed alpha of .05, a correlation coefficient of .25, and a two- tailed p value of.08, researchers would:a. N ot reject the research hypothesis (r = .25, p > .05)b. Reject the null hypothesis (r = .25, p < .05)c. N ot reject the null hypothesis (r = .25, p > .05)d. N ot enough
Which of the following is not a correlational test?a. Point- biserial correlation coefficientb. Pearson’s skewness coefficientc. Partial correlation coefficientd. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient
Assuming a one- tailed alpha of .010 and a medium effect size, what sample size is needed for Pearson’s r correlation to achieve a power of .90?a. 158b. 107c. 139d. 203
The following are assumptions of Pearson’s r correlation except:a. The sample is representative of the population.b. The dependent variable is normally distributed.c. The independent variable is a dichotomous variable.d. All the above are correct.
Correlational tests examine which of the following hypotheses?a. There is no significant relationship between pretest and posttest anxiety scores.b. There is no significant relationship between income and overall quality of life.c. There is a significant difference between students’ final grades
Use SPSS to compute the 90% and 99% confidence intervals for self- perception. What do these intervals tell you?
A ssuming an alpha .001 and a two- tailed p value of .01, would you reject the null hypothesis is question 6? Why?

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Using Statistical Methods In Social Science Research 3rd Edition Soleman H. Abu-Bader - Solutions

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