Statistics Applied With Excel Data Analysis Is An Art 1st Edition Franz Kronthaler - Solutions

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2.29 Median versus mean For each of the following variables, would you use the median or mean for describing the center of the distribution? Why? (Think about the likely shape of the distribution.)a. Salary of employees of a universityb. Time spent on a difficult examc. Scores on a standardized test
2.28 Warming in Newnan, Georgia? Access the Newnan, GA Temps file on the book’s website, which reports the average annual temperatures during the 20th century for Newnan, Georgia. Construct a time plot to investigate a possible trend over time. Is there evidence of climate change?
2.23 Gestational Period The Animals data set at the book’s website contains data on the length of the gestational period (in days) of 21 animals. (Source: Wildlife Conservation Society)a. Using software, plot a histogram of the gestational period.b. Do you see any observation that is unusual?
2.22 More shapes of histograms Repeat the preceding exercise fora. The winner’s score in a basketball game during an NBA season.b. The distance from home to school for students in a specific schoolc. The number of attempts a young adult needs to pass a driving license testd. The number of times
2.21 Shape of the histogram For each of the following variables, indicate whether you would expect its histogram to be symmetric, skewed to the right, or skewed to the left.Explain why.a. The price of a certain model of smartwatch in different stores in your districtb. The amount of time students
2.14 Pareto chart for fatal shark attacks The data shown in Exercise 2.9 give frequencies of fatal shark attacks for different regions. Using software or sketching, construct a bar graph, ordering the regions (i) alphabetically and(ii) as in a Pareto chart. Which do you prefer? Why?
2.10 Generating Electricity In 2012 in the United States, most electricity was generated from coal (37%), natural gas (30%), or nuclear power plants (19%). Hydropower accounted for 7% of the total electricity produced; other renewable sources such as wind or solar power accounted for 5%. Other
2.9 Fatal Shark Attacks Few of the shark attacks listed in Table 2.1 are fatal. Overall, 63 fatal shark attacks were recorded in the ISAF from 2004 to 2013, with 2 reported in Florida, 2 in Hawaii, 4 in California, 15 in Australia, 13 in South Africa, 6 in Réunion Island, 4 in Brazil, and 6 in the
2.7 Discrete or continuous 2 Repeat the previous exercise for the following:a. The total playing time of a CDb. The number of courses for which a student has received creditc. The amount of money in your pocket (Hint: You could regard a number such as $12.75 as 1275 in terms of “the number of
2.6 Discrete or continuous? Identify each of the following variables as continuous or discrete.a. The upload speed of an Internet connectionb. The number of apps installed on a tabletc. The height of a treed. The number of emails you send in a day
2.5 Discrete/continuousa. Explain the difference between a discrete variable and a continuous variable.b. Give an example of each type.
2.4 Categorical or quantitative? Identify each of the following variables as either categorical or quantitative.a. Choice of diet (vegan, vegetarian, neither)b. Time spent shopping online per weekc. Ownership of a tablet (yes, no)d. Number of siblings
2.3 Classify the variable type Classify each of the following variables as categorical or quantitative.a. The number of social media accounts you have(Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, etc.)b. Preferred soccer teamc. Choice of smartphone model to buyd. Distance (in kilometers) of commute to
2.2 Common types of cancer in 2012 Of all cancer cases around the world in 2012, 13% had lung cancer, 11.9% had breast cancer, 9.7% had colorectal cancer, 7.9% had prostate cancer, 6.8% had stomach cancer and 50.7% had other types of cancer (www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/worldwide-data). Is
2.1 Categorical/quantitative differencea. Explain the difference between categorical and quantitative variables.b. Give an example of each.
1.41 Getting to know the class Your instructor will help the class create a data file consisting of the values for class members of characteristics based on responses to a questionnaire like the one that follows. Alternatively, your instructor may ask you to use a data file of this type already
1.40 Create a data file Using the statistical software that your instructor has assigned for the course, find out how to enter a data file. Create a data file by using the data in Figure 1.2.Student Activities
1.39 Surprising suicide data? In Exercise 1.29, of 3112 people who responded, 59.8% or 1862 people, said they would commit suicide if they had an incurable disease.Suppose that 50% of the entire population shares this view about suicide. If the sample of 3112 people were a random sample, would this
1.38 What is statistics? On a final exam that one of us recently gave, students were asked, “How would you define ‘statistics’to someone who has never taken a statistics course?”One student wrote, “You want to know the answer to some question. There’s no answer in the back of a book.You
1.37 Statistics in the news Pick up a recent issue of a national newspaper, such as The New York Times or USA Today, or consult a news website, such as msnbc.com or cnn.com.Identify an article that used statistical methods. Did it use descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, or both? Explain.
1.36 True or false? In a particular study, you could use descriptive statistics, or you could use inferential statistics, but you would rarely need to use both.Concepts and Investigations
1.35 Multiple choice: Use of inferential statistics? Inferential statistics are useda. to describe whether a sample has more females or males.b. to reduce a data file to easily understood summaries.c. to make predictions about populations by using sample data.d. when we can’t use statistical
1.34 Support of labor unions The Gallup organization has asked opinions about support of labor unions since its first poll in 1936, when 72% of the American population approved of them. In its 2014 poll, it found that support of labor unions had fallen to 53% of Americans, based on a sample of
1.33 Marketing study For the marketing study about sales in Example 5, identify the (a) sample and population and(b) descriptive and inferential aspects.
1.32 Online learning Your university is interested in determining the proportion of students who would be interested in completing summer courses online, compared to on campus. A survey is taken of 100 students who intend to take summer courses.a. Identify the sample and the population.b. For the
1.31 Breaking down Brown versus Whitman Example 2 of this chapter discusses an exit poll taken during the 2010 California gubernatorial election. The administrators of the poll also collected demographic data, which allows for further breakdown of the 3889 voters from whom information was
1.30 Mobile data costs A study is conducted by the Australian Communications and Media Authority. Based on a small sample of 19 mobile communications plans offered, the average cost per 1000 MB of free monthly mobile data allowance is found to be $5.40, with a margin of error of $2.16. Explain how
1.29 Euthanasia The General Social Survey asked, in 2012, whether you would commit suicide if you had an incurable disease. Of the 3112 people who had an opinion about this, 1862, or 59.8%, would commit suicide.a. Describe the population of interest.b. Explain how the sample data are summarized
1.28 UW Student survey In a University of Wisconsin (UW)study about alcohol abuse among students, 100 of the 40,858 members of the student body in Madison were sampled and asked to complete a questionnaire. One question asked was, “On how many days in the past week did you consume at least one
1.27 Ebola outbreaks Ebola virus disease outbreaks have a case fatality rate of 90% (meaning 90% of people who get it die). In a hospital that is treating 20 patients with ebola, 14 died. Is this result surprising? To reason an answer, use the web app (or other software) as described in Activity 2
1.26 Margin of error Refer to the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion web app used in Activity 2.a. For a population proportion of 0.50, simulate a random sample of size 1000. What is the sample proportion of successes? Do this 10 times, keeping track of the 10 sample proportions.b. Find
1.25 Simulate with the Sampling Distribution for the Sample Proportion web app Refer to Activity 2 on page 47.a. Repeat the activity using a population proportion of 0.60: Take at least five samples of size 10 each; observe how the sample proportions of successes vary around 0.60 and then do the
1.24 Use a data file with software You may need to learn how to open a data file from the book’s website or download one from the Web for use with the software for your course. Do this for the “FL student survey” data file on the book’s website, from the survey mentioned following Figure
1.23 Create a data file with software Your instructor will show you how to create data files by using the software for your course. Use it to create the data file you constructed by hand in Exercise 1.20 or 1.21.
1.22 Sample with caution According to a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, it was found that, in 2014, 82% of all American internet users between the ages of 18 to 29 used Facebook. Why is it not safe to infer anything from this survey about:a. the proportion of the general
1.21 Shopping sales data file Construct a data file describing the purchasing behavior of the five people, described below, who visit a shopping mall. Enter purchase amounts each spent on clothes, sporting goods, books, and music CDs as the data. Customer 1 spent $49 on clothes and$16 on music CDs,
1.20 Data file for friends Construct (by hand) a data file of the form of Figure 1.2, for two characteristics with a sample of four of your friends. One characteristic should take numerical values, and the other should take values that are categories.
1.18 Margin of error and n A poll was conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs for Global News. It was conducted between May 18 and May 20, 2016, with a sample of 1005 Canadians. It was found 73% of the respondents “agree”that the Liberals should not make any changes to the country’s voting system
1.16 Samples vary less with more data We’ll see that the amount by which statistics vary from sample to sample always depends on the sample size. This important fact can be illustrated by thinking about what would happen in repeated flips of a fair coin.a. Which case would you find more
1.15 Graduate studies Consider the population of all undergraduate students at your university. A certain proportion have an interest in graduate studies. Your friend randomly samples 40 undergraduates and uses the sample proportion of those who have an interest in graduate studies to predict the
1.14 Gallup polls Go to the website www.galluppoll.com for the Gallup poll. From reports listed on its home page, give an example of (a) a descriptive statistical analysis and(b) an inferential statistical analysis.
1.12 At what age did women marry? A historian wants to estimate the average age at marriage of women in New England in the early 19th century. Within her state archives she finds marriage records for the years 1800–1820, which she treats as a sample of all marriage records from the early 19th
1.11 Graduating seniors’ salaries The job placement center at your school surveys all graduating seniors at the school.Their report about the survey provides numerical summaries such as the average starting salary and the percentage of students earning more than $30,000 a year.a. Are these
1.10 Is globalization good? The Voice of the People poll asks a random sample of citizens from different countries around the world their opinion about global issues.Included in the list of questions is whether they feel that globalization helps their country. The reported results were combined by
1.9 Preferred holiday destination Suppose a student is interested in knowing the preferred holiday destinations of the faculty members in his university. He is affiliated to the college of business and interviews a few of the faculty members of this college about their preferred holiday
1.8 Concerned about global warming? The Institute for Public Opinion Research at Florida International University has conducted the FIU/Florida Poll (www2.fiu.edu/orgs/ipor/globwarm2.htm) of about 1200 Floridians annually since 1988 to track opinions on a wide variety of issues. In 2006 the poll
1.7 Ebook use During the spring semester in 2014, an ebook survey was administered to students of Winthrop University. Of the 170 students sampled, 45% indicated that they had used ebooks for their academic work.Identify (a) the sample, (b) the population, and (c) the sample statistic reported.
1.6 Description and inferencea. Distinguish between description and inference as reasons for using statistics. Illustrate the distinction using an example.b. You have data for a population, such as obtained in a census. Explain why descriptive statistics are helpful but inferential statistics are
1.5 GSS for subject you pick At the GSS website, click Standard Codebook under Codebooks and then click Sequential Variable List. Find a subject that interests you and look up a relevant GSS code name to enter as the row variable. Summarize the results that you obtain.
1.4 GSS and heaven and hell Refer to the previous exercise. You can obtain data for a particular survey year such as 2008 by entering YEAR(2008) in the Selection Filter option box before you click Run the Table.a. Do this for HEAVEN in 2008, giving the percentages for the four possible outcomes.
1.3 GSS and heaven Go to the General Social Survey website, http://sda.berkeley.edu/GSS. Enter HEAVEN as the row variable and then click Run the Table. When asked whether they believed in heaven, what percentage of those surveyed said yes, definitely; yes, probably; no, probably not; and no,
1.2 Poverty and age The Current Population Survey (CPS)is a survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It provides a comprehensive body of data on the labor force, unemployment, wealth, poverty, and so on. The data can be found online at www.census.gov/cps/. The
1.1 Aspirin the wonder drug An analysis by Professor Peter M Rothwell and his colleagues (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, UK) published in 2012 in the medical journal The Lancet (http://www.thelancet.com) assessed the effects of daily aspirin intake on cancer
Ratios relate two parameters to each other. We can use them to generate new knowledge from existing data.
Reference numbers relate different quantities to each other.
Quotas relate sub-quantities to an overall quantity.
We can use a dynamic index to analyze the development of a variable over time.
Price and quantity indices by Laspeyres and Paasche are used when analyzing the development of several variables over time.
7.1 Find three facts that can be analyzed with the help of a reference number.
7.2 Find three facts that can be analysed using a quota.
7.3 Find three facts that can be analyzed using a dynamic index figure.
7.4 Analyze the development of the gross domestic product per capita for the following countries. Use 2007 as the base year.
7.5 A company needs energy from oil, gas, and electricity to produce its goods. The company wants to analyze the price and quantity trends of the energy needed for production. In particular, it wants to know the effect of efforts to produce in a more energy-efficient way. Calculate and analyze the
7.6 As a student, you fortunately have a small fortune and have invested it in shares. Of course, you are interested in the performance of your portfolio and you would like to analyze the development, similar to the Swiss Market Index SMI or the German stock index DAX, with the help of an index
What is the average growth rate of start-ups?
What is the average age of enterprise founders?
Do more women or more men start businesses?
Is there a relationship between marketing activities and the growth of newly founded companies?
How much meat does the cheeseburger of McBurger contain?
Before we collect and analyse data the research problem and the research question have to be clearly defined.
Before primary data collection is carried out we should check whether the required data are available by a secondary source.
The population are all persons or objects about we want to make a statement.
We achieve representativeness of the sample by randomly drawing the elements or objects out of the population.
The sample values of a representative sample are the best estimators for the population.
The confidence interval makes the point estimate more precise by including uncertainty.
The sample size is calculated from the width of the confidence interval, the standard deviation in the population and the defined confidence level.
Validity of a variable means that the variable is a good proxy for the object of interest.
Reliability means that we measure the object of interest with an measurement error as small as possible
8.1 What steps do we need to follow when collecting data?
8.2 Search data on the population of countries on the Internet. How many inhabitants do China, India, Switzerland, Germany and the USA currently have?
8.3 Explain what the population is, what a sample is, and what condition must be satisfied so that we can infer from the sample to the population.
8.4 What is the average growth rate of firms and what is the 90%, 95% and 99%confidence interval, data set data_growth.xlsx?
8.5 Calculate the sample size needed if we want to estimate the average growth rate of firms with a 95% confidence level and a confidence interval width not wider than 2 percentage points. From preliminary research we know that the standard deviation in the population is about 5 percentage points.
8.6 What percentage share of the enterprise in our data set data_growth.xlsx are industrial enterprises and what is the 90%, 95% and 99% confidence interval?
8.7 What would the sample size need to be if we want to estimate the share of industrial enterprises in the population with a 90% confidence level and a confidence interval width of 8 percentage points. From preliminary considerations, we know that the share of industry enterprise is around 25%.
8.8 What is validity and reliability?
8.9 Which of the two statements is correct: 1) reliability is possible without validity or 2) validity is possible without reliability. Explain briefly.
8.10 Locate the article by Costin, F., Greenough, W.T. & R.J. Menges (1971): Student Ratings of College Teaching: Reliability, Validity, and Usefulness, Review of Educational Research 41(5), pp. 511–535 and discuss how this article discusses the concepts of validity and reliability?
We come from the question:
How old are enterprise founders on average?
via existing studies and theories to ...
the hypothesis: Enterprise founders are on average 40 years old.
A hypothesis is a statement about an issue based on theory or experience.
In the research process we distinguish between null hypothesis H0 and alternative hypothesis HA. The null hypothesis is the testable statement, the alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
We can formulate our hypotheses non-directional and directional. Formulating a directional hypothesis requires typically a higher level of knowledge than formulating a non-directional hypothesis.
A good hypothesis meets the following criteria: It is an extension of the research question, it is formulated as a statement, it reflects the existing literature, and it is precise and testable.
9.1 Formulate the non-directional null and alternative hypotheses for the following research questions.
9.2 Formulate the directional null and alternative hypothesis for each of the research questions above.
9.3 Go to the library and find three journal articles (which contain data) from your field of studies. For each article, answer the following questions: What is the full citation?What is the research question of the article? What is the research hypothesis? Is it explicitly stated? What is the null
9.4 Evaluate the hypotheses you found in Task 3 in light of the five criteria that a good hypothesis should meet.

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Statistics Applied With Excel Data Analysis Is An Art 1st Edition Franz Kronthaler - Solutions

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