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Understandable Statistics Concepts And Methods 13th Edition Charles Henry Brase, Corrinne Pellillo Brase - Solutions
Statistical Literacy When drawing a scatter diagram, along which axis is the explanatory variable placed?Along which axis is the response variable placed?AppendixLO1
How can you perform a linear regression analysis if you have more than two variables?AppendixLO1
How can you give confidence intervals for your predictions, and perform hypothesis tests on the coefficients of linear regression? (SECTION 9.3)AppendixLO1
How do you find the least-squares line of best fit and use it to make predictions? (SECTION 9.2)AppendixLO1
How do you determine the strength of the linear correlation between two variables? (SECTION 9.1)AppendixLO1
Agriculture: Wheat For the past 16 years, the yields of wheat (in tons) grown on a plot at Rothamsted Experimental Station (England) follow. The sequence is by year.3.8 1.9 0.6 1.7 2.0 3.5 3.0 1.4 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 Use level of significance 5% to test for randomness about the
Education: True–False Questions Dr. Gill wants to arrange the answers to a true–false exam in random order. The answers in order of occurrence follow.T T T T F T T F F T T T T F F F F F F T T T T T T Test the sequence for randomness using a 5 0.05.AppendixLO1
Cooking School: Chocolate Mousse Two expert French chefs judged chocolate mousse made by students in a Paris cooking school. Each chef ranked the best chocolate mousse as 1.Student 1 2 3 4 5 Rank by Chef Pierre 4 2 3 1 5 Rank by Chef André 4 1 2 3 5 Use a 0.10 level of significance to test the
Training Program: Fast Food At McDouglas Hamburger stands, each employee must undergo a training program before they are assigned. A group of nine people went through the training program and were assigned to work at the Teton Park McDouglas Hamburger stand. Rankings in performance after the
Dogs: Obedience School An obedience school for dogs experimented with two methods of training. One method involved rewards (food, praise); the other involved no rewards. The dogs were randomly placed into two independent groups of 11 each. The number of sessions required to train each of 22 dogs
Sales: Paint A chain of hardware stores is trying to sell more paint by mailing pamphlets describing the paint.In 15 communities containing one of these hardware stores, the paint sales (in dollars) were recorded for the months before and after the ads were sent out. The paired results for each
Self-Improvement: Memory Professor Adams wrote a book called Improving Your Memory. The professor claims that if you follow the program outlined in the book, your memory will definitely improve. Fifteen people took the professor’s course, in which the book and its program were used. On the first
Chemistry: Lubricant In the production of synthetic motor lubricant from coal, a new catalyst has been discovered that seems to affect the viscosity index of the lubricant. In an experiment consisting of 23 production runs, 11 used the new catalyst and 12 did not. After each production run, the
Critical Thinking Suppose you want to test whether there is a difference in means in a matched pair,“before and after” situation. If you know that the populations under investigation are at least moundshaped and symmetric and you have a large sample, is it better to use the parametric paired
Statistical Literacy For nonparametric tests, what assumptions, if any, need to be made concerning the distributions of the populations under investigation?AppendixLO1
Expand Your Knowledge: Either n1 . 20 or n2 . 20 Professor Cornish studied rainfall cycles and sunspot cycles (Reference: Australian Journal of Physics, Vol. 7, pp. 334–346). Part of the data include amount of rain (in mm) for 6-day intervals. The following data give rain amounts for consecutive
Normal Approximation For each successive presidential term from Franklin Pierce (the 14th president, elected in 1853) to George W. Bush(43rd president), the party affiliation controlling the White House follow, where R designates Republican and D designates Democrat (Reference: The New York Times
Civil Engineering: Soil Profiles Sand and clay studies were conducted at the West Side Field Station of the University of California (Reference: Professor D.R. Nielsen, University of California, Davis). Twelve consecutive depths, each about 15 cm deep, were studied and the following percentages of
Civil Engineering: Soil Profiles Sand and clay studies were conducted at the West Side Field Station of the University of California (Reference: Professor D.R. Nielsen, University of California, Davis). Twelve consecutive depths, each about 15 cm deep, were studied and the following percentages of
Random Walk: Bonds The following data represent annual percentage returns on Vanguard Total Bond Index for a sequence of recent years. This fund represents nearly all publicly traded U.S. bonds(Reference: Morningstar Mutual Fund Analysis).7.1 9.7 22.7 18.2 3.6 9.4 8.6 20.8 11.4 8.4 8.3 0.8(i)
Random Walk: Stocks Many economists and financial experts claim that the price level of a stock or bond is not random; rather, the price changes tend to follow a random sequence over time. The following data represent annual percentage returns on Vanguard Total Stock Index for a sequence of recent
Astronomy: Earth’s Rotation Changes in the earth’s rotation are exceedingly small. However, a very longterm trend could be important. (Reference: Journal of Astronomy, Vol. 57, pp. 125–146). Let I represent an increase and D a decrease in the rate of the earth’s rotation. The following
Cloud Seeding: Arizona Researchers experimenting with cloud seeding in Arizona want a random sequence of days for their experiments (Reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 68, pp.649–652). Suppose they have the following itinerary for consecutive days, where S indicates a
Congress: Party Affiliation The majority party of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 93rd Congress through the 110th Congress (1973 through 2009) follow, where D and R represent Democrat and Republican, respectively (Reference: Statistical Abstract of the United States).D D D D D D D D D D D
Presidents: Party Affiliation For each successive presidential term from Teddy Roosevelt to George W.Bush (first term), the party affiliation controlling the White House follow, where R designates Republican and D designates Democrat (Reference: The New York Times Almanac).R R R D D R R D D D D D R
Statistical Literacy Suppose your data consist of a sequence of numbers. To apply a runs test for randomness about the median, what process do you use to convert the numbers into two distinct symbols?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy To apply a runs test for randomness as described in this section to a sequence of symbols, how many different symbols are required?AppendixLO1
Test a sequence of numbers for randomness about the median.AppendixLO1
Test a sequence of symbols for randomness.AppendixLO1
Insurance: Sales Big Rock Insurance Company did a study of per capita income and volume of insurance sales in eight Midwest cities. The volume of sales in each city was ranked, with 1 being the largest volume.The per capita income was rounded to the nearest thousand dollars.City 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ecology: Wetlands Turbid water is muddy or cloudy water. Sunlight is necessary for most life forms;thus turbid water is considered a threat to wetland ecosystems. Passive filtration systems are commonly used to reduce turbidity in wetlands. Suspended solids are measured in mg/L. Is there a relation
Demographics: Police and Fire Protection Is there a relation between police protection and fire protection?A random sample of large population areas gave the following information about the number of local police and the number of local firefighters (units in thousands) (Reference: Statistical
FBI Report: Child Abuse and Runaway Children Is there a relation between incidents of child abuse and number of runaway children? A random sample of 15 cities (over 10,000 population) gave the following information about the number of reported incidents of child abuse and the number of runaway
Psychology: Testing An army psychologist gave a random sample of seven soldiers a test to measure sense of humor and another test to measure aggressiveness.Higher scores mean greater sense of humor or more aggressiveness.Soldier 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Score on humor test 60 85 78 90 93 45 51 Score on
FBI Report: Murder and Arson Is there a relation between murder and arson? A random sample of 15 Midwest cities (over 10,000 population) gave the following information about annual number of murder and arson cases (Reference: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice).City 1 2 3 4
Psychology: Rat Colonies A psychology professor is studying the relation between overcrowding and violent behavior in a rat colony. Eight colonies with different degrees of overcrowding are being studied. By using a television monitor, lab assistants record incidents of violence. Each colony has
Economics: Stocks As an economics class project, Imani studied a random sample of 14 stocks. For each of these stocks, she found the cost per share (in dollars)and ranked each of the stocks according to cost. After 3 months, she found the earnings per share for each stock (in dollars). Again, Imani
Training Program: Sales A data-processing company has a training program for new salespeople. After completing the training program, each trainee is ranked by his or her instructor. After a year of sales, the same class of trainees is again ranked by a company supervisor according to net value of
Critical Thinking Suppose that a data set has a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8. If you were to run a Spearman rank correlation coefficient on the same data, would the result be monotone increasing, monotone decreasing, or nonmonotone? Explain.For Problems 5–13, please provide the
Critical Thinking How does the Spearman rank correlation coefficient differ from the Pearson correlation coefficient? Explain.AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy Consider the Spearman rank correlation coefficient rs for data pairs (x, y). What is the monotone relationship, if any, between x and y implied by a value of(a) rs 5 0?(b) rs close to 1?(c) rs close to 21?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy For data pairs (x, y), if y always increases as x increases, is the relationship monotone increasing, monotone decreasing, or nonmonotone?AppendixLO1
Interpret the results of the Spearman rank correlation test in the context of the application.AppendixLO1
Conduct statistical tests for the significance of the Spearman correlation coefficient.AppendixLO1
Compute the Spearman correlation coefficient.AppendixLO1
Education: Spelling Twenty-two fourth-grade children were randomly divided into two groups.Group A was taught spelling by a phonetic method.Group B was taught spelling by a memorization method. At the end of the fourth grade, all children were given a standard spelling exam. The scores are as
Doctor’s Degree: Years of Study Does the average length of time to earn a doctorate differ from one field to another? Independent random samples from large graduate schools gave the following averages for length of registered time (in years) from bachelor’s degree to doctorate. Sample A was
Lifestyles: Exercise Is there a link between exercise and level of education? Independent random samples of adults from group A (college graduates) and group B (no high school diploma) gave the following information about percentage who exercise regularly(Reference: Center for Disease Control and
Psychology: Testing A psychologist has developed a mental alertness test. She wishes to study the effects(if any) of type of food consumed on mental alertness.Twenty-one volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups were told to eat the amount they usually eat for lunch at noon. At
Psychology: Testing A cognitive aptitude test consists of putting together a puzzle. Eleven people in group A took the test in a competitive setting (first and second to finish received a prize). Twelve people in group B took the test in a noncompetitive setting. The results follow (in minutes
Violent Crime: FBI Report Is the crime rate in New York different from the crime rate in New Jersey?Independent random samples from region A (cities in New York) and region B (cities in New Jersey) gave the following information about violent crime rate(number of violent crimes per 100,000
Horse Trainer: Jumps A horse trainer teaches horses to jump by using two methods of instruction.Horses being taught by method A have a lead horse that accompanies each jump. Horses being taught by method B have no lead horse. The table shows the number of training sessions required before each
Agriculture: Sweet Corn Are yields for organic farming different from conventional farming yields? Independent random samples from method A (organic farming) and method B (conventional farming) gave the following information about yield of sweet corn (in tons/acre) (Reference: Agricultural
Agriculture: Lima Beans Are yields for organic farming different from conventional farming yields?Independent random samples from method A (organic farming) and method B (conventional farming) gave the following information about yield of lima beans(in tons/acre) (Reference: Agricultural
Basic Computation Suppose you have two independent samples with the first having sample size 15 and the second having sample size 16. Compute the mean and standard deviation of Ranks for the Rank-Sum test.For Problems 6–14, please provide the following information.(a) What is the level of
Basic Computation Suppose you have two independent samples with the first having sample size 10 and the second having sample size 12. Compute the mean and standard deviation of Ranks for the Rank-Sum test.AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy How does the rank-sum test in this section differ from the tests for differences of means from independent samples in Section 8.5?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy If two or more data values are the same, how is the rank of each of the tied data computed?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy When applying the rank-sum test, do you need independent or dependent samples?AppendixLO1
Interpret the results of a rank-sum test in the context of the application.AppendixLO1
Complete a rank-sum test using the distribution of ranks.AppendixLO1
State the criteria for setting up a rank-sum test.AppendixLO1
Focus Problem: Meteorology The Focus Problem at the beginning of this chapter asks you to use a sign test with a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the overall temperature distribution of Madison, Wisconsin, is different (either way) from that of Juneau, Alaska.The monthly average data
High School Graduation: Does PE Help or Hurt? Is the high school graduation rate higher for those who take elective Physical Education(PE) classes? A random sample of population regions gave the following information about percentage of 15- to 19-year-olds who graduated from high school.Region 1 2
Incomes: Lawyers and Architects How do the average weekly incomes of lawyers and architects compare? A random sample of 18 regions in the United States gave the following information about average weekly incomes (in dollars) (Reference: U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics).Region 1
Quitting Smoking: Hypnosis One program to help people stop smoking cigarettes uses the method of posthypnotic suggestion to remind subjects to avoid smoking. A random sample of 18 subjects agreed to test the program. All subjects counted the number of cigarettes they usually smoke a day; then they
Incomes: Electricians and Carpenters How do the average weekly incomes of electricians and carpenters compare? A random sample of 17 regions in the United States gave the following information about average weekly income (in dollars) (Reference: U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Identical Twins: Reading Skills To compare two elementary schools regarding teaching of reading skills, 12 sets of identical twins were used. In each case, one child was selected at random and sent to school A, and his or her twin was sent to school B.Near the end of fifth grade, an achievement
Grain Yields: Feeding the World With an everincreasing world population, grain yields are extremely important. A random sample of 16 large grainproducing regions in the world gave the following information about grain production (in kg/hectare)(Reference: Handbook of International Economic
Education: Exams A high school science teacher decided to give a series of lectures on current events.To determine if the lectures had any effect on student awareness of current events, an exam was given to the class before the lectures, and a similar exam was given after the lectures. The scores
Debt: Developing Countries Borrowing money may be necessary for business expansion. However, too much borrowed money can also mean trouble. Are developing countries tending to borrow more? A random sample of 20 developing countries gave the following information Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modern
Economic Growth: Asia Asian economies impact some of the world’s largest populations. The growth of an economy has a big influence on the everyday lives of ordinary people. Are Asian economies changing?A random sample of 15 Asian economies gave the following information about annual percentage
Statistical Literacy How does the sign test from this section differ from the test of paired differences from Section 8.4?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy What differentiates a parametric test from a non-parametric test?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy For the sign test of matched pairs, do pairs for which the difference in values is zero enter into any calculations?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy To apply the sign test, do you need independent or dependent (matched pair) data?AppendixLO1
Can you tell if a sequence is truly random or if there is a pattern?AppendixLO1
Can you measure and test correlation for ordered pairs of ranked data (that is, data at the ordinal level of measurement)? (SECTION 11.3)AppendixLO1
How do you set up nonparametric tests when you have independent samples from a population with an unknown distribution? (SECTION 11.2)AppendixLO1
Can you use statistical methods if you cannot make assumptions about a population distribution? (SECTION 11.1)AppendixLO1
Advertising: Meal Deliveries Does the type of advertisement make a difference in the average daily number of people responding to the ad? Is there a difference in average daily number of people responding to an ad during the summer season as compared to the fall season? Fresh Chef is a mealkit
Engineering: Light Bulbs Two processes for manufacturing 60-watt light bulbs are under study.In both cases, the life (in hours) of the bulb before it burns out is being examined. A random sample of 18 light bulbs manufactured using the old process showed the sample variance of lifetimes to be s2 5
Engineering: Roller Bearings Two processes for manufacturing large roller bearings are under study.In both cases, the diameters (in centimeters) are being examined. A random sample of 21 roller bearings from the old manufacturing process showed the sample variance of diameters to be s2 5 0.235.
Sociology: Age Distribution A sociologist is studying the age of the population in Blue Valley. Ten years ago, the population was such that 20% were under 20 years old, 15% were in the 20- to 35-year-old bracket, 30% were between 36 and 50, 25% were between 51 and 65, and 10% were over 65. A study
Packaging: Corn Flakes A machine that puts corn flakes into boxes is adjusted to put an average of 15 ounces into each box, with standard deviation of 0.25 ounce. If a random sample of 12 boxes gave a sample standard deviation of 0.38 ounce, do these data support the claim that the variance has
Teacher Ratings: Grades Professor Stone complains that students’ teacher ratings depend on the grade students receive. In other words, according to Professor Stone, a teacher who gives good grades gets good ratings, and a teacher who gives bad grades gets bad ratings. To test this claim, the
Computer Science: Data Processing Anela is a computer scientist who is formulating a large and complicated program for a type of data processing.Anela has three ways of storing and retrieving data:cloud storage, disk, or hard drive. As an experiment, Anela sets up her program in three different
Tires: Blowouts A consumer agency is investigating the blowout pressures of Soap Stone tires. A Soap Stone tire is said to blow out when it separates from the wheel rim due to impact forces usually caused by hitting a rock or a pothole in the road. A random sample of 30 Soap Stone tires were
Education: Exams Professor Fair believes that extra time does not improve grades on exams. He randomly divided a group of 300 students into two groups and gave them all the same test. One group had exactly 1 hour in which to finish the test, and the other group could stay as long as desired. The
Sales: Packaging The makers of Country Corn Flakes are thinking about changing the packaging of the cereal in the hope of improving sales. In an experiment, five stores of similar size in the same region sold Country Corn Flakes in different-shaped containers for 2 weeks. Total packages sold are
Critical Thinking Suppose you take a random sample from a normal population and you want to determine whether there is sufficient statistical evidence to claim that the population variance differs from a corresponding variance specified in a government contract. Which type of test is appropriate, a
Critical Thinking Suppose you took random samples from three distinct age groups. Through a survey, you determined how many respondents from each age group preferred to get news from TV, newspapers, the Internet, or another source (respondents could select only one mode). What type of test would be
Statistical Literacy Of the following probability distributions, which are always symmetric: normal, Student’s t, chi-square, F?AppendixLO1
Statistical Literacy Of the following random variables, which have only non-negative values: z, t, chi-square, F?AppendixLO1
Experimental Design: Teaching Style A researcher forms three blocks of students interested in taking a history course. The groups are based on grade point average (GPA). The first group consists of students with a GPA less than 2.5, the second group consists of students with a GPA between 2.5 and
Major: Grade Point Average Does a college grade point average (GPA) depend on a person’s major?Does it depend on a person’s academic year? In a study, the following GPA data were obtained for random samples of college students in each of the cells.Major Academic Year 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year
Income: Media Usage In the same study described in Problem 4, media usage versus household income also was considered. The media usage indices for the various media and income levels follow.Minitab Printout for Media/Education Data Analysis of Variance for Index Source DF SS MS F P Edu 3 961 320
Education: Media Usage In a study of media usage versus education level, an index was used to measure media usage, where a measurement of 100 represents the U.S. average. Values above 100 represent aboveaverage media usage.Education Level Media Streaming Movies Online Gaming Streaming Music Online
Critical Thinking: Physical Therapy For the study regarding mean cadence (see Problem 1), two-way ANOVA was used. Recall that the two factors were walking device (none, standard walker, rolling walker)and dual task (being required to respond vocally to a signal or no dual task required). Results of
Statistical Literacy: Salary Survey Academe, Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors (Vol. 83, No. 2) presents results of salary surveys (average salary) by rank of the faculty member(professor, associate, assistant, instructor) and by type of institution (public, private).
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