Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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A study involves measuring the number of days absent from work for 216 employees of a large company during the preceding year. As part of the results, the researcher reports, “The number of days absent during the preceding year(M = 9.21; SD = 7.34) was .” Explain the material in parentheses to
A person scores 81 on a test of verbal ability and 6.4 on a test of math ability. For the verbal ability test, the mean for people in general is 50 and the standard deviation is 20. For the math ability test, the mean for people in general is 0 and the standard deviation is 5. Which is this
On a standard measure of peer influence among adolescents, the mean is 300 and the standard deviation is 20. Give the Z scores for adolescents who score (a) 340,(b) 310, and (c) 260. Give the raw scores for adolescents whose Z scores on this measure are (d) 2.4, (e) 1.5, (f) 0, and (g)
On a measure of artistic ability, the mean for college students in New Zealand is 150 and the standard deviation is 25. Give the Z scores for New Zealand college students who score (a) 100, (b) 120, (c) 140, and (d) 160. Give the raw scores for persons whose Z scores on this test are (e) -1, (f)
A developmental specialist studies the number of words seven infants have learned at a particular age. The numbers are 10, 12, 8, 0, 3, 40, and 18. Figure the (a) mean,(b) median, and (c) standard deviation for the number of words learned by these seven infants. (d) Explain what you have done and
A researcher interested in political behavior measured the square footage of the desks in the official office of four U.S. governors and of four chief executive officers(CEOs) of major U.S. corporations. The figures for the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40 square feet. The figures for the CEOs
Make up three sets of scores: (a) one with the mean greater than the median,(b) one with the median and the mean the same, and (c) one with the mode greater than the median. (Each made-up set of scores should include at least five scores.)
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:8, -5, 7, -10, 5.
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:3.0, 3.4, 2.6, 3.3, 3.5, 3.2.
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:1,112; 1,245; 1,361; 1,372; 1,472.
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:2, 2, 0, 5, 1, 4, 1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1, 0. Table Mean Levels of Emotions and Cue Display in Study 1 Women (n = 60) Indicator M Men (n = 60) SD M SD
(a) Describe the variance and standard deviation. (b) Explain why the standard deviation is more often used as a descriptive statistic than the variance.
(a) Describe and explain the difference between the mean, median, and mode.(b) Make up an example (not in the text or in your lectures) in which the median would be the preferred measure of the representative value of a group of scores.
In a study by Gonzaga, Keltner, Londahl, and Smith (2001), romantic couples answered questions about how much they loved their partner and also were videotaped while revealing something about themselves to their partner. The videotapes were later rated by trained judges for various signs of
A researcher studied the number of nights students reported having too little sleep over a 4-week period. In an article describing the results of the study, the researcher reports: “The mean number of nights of too little sleep was” Explain these results to a person who has never had a course
Six months after a divorce, the former wife and husband each take a test that measures divorce adjustment. The wife’s score is 63, and the husband’s score is 59. Overall, the mean score for divorced women on this test is the mean score for divorced men is Which of the two has adjusted better to
If the mean of a measure is 145 and the standard deviation is 19, what are the raw scores for each of the following Z scores? (a) 0, (b) 1.43, (c)
If the mean of a measure is and the standard deviation is 2.28, what are the Z scores for each of the following raw scores? (a) (b) and(c)
On a measure of concern for the environment, the mean is 79 and the standard deviation is 12 (scores on the measure can vary from 0 to 150). What are the Z scores for each of the following raw scores? (a) 91, (b) 68, and (c) 103.
A researcher is studying the amygdala (a part of the brain involved in emotion).Six participants in a particular fMRI (brain scan) study are measured for the increase in activation of their amygdala while they are viewing pictures of violent scenes. The activation increases are .43, .32, .64, .21,
Here are the noon temperatures (in degrees Celsius) in a particular Canadian city on Thanksgiving Day for the 10 years from 2000 through 2009: 0, 3, 6, 8, 2, 9, 7, 6, 4, 5. Describe the representative (typical) temperature and the amount of variation to a person who has never had a course in
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:6, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6.
For the following scores, find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) sum of squared deviations,(d) variance, and (e) standard deviation:32, 28, 24, 28, 28, 31, 35, 29, 26.
A distribution has a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 50. A person has a Z score of 1.26. What is the person’s raw score?
A distribution has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 20. Find the Z score for a raw score of 65.
Find the sum of squared deviations and the variance for the following scores: 8, 6, 6, 9, 6, 5, 6, 2. (These are the same scores used in the example for the mean: M=6 )
Find the median for the following scores: 1, 7, 4, 2, 3, 6, 2, 9, 7.
Find the mean for the following scores: 8, 6, 6, 9, 6, 5, 6, 2.
Suppose a person has a Z score for overall health of and a Z score for overall sense of humor of What does it mean to say that this person is healthier than she is funny?
For a particular group of scores, and Give the raw score for a Z score of (a) (b) (c) 0, and (d)
Write the formula for changing a Z score to a raw score and define each of the symbols.
For a particular group of scores, and Give the Z score for(a) 30, (b) 15, (c) 20, and (d) 22.5.
Write the formula for changing a raw score to a Z score and define each of the symbols.
How is a Z score related to a raw score?
For the following scores, find (a) the mean; (b) the mode; (c) the median: 5, 3, 2, 13, 2. (d) Why is the mean different from the median?
Figure the mean of the following scores: 2, 3, 3, 6, and 6.
Write the formula for the mean and define each of the symbols.
Name and define three measures of the representative value of a group of scores.
Effect size and an intervention to increase college applications:Caroline Hoxby and Sarah Turner (2013) conducted an experiment to determine whether a simple intervention could increase the number of college applications among low-income students. The intervention consisted of information about the
Hours of sleep: The table below provides information about hours of sleep.Mean of population 1 (from which the sample comes) 14.9 hours of sleep Sample size 37 infants Mean of population 2 16 hours of sleep Standard deviation of the population 1.7 hours of sleep Standard error σM=σN=1.737 =0.279
Fantasy baseball: Your roommate is reading Fantasyland: A Season on Baseball’s Lunatic Fringe (Walker, 2006) and is intrigued by the statistical methods used by competitors in fantasy baseball leagues (in which competitors select a team of baseball players from across all major league teams,
Meta-analysis and an examination of whether sex and violence sell:Ohio State University researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 53 studies totaling almost 8500 participants (Lull & Bushman, 2015). Their goal was to determine whether advertising that included sex or violence helped to sell
Meta-analysis and math performance: Below is an excerpt of an abstract from a published meta-analysis by Lindberg, Hyde, Petersen, & Linn(2010). Use this excerpt to describe what is done in each of the four steps of meta-analysis.In this article, we use meta-analysis to analyze gender differences
Meta-analysis, mental health treatments, and cultural contexts(continued): The research paper on culturally targeted therapy described in the previous exercise reported the following:Across all 76 studies, the random effects weighted average effect size was d= .45 (SE = .04, p < .0001), with a 95%
Meta-analysis, mental health treatments, and cultural contexts: A meta-analysis examined studies that compared two types of mental health treatments for ethnic and racial minorities—the standard available treatments and treatments that were adapted to the clients’ cultures (Griner & Smith,
Effect size and homeless families: A New York Times article reported on the growing problem of homelessness among families (Bellafante, 2013). The reporter wrote that families in a city-run program called Homebase had shorter stays than families not in the program—a difference of about 22.6 fewer
Statistical power and tennis serves: Calculate statistical power based on the data presented in Exercise 8.57 using the following alpha levels in a onetailed test:1. Alpha of 0.05, or 5%2. Alpha of 0.10, or 10%3. Explain how power is affected by alpha in these calculations.
Statistical power and English-language tests for international students: In several exercises in this chapter, we considered scores on the IELTS listening module, during which the population of all IELTS takers in a year had a mean score of 6.00 with a standard deviation of 1.30 (2013). A sample of
Confidence intervals, effect sizes, and tennis serves (continued): As in the previous exercise, assume the average speed of a serve in women’s tennis is around 118 mph, with a standard deviation of 12 mph. But now we recruit only 26 amateur tennis players to use our method. Again, after 6 months
More about confidence intervals, effect sizes, and tennis serves: Let’s assume the average speed of a serve in women’s tennis is around 118 mph, with a standard deviation of 12 mph. We recruit 100 amateur tennis players to use our new training method this time, and after 6 months we calculate a
Confidence intervals, effect sizes, and Valentine’s Day spending:According to the Nielsen Company, Americans spend $345 million on chocolate during the week of Valentine’s Day. Let’s assume that we know the average married person spends $45, with a population standard deviation of$16. In
Effect size and English-language tests for international students(continued): In the previous exercise, you calculated an effect size for data for 63 international students at the University of Melbourne. Imagine that you had a sample of 300 students. How would the effect size change? Explain why
Effect size and English-language tests for international students: In the two previous exercises, we considered the IELTS listening module, during which the population of all IELTS takers in a year had a mean score of 6.00 with a standard deviation of 1.30 (2013). A sample of 63 international
Confidence intervals and English-language tests for international students (continued): Using the IELTS listening data presented in the previous exercise, practice evaluating data using confidence intervals.1. Compute the 80% confidence interval.2. How do the conclusion and the confidence interval
Confidence intervals and English-language tests for international students: The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) has six modules, one of which assesses listening skills. IELTS researchers reported that a recent mean for everyone who completed this module in one year was 6.00
Confidence intervals, effect sizes, and tennis serves: Let’s assume the average speed of a serve in men’s tennis is around 135 mph, with a standard deviation of 6.5 mph. Because these statistics are calculated over many years and many players, we will treat them as population parameters. We
Overlapping distributions and English-language tests for international students: International students who wish to study at Englishspeaking universities in Canada or the U.S. are required to take a test, such as the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English
Cheating with hypothesis testing: Unsavory researchers know that one can cheat with hypothesis testing. That is, they know that a researcher can stack the deck in her or his favor, making it easier to reject the null hypothesis.1. If you wanted to make it easier to reject the null hypothesis, what
Sample size, z statistics, and the Graded Naming Test: In an exercise in Chapter 7, we asked you to conduct a z test to ascertain whether the Graded Naming Test (GNT) scores for Canadian participants differed from the GNT norms based on adults in England. We also used these data in the How It Works
Sample size, z statistics, and the Consideration of Future Consequences scale: Here are summary data from a z test regarding scores on the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (Petrocelli, 2003): The population mean (μ) is 3.20 and the population standard deviation (σ) is 0.70.Imagine that
Distributions and the Burakumin: A friend reads in her Introduction to Psychology textbook about a minority group in Japan, the Burakumin, who are racially the same as other Japanese people but are viewed as outcasts because their ancestors were employed in positions that involved the handling of
Margin of error and adult education: According to a report by Public Agenda and the Kresge Foundation, online education is popular among adults planning to return to university (2013). “The majority (73 percent) of adult prospective students want to take at least some classes online, and nearly 4
Assume you are conducting a meta-analysis over a set of five studies. The effect sizes for each study follow: d = 1.23; d = 1.08; d = −0.35; d = 0.88; d =1.69.1. Calculate the mean effect size for these studies.2. Use Cohen’s conventions to describe the mean effect size you calculated in part
Assume you are conducting a meta-analysis over a set of five studies. The effect sizes for each study follow: d = 0.67; d = 0.03; d = 0.32; d = 0.59; d =0.22.1. Calculate the mean effect size for these studies.2. Use Cohen’s conventions to describe the mean effect size you calculated in part (a).
A meta-analysis reports an average effect size of d = 0.11, with a confidence interval of d = −0.06 to d = 0.28. Would a hypothesis test(assessing the null hypothesis that the average effect size is 0) lead us to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.
A meta-analysis reports an average effect size of d = 0.11, with a confidence interval of d = 0.08 to d = 0.14.1. Would a hypothesis test (assessing the null hypothesis that the average effect size is 0)lead us to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.2. Use Cohen’s conventions to describe the
For each of the following z statistics, calculate the p value for a two-tailed test.1. 2.23 2. −1.82 3. 0.33
For each of the following d values, identify the size of the effect using Cohen’s guidelines.1. d = 1.22 2. d = −1.22 3. d = 0.13 4. d = −0.13
For each of the following d values, identify the size of the effect using Cohen’s guidelines.1. d = 0.79 2. d = −0.43 3. d = 0.22 4. d = −0.04
For each of the effect-size calculations in Exercise 8.35, identify the size of the effect using Cohen’s guidelines. Remember, for SAT math, μ = 500 andσ = 100.1. Sixty-one people sampled have a mean of 480.2. Eighty-two people sampled have a mean of 520.3. Six people sampled have a mean of 610.
Calculate the effect size for each of the following average SAT math scores. Remember, SAT math is standardized such that μ = 500 and σ = 100.1. Sixty-one people sampled have a mean of 480.2. Eighty-two people sampled have a mean of 520.3. Six people sampled have a mean of 610.
Calculate the effect size for the mean of 1057 observed in Exercise 8.33 where μ = 1014 and σ = 136.
For a given variable, imagine we know that the population mean is 1014 and the standard deviation is 136. A sample mean of 1057 is obtained.Calculate the z statistic for this mean, using each of the following sample sizes:1. 12 2. 39 3. 188
Calculate the standard error for each of the following sample sizes whenμ = 1014 and σ = 136:1. 12 2. 39 3. 188
For each of the following confidence levels, look up the critical z values for a two-tailed z test.1. 80%2. 85%3. 99%
For each of the following confidence levels, look up the critical z value for a one-tailed z test.1. 80%2. 85%3. 99%
For each of the following confidence levels, indicate how much of the distribution would be placed in the cutoff region for a two-tailed z test.1. 80%2. 85%3. 99%
For each of the following confidence levels, indicate how much of the distribution would be placed in the cutoff region for a one-tailed z test.1. 80%2. 85%3. 99%
In 2013, the Gallup polling organization and the online publication Inside Higher Ed reported the results of a survey of 831 university presidents and chancellors. The report stated: “For results based on the sample size of 831 total respondents, one can say with 95 percent confidence that the
In 2008, 22% of Gallup respondents indicated that they were suspicious of steroid use by athletes who broke world records in swimming. Calculate an interval estimate using a margin of error at 3.5%.
In 2008, the Gallup poll asked people whether they were suspicious of steroid use among Olympic athletes. Thirty-five percent of respondents indicated that they were suspicious when they saw an athlete break a trackand-field record, with a 4% margin of error. Calculate an interval estimate.
In statistics, concepts are often expressed in symbols and equations. For d=(M−μ)σM, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol is, and (iii) explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.
What is the goal of a meta-analysis?
In your own words, define the word power—first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
Radiation levels on Japanese farms: Fackler (2012) reported in the New York Times that Japanese farmers have become skeptical of the Japanese government’s assurances that radiation levels were within legal limits in the wake of the 2011 tsunami and radiation disaster at Fukushima. After reports
Patient adherence and orthodontics: A research report (Behenam &Pooya, 2007) begins, “There is probably no other area of health care that requires…cooperation to the extent that orthodontics does,” and explores factors that affected the number of hours per day that Iranian patients wore their
The Graded Naming Test and sociocultural differences: Researchers often use z tests to compare their samples to known population norms. The Graded Naming Test (GNT) asks respondents to name objects in a set of 30 black-and-white drawings. The test, often used to detect brain damage, starts with
Passwords, red heads, and a z test: The BBC reported that red-haired women were more likely than others to choose strong passwords (Ward, 2013). How might a researcher study this? Computer scientist Cynthia Kuo and her colleagues conducted a study in which they gave passwords a score, with higher
Steps 1 and 2 of hypothesis testing for a study of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: Boone (1992) examined scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) for 150 adult psychiatric inpatients. He determined the “intrasubtest scatter” score for each
The z distribution and Hurricane Katrina: Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans on August 29, 2005. The National Weather Service Forecast Office maintains online archives of climate data for all U.S. cities and areas. These archives allow us to find out, for example, how the rainfall in New Orleans
Null hypotheses and research hypotheses: For each of the following examples, state the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis, in both words and symbolic notation:1. Musician David Teie worked with animal researchers to develop music specifically for cats—music that a typical cat might find
Directional versus nondirectional hypotheses: For each of the following examples, identify whether the research has expressed a directional or a nondirectional hypothesis:1. A researcher is interested in studying the relation between the use of antibacterial products and the dryness of people’s
The z statistic, distributions of means, and height, question 2: Another teacher decides to average the heights of all 15-year-old male students in his classes throughout the day. By the end of the day, he has measured the heights of 57 boys and calculated an average of 68.1 inches (remember, for
The z statistic, distributions of means, and height, question 1: Using what we know about the height of 15-year-old girls (again, μ = 63.8 inches andσ = 2.66 inches), imagine that a teacher finds the average height of 14 female students in one of her classes to be 62.4 inches.1. Calculate the
The z distribution and statistics test scores: Imagine that your statistics professor lost all records of students’ raw scores on a recent test. However, she did record students’ z scores for the test, as well as the class average of 41 out of 50 points and the standard deviation of 3 points
Height and the z statistic, question 2: Imagine a basketball team that comprises thirteen 15-year-old boys. The average height of the team is 69.5 inches. Remember, μ = 67 inches and σ = 3.19 inches.1. Calculate the z statistic.2. How does this sample of boys compare to the distribution of sample
Height and the z statistic, question 1: Imagine a class of thirty-three 15-year-old girls with an average height of 62.6 inches. Remember, μ = 63.8 inches and σ = 2.66 inches.1. Calculate the z statistic.2. How does this sample of girls compare to the distribution of sample means?3. What is the
Height and the z distribution, question 2: Kona, a 15-year-old boy, is 72 inches tall. According to the CDC, the average height for boys at this age is 67.00 inches, with a standard deviation of 3.19 inches.1. Calculate Kona’s z score.2. What is Kona’s percentile score for height?3. What
Height and the z distribution, question 1: Elena, a 15-year-old girl, is 58 inches tall. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) indicate that the average height for girls at this age is 63.80 inches, with a standard deviation of 2.66 inches.1. Calculate Elena’s z score.2. What percentage of girls
Percentiles and unemployment rates: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ annual report published in 2011 provided adjusted unemployment rates for 10 countries. The mean was 7%, and the standard deviation was 1.85.For the following calculations, treat 7% as the population mean and 1.85 as the

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Essentials Of Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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