Statistics For Evidence Based Practice In Nursing 3rd Edition MyoungJin Kim, Caroline Mallory, Teresa Valerio - Solutions

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What does it mean to say that a distribution is skewed to the left?
Describe the difference between a unimodal and multimodal distribution in terms of (a) a frequency polygon and (b) a frequency table.
Make a histogram based on the frequency table below. 2 3852 Value Frequency 1 2 4 2345
When making a histogram from a frequency table, (a) what goes along the bottom, (b) what goes along the left edge, and (c) what goes above each value?
Why do researchers make histograms?
What does a grouped frequency table group?
Make a frequency table for the following scores: 5, 7, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4
Why would a researcher want to make a frequency table?
What is a frequency table?
Name the kind of variable for each of the following variables: (a) a person’s nationality(Mexican, French, Japanese, etc.), (b) a person’s score on a standardized IQ test, (c) a person’s place on a waiting list (first in line, second in line, etc.).
What is the difference between a numeric and a nominal variable?
A father rates his daughter as a 2 on a 7-point scale (from 1 to 7) of crankiness.In this example, (a) what is the variable, (b) what is the score, and (c) what is the range of possible values?
Run a hierarchical linear random coefficients model predicting getotal from npamem, gereadcm, and ptratio with the slope for gereadcm allowed to vary across classrooms. Interpret your model. Which model coefficients are significant?
Run a hierarchical linear random intercepts model predicting getotal from npamem, gereadcm, and ptratio.
Run a hierarchical linear model null model predicting getotal from an intercept only with the nesting structure being students nested within classrooms.
Run a fixed effects model predicting getotal from npamem, gereadcm, and age using dummy variables to account for school level variance. Does accounting for school level variance significantly increase variance explained?Using dataset chapter10ex2
Run the model predicting expense from male, age, and the quadratic term for age on the cross-validation sample. How stable are your model coefficients?
Run a cross-validation R squared on the regression model predicting expense from male, age, and the quadratic term for age.How much does the R squared shrink in the new sample?
Run a regression model predicting expense from male, age, and a quadratic term for age.Using dataset chapter9_cross
Use transformations to linearize the relationship between age and expense. Then run a regression model predicting expense from transformed age and male.
Run a scatterplot of the relationship between age and expense.
Run a regression model testing whether self-control moderates the relationship between age and behavior.
Run a regression discontinuity model to see if individuals receiving food assistance based on their low income have significantly lower food needs.Using dataset chapter8ex3
Run a regression model testing the research questions: ‘Does a student’s gender moderate the relationship between age and attention? Does age moderate this relationship?’Using dataset chapter8ex2
Run a regression model predicting attention from screen time, age, boy, and the interaction of screen time and age.a. Is your model significant? How much variance does it account for?b. Interpret your predictors. Is your interaction significant?Interpret. Create a plot for your interaction.
Using the variable, grade (1=elementary, 2=middle school, 3=high school), dummy code into two variables ‘elementary’ and ‘middle’.
Using the variable, gender (2=boy, 1=girl), create a dummy version of this variable called ‘boy’ where 1=boy and 0=girl.
Run a multiple regression predicting Demand from Advertising Budget, Price, and Availability.a. Is the overall model significant?b. How well does the model fit?c. Interpret the model coefficients. What are the strongest predictors of Demand? (Hint: use the lm.beta() function.)
Run a simple linear regression predicting Demand from Advertising Budget.a. Is the overall model significant?b. How well does the model fit?c. Interpret the model coefficients (intercept/slope). Are they significant?d. Write the prediction model.
Run non-parametric correlations between Distraction and Performance.a. Interpret the strength, direction, and significance of this relationship.b. Given that the sample size for this relationship is 153, would you prefer to run Spearman rho or Kendall tau for this situation?Why?
Run a Pearson correlation between Effort and Performance. (Use any R package.)a. Interpret the strength, direction, and significance of this relationship.b. Run a scatterplot visualizing this relationship.c. Check each assumption for this analysis.
True or false: Level of measurement is an important consideration in choosing a statistical test.
True or false: When parametric tests are used, one should check the normality of the variable of interest before conducting the proposed test.
Selection of sample size is important in the design stage of any study. Explain why.
Explain why the violation of assumptions can lead to a false result.
Think of an example that you may want to study using an independent samples ttest. Explain why the violation of normality assumption will bias the results.
4. True or false: RR is used with a cohort study, whereas OR is used for a case-control study.
True or false: Cramer’s V is a more appropriate measure for the strength of association than Phi when the size of a contingency table is 2 ×
Which of the following statistics should be reported when any cell has an expected frequency of less than 5 in a 2 × 2 contingency table?a. chi-squareb. likelihood ratioc. Fisher’s exact testd. linear-by-linear association
True or false: A chi-square test result with a small p-value will tell us that the two variables are associated and how strong a relationship is.
Briefly describe a potential study in your field where you might use a chi-square test.a. Provide a one- or two-sentence description of the study (e.g., nature of the subjects/participants, purpose, etc.).b. State the research question that would be answered by a chi-square test.c. Describe the
An investigator found that there is an association between gender and pain level (low versus high) with a small p-value, and the associated Phi measure was .30. How would the researcher interpret this measure? Explain.
Explain why the chi-square test is part of the family of nonparametric tests.
True or false: When two independent groups are compared with normality assumption being violated, we can use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
True or false: Nonparametric tests can be used even when the data are not continuously measured.
What is the nonparametric counterpart of one-way ANOVA?a. Mann–Whitney testb. Kruskal–Wallis testc. Wilcoxon signed-rank testd. None of the above
True or false: Nonparametric tests are preferred over parametric tests when the assumptions of parametric tests are violated.
Why do we not always use nonparametric tests, since it does not make distributional assumptions? Briefly explain in terms of power.
List and explain some situations in which nonparametric tests can be used.
Suppose that you find that there is a substantial effect of the independent variable on the set of four dependent variables. Which tests can you conduct to follow up the substantial results?a. a series of ANOVAsb. Roy–Bargman stepdown analysisc. discriminant analysisd. All of these are correct.
Suppose that you find that there is an interaction effect of gender and ethnicity on risk for falls in a nursing home. What statistic will help you determine which variable is contributes the greatest variance?a. simple effect analysisb. Bonferroni testc. Levine’s test for homogeneity
Suppose that you plan to compare systolic blood pressure between three age groups (50–65 years, 66–80 years, and 80 years and older), and evidence from the literature suggests that age may influence blood pressure. What statistical test will be most appropriate?a. one-way ANOVAb. analysis of
How do substantial interaction effects influence the interpretation of main effects in factorial ANOVA?
Why is ANCOVA a more powerful design than one-way ANOVA when there is a third variable that is affecting a relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
What are the differences between one-way ANOVA, factorial ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA, and multivariate ANOVA?
You find that there is a substantial mean difference among three different ethnic groups at risk of falls in a nursing home and want to find out which group differs specifically from which group. What procedure will help you determine such differences?a. Skewness and/or kurtosisb. Levene’s test
You are planning to test the effect of music therapy on chronic pain intensity among a single group of older adults in long-term care. What statistical test will be appropriate to determine if a difference on pain intensity is present before and after treatment in a single group?a. One-way ANOVAb.
Suppose that you plan to compare SBP among three age groups: 50–65, 66–80, and 80 and older. What statistical test will be most appropriate?a. One-way ANOVAb. One-sample t-testc. Independent t-testd. Dependent t-test
How might you use the findings from the below ANOVA table in practice?
How would you report the following one-way ANOVA findings in APA style where an independent variable was nurses’ education level?
How does the number of groups influence the choice of a statistical test of difference?
What multiple comparison tests would be most helpful following analysis of variance?
How is the independent sample t-test different from the dependent sample difference test?
What does “homogeneity of variance” mean in relation to conducting a one-way ANOVA?
What statistical test would be most appropriate to examine differences between a sample mean and a population mean? Differences between men and women on exercise frequency? Differences between four ethnic groups on caloric intake?
True or false: If a researcher finds an R-square of .55, this means that 55% of the variance on the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variable.
A regression analysis found a prediction line for systolic blood pressure with age to be y = 100 + .25 × x. What would be the predicted systolic blood pressure when a selected patient is 42 years old?
True or false: It is still important to run a regression analysis even when the relationship is not found to be significant with a scatterplot and correlation coefficient.
True or false: Predicting the variance on a dependent variable based on variation of the independent variable is an important step toward controlling health-related phenomena.
In the following case study, identify the predictor and dependent variables and the type of regression analysis used. What conclusion may be made about the strength of predictions resulting from the analysis?
Use the data file HeadWeight.sav (found on the Student Companion website using the access code card from the front of this text) and run a simple linear regression analysis. Report the findings in APA format. Discuss how well head size predicts weight.
In regression analyses, R 2 seems to provide important information in regard to model predictability. Let us assume that a researcher obtained R 2 of 35% in a study, which seems to be higher than the results from similar types of research in the literature. How should the researcher report these
Which stepwise approach to multiple linear regression would be best when testing a harm reduction theory for predicting smoking cessation?
Let us say that you want to know if the number of days hospitalized is a significant predictor of accidental falls among patients. How would you set up a simple linear regression or logistic regression to test this hypothesis?
Discuss the importance of prediction in research and clinical practice.
True or false: The correlation coefficient between age and depression is +.85. Because this coefficient is high enough, one can conclude that aging will cause increasing depression.
True or false: If a correlation coefficient is −1.00, it means that the two variables will move in opposite directions, with an equal unit change.
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?a. +.14b. +.82c. −.02d. −.34e. +.56
Use the data file called SBP.sav (found on the Student Companion website using the access code card from the front of this text) to create a scatterplot, compute a correlation coefficient and determine if there is a relationship between age and systolic blood pressure (SBP). What characterizes the
Under what circumstances should we use Spearman’s coefficient? Pearson’s coefficient?
What is a research question or hypothesis that could be answered/tested using a correlation coefficient?
Covariance is a measure of relationships, but it is treated as a crude measure of relationships when compared with correlation. Why is this?
It is incorrect to say that a correlation coefficient of .60 is twice as strong as a coefficient of .30. Why is this?
True or false: Suppose that respondents who decided not to answer the question about annual income in a study of quality of life were not from any specific age group. This type of missing data is considered as random missing.
True or false: Normality is assumed with all parametric statistical tests; therefore, it is important to check whether the collected data are normally distributed.
Use the data file called Satisfaction.sav (found on the Student Companion website using the access code card from the front of this text), and see which transformation method seems the most reasonable approach with an outlier(s).
Suppose that one of the collected variables was “Birth Year,” and we found out that one of the respondents wrote down the current year instead of his actual year of birth. What seems to be an appropriate action for this data?
Where would information about the treatment of missing data be found in a report of research?
Why should the investigator examine the data before conducting data analysis?
True or false: An investigator recently developed a new medicine and wants to test its effectiveness. The investigator collected a sample of 80 patients, divided them into control and experimental groups, and performed an experiment. The experiment showed the average difference in treating time
True or false: Obtaining a statistically significant p-value (i.e., p ≤ a prespecified level such as .05) is enough to conclude that there is a meaningful effect.
A Type I error is made when:a. the false null hypothesis is not rejected.b. the true alternative hypothesis is rejected.c. the true null hypothesis is rejected.d. the false alternative hypothesis is not rejected.
What is the difference between statistical inference and clinical significance/importance?
What will happen to statistical power if the sample size increases?
What are the five steps of the process of statistical hypothesis testing?
What is the aim of hypothesis testing?
The director of the nursing home wants to compute a 95% confidence interval to understand the accuracy of an estimate for the average age of all residents. What is the 95% confidence interval?a. (65.23, 78.77)b. (68.86, 75.14)c. (65.00, 74.00)d. (62.86, 82.14)
Twenty-five local nursing home residents have an average age of 72, and the standard deviation is
The average time it takes for emergency nurses to respond to an emergency call is known to be 3 minutes. Assume the variable is approximately normally distributed and the standard deviation is 1 minute. If we randomly select an emergency nurse, find the probability of the selected nurse responding
Find the area under the normal distribution curve in the following locations:a. To the left of z = −0.59b. To the left of z = 2.41c. To the right of z = −1.32d. To the right of z = 0.27e. Between −0.87 and 0.87f. Between−2.99 and −1.34

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Statistics For Evidence Based Practice In Nursing 3rd Edition MyoungJin Kim, Caroline Mallory, Teresa Valerio - Solutions

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