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Making Sense Of Statistics A Conceptual Overview 7th Edition Fred Pyrczak, Deborah M. Oh - Solutions
If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, what else is true?the difference is statistically significant.the difference is not statistically significant.
“If a t test yields p
If you read that t = 0.452, df = 100, p. >.05, what should you conclude?the difference is statistically significant.the difference is not statistically significant.
“Reporting a t test makes it unnecessary to report the values of the means and standard deviations.” This statement is true.false.
Calculating the t value of a One Sample t Test involves taking the difference between the sample mean and the population mean relative to the standard error of mean. This statement is true.false.
When the results indicate that One Sample t Test produced a significant t value [t(42) = 5.59, p < .01], this means that the means being compared are significantly different.not different.
The degrees of freedom for the One Sample t Test is df = N – 1 df = n1 + n2
The One Sample t Test uses a continuous data that is normally distributed. This variable is the independent variable.dependent variable.
The purpose of One Sample t Test is to compare the difference between two related or depended samples.independent means.
When the results indicate that paired samples analysis produced a significant t value [t (99) = 15.14, p
The degrees of freedom for the Dependent Samples t Test is df= N − 1 df= n1 + n2
The Dependent Samples t Test assumes what about the observations?they are dependent.they are independent.
The Dependent Sample t Test uses one categorical data and one continuous data, and the categorical data is the independent variable.dependent variable.
The purpose of Dependent Samples t Test is to compare the difference between two related or depended samples.independent samples.
The dependent variable is a variable that depends on or is the outcome of the independent variable. This statement is true.false.
Which of the following states a directional hypothesis?μ1 − μ2 = 0μ1 ≠ μ2μ1 > μ2μ1 = μ2
If the first sample of an n of 50 and the second sample of an n of 45 are being compared in an Independent Samples t Test, the degrees of freedom (df) would be?95.93.
When a null hypothesis is rejected, we can conclude that the mean difference was statistically not significant.the mean difference was statistically significant.
Groups like experimental and control groups, athletes and non-athletes, or alcoholics and non-alcoholics are examples of a categorical variable that is used in an Independent Samples t Test as the independent variable.dependent variable.
If participants are matched (i.e., paired) across experimental and control groups, the resulting data are independent.dependent.
“Dependent data may have less sampling error than independent data.” This statement is true.false.
Under which of the following circumstances is the null hypothesis more likely to be rejected?When there is a small observed difference between means.When there is a large observed difference between means.
“The smaller the sample, the more likely that the null hypothesis will be rejected.” This statement is true.false.
“A t test yields a probability.” This statement is true.false.
By conventional standards, if p < .01, researchers declare the difference statistically insignificant.significant.
Rejecting the null hypothesis when in reality it is true is known as a Type I Error.Type II Error.
The null hypothesis can be rejected with the greatest confidence when which one of the following is true?p < .05.p < .01.p < .001.
At what point is it conventional to reject the null hypothesis?When the probability is less than .05.When the probability is greater than .05.
Which of the following yields a probability?A descriptive statistic.A significance test.
The null hypothesis states that the true difference between the means equals zero.is greater than zero.is less than zero.
Which type of hypothesis predicts that one particular group’s mean will be higher than another group’s mean?Directional hypothesis.Nondirectional hypothesis.Null hypothesis.
“For a given study, the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis usually say the same thing.” This statement is true.false.
Which of the following is a symbol for the null hypothesis?H0.H1.
Which of the following is a correct statement of the null hypothesis?There is a true difference between the means.There is no true difference between the means.
“Each dot in a scattergram stands for the two scores of one participant.” This statement is true.false.
“When the dots in a scattergram form a pattern from the lower left to the upper right, the relationship is inverse.” This statement is true.false.
“In the social and behavioral sciences, it is common to find scattergrams in which all the dots are on a single straight line.” This statement is true.false.
The more scatter in a scattergram, the stronger the relationship.weaker the relationship.
Scattergrams are presented in research reports frequently.infrequently.
“An r of –.95 represents a stronger relationship than an r of .88.” This statement is true.false.
“An r of .60 is equivalent to 60%.” This statement is true.false.
Which of the following values of r represents the strongest relationship?.64.–.79.0.00.
“It is possible for a relationship to be both inverse and strong.” This statement is true.false.
When there is a perfect, inverse relationship, what is the value of r?1.00.0.00.−1.00.Some other value.
“Correlation is the best way to examine cause-and-effect.” This statement is true.false.
“In an inverse relationship, those who are high on one variable tend to be low on the other.” This statement is true.false.
“A direct relationship is sometimes called a positive relationship.” This statement is true.false.
For the scores on Test D and Test E shown below, there is a direct relationship.an inverse relationship.no relationship.Student Test D Test E Buddy 303 20 Turner 343 53 Kathy 479 70 Suzanne 599 88
For the scores on Test X and Test Y shown below, there is a direct relationship.an inverse relationship.no relationship.StudEent Test X Test Y Janice 25 9 Brittany 30 7 Ramon 35 4 Wallace 40 1
When working with a population mean and population standard deviation it is correct to subtract the population mean from the raw score, then divide it by the population standard deviation. This statement is true.false.
Given the normal distribution of the areas under the curve, what is the percentile rank of the following?Z score of 2.Z score of 3.
Among the Z scores given in the question above, which score would show the lowest percentile rank?
Given the following Z scores, which score shows one standard deviation below the mean?Z score of 1.Z score of –2.Z score of –1.
When scores are standardized by units of standard deviation, these scores are called Z scores.percentile scores.
In a normal distribution with a mean of 50.00 and a standard deviation of 8.00, what percentage of the cases lies between scores of 42 and 58?34%50%68%
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the cases lies between the mean and one standard deviation unit above the mean?34%50%68%
“If all participants have the same score, the value of the standard deviation is 1.00.” This statement is true.false.
Which group has a larger standard deviation?Scores for Group I: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20.Scores for Group II: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
“The standard deviation is a frequently used measure of variability.” This statement is true.false.
“The interquartile range is unduly affected by outliers.” This statement is true.false.
“The interquartile range is defined as the range of the middle 50% of the participants.” This statement is true.false.
Scores that lie far outside the range of the vast majority of scores are known as IQRs.outliers.median points.
“The range is a statistic that describes central tendency.” This statement is true.false.
“A synonym for the term variability is dispersion.” This statement is true.false.
What is the mode of the following scores: 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 6 3.4.6.Some other value.
“In a distribution with a negative skew, the median has a higher value than the mean.” This statement is true.false.
“The mean is insensitive to extreme scores.” This statement is true.false.
If the median for a set of scores equals 75, what percentage of the scores is below 75?25%.50%.100%.Some other percentage.
Which average is defined as the most frequently occurring score?Mean.Median.Mode.
“The mean is an especially good average for describing skewed distributions.” This statement is true.false.
The mean is associated with which scales of measurement?Ordinal and nominal.Interval and ordinal.Nominal and interval.Ratio and interval.
“In a set of scores, the deviations from the mean have a sum of zero.” This statement is true.false.
“The mean is the most frequently used average.” This statement is true.false.
“The uppercase letter X without a bar over it is a symbol for the mean.” This statement is true.false.
“Another name for a skewed curve is ‘bell-shaped curve.’” This statement is true.false.
“Income in large populations is usually skewed to the right.” This statement is true.false.
When a curve has a tail to the left but no tail to the right, it is said to have a positive skew.negative skew.
“A normal curve is also called a skewed curve.” This statement is true.false.
“A frequency polygon is a drawing that shows how many participants have each score.” This statement is true.false.
“When reporting percentages, it is desirable to also report the underlying frequencies.” This statement is true.false.
“For a proportion of .22, the corresponding percentage is 2.2%.” This statement is true.false.
If 30 out of 100 parents favor school uniforms, what percentage favors them?30%.60%.90%.Some other percentage.
If there are 1,000 citizens in a town and 53% favor capital punishment, how many favor it?53.530.Some other number.
“In descriptive statistics, the lowercase letter f stands for function.” This statement is true.false.
If you increase the sample size, what effect does this have on the size of the standard error of the mean?It increases it.It decreases it.
If m = 40.00 and SEM = 3.00, what are the limits of the 68% confidence interval for the mean?37.00 and 40.00.40.00 and 43.00.37.00 and 43.00.Some other values.
The larger the variability in a population, the larger the standard error of the mean.smaller the standard error of the mean.
“According to the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of means is skewed.” This statement is true.false.
“Using random sampling guarantees freedom from sampling errors.” This statement is true.false.
“It is usually better to use a small, unbiased sample than a large, biased one.” This statement is true.false.
“For samples with very limited variability, even small samples can yield precise results.” This statement is true.false.
“The smaller the anticipated difference between groups, the larger the sample size should be.” This statement is true.false.
Which of the following will produce a greater reduction in sampling errors?Increasing the size of a sample from 800 to 900 (an increase of 100).Increasing the size of a sample from 200 to 300 (an increase of 100).
Increasing sample size increases precision.decreases bias.increases precision and decreases bias.
Suppose a researcher randomly selected 10 classrooms (as clusters). Each classroom had 20 students. The researcher should report the sample size as 10.20.200.
Suppose there are 500 people in a population and you want to draw a sample using a table of random numbers. Which of the following would be an appropriate number name for the first person to whom you assign a number before using the table?00.01.05.001.
“Using stratified random sampling eliminates all sampling errors.” This statement is true.false.
Which of the following usually creates less sampling error?Simple random sampling.Stratified random sampling.
Putting the names of girls in one hat and those of boys in another hat and drawing 20% of the girls’names and 20% of the boys’ names from each hat constitutes cluster sampling.stratified random sampling.simple random sampling.
Using random sampling identifies an accidental sample.a sample of convenience.an unbiased sample.
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