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Making Sense Of Statistics A Conceptual Overview 7th Edition Fred Pyrczak, Deborah M. Oh - Solutions
Is the interquartile range unduly affected by outliers?
What is the definition of the interquartile range?
As a general rule, is the range appropriate for describing a distribution of scores with outliers?
What is the outlier in the following set of scores: 50, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 75?
What is the outlier in the following set of scores: 2, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39?
What is a weakness of the range?
What is the definition of the range?
If the differences among a set of scores are great, do we say that there is “much variability” or “little variability”?
If all participants have the same score on a test, what should be said about the variability in the set of scores?
What are the two synonyms for variability?
What is the name of the group of statistics designed to concisely describe the amount of variability in a set of scores?
In a distribution with a positive skew, does the “mean” or the “median” have a higher value?
In a distribution with a negative skew, does the “mean” or the “median” have a higher value?
For describing nominal data, what is an alternative to reporting the mode?
This is a guideline from this chapter: “Choose the median when the mean is inappropriate.” What is the exception to this guideline?
Is the mean appropriate for describing highly skewed distributions?
What is the mode of the following scores:11, 13, 16, 16, 18, 21, 25?
If you read that the median equals 42 on a test, what percentage of the participants has scores higher than 42?
Which average is defined as the middle point in a distribution?
Which average is defined as the most frequently occurring score?
Which average always has 50% of the cases below it?
The term measure of central tendency is synonymous with what other term?
For which scales of measurement is the mean appropriate?
Is the mean usually appropriate for describing the average of a highly skewed distribution?
If most participants have similar scores but there are a few very high scores, what effect will the very high scores have on the mean?
Refer to the example in this chapter of contributions given to charity. Explain why the mean for Group B is much higher than the mean for Group A.
For a given distribution, if you subtract the mean from each score to get deviations and then sum the deviations, what will the sum of the deviations equal?
What are the most commonly used symbols for the mean in academic journals?
Which type of distribution is found much less frequently in research than the others?
What is the name of the type of distribution that has two high points?
Suppose that a broad cross section of high school students took a very difficult scholarship examination and almost all scored very low, but a very small number scored very high. When plotted as a curve, the distribution will show what type of skew?
When plotted as a curve, the distribution will show what type of skew?
Suppose that on a 100-item multiple-choice test, almost all students scored between 95 and 100 but a small scattering scored as low as
When plotted, income in large populations usually has what type of skew?
In a distribution with a negative skew, is the long tail pointing to the “left” or to the “right”?
Which type of distribution is often found in nature?
What is the most important type of curve?
What does a frequency polygon show?
What is the name of a table that shows how many participants have each score?
Why is it a good idea to report the underlying frequencies when reporting percentages?
According to this chapter, is “percentages” or “proportions” easier to interpret?
What statistic is a part of 1?
Suppose you read that 20% of a population of 1,000 was opposed to a city council resolution. How many are opposed?
If 21% of kindergarten children are afraid of monsters, how many out of each 100 are afraid?
What does N stand for?
What is the symbol for frequency?
What does frequency mean?
Suppose that you read that the mean for a sample equals 100.00 and the limits of the 95% C.I. are 95.00 and 105.00. Briefly explain what the limits tell you.
How can researchers minimize the size of the standard error of the mean?
“It is more common to report the 68% confidence interval than to report the 95% or 99% confidence intervals.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
What is the name of the type of estimate being reported when a researcher reports a single value as an estimate of a population mean based on a sample?
Suppose a researcher reported the mean and standard error of the mean. How should you calculate the limits of the 68% confidence interval for the mean?
Suppose a researcher found that M = 30.00 and SEM = 3.00. What are the limits of the 68% confidence interval for the mean?
“The larger the sample, the larger the standard error of the mean.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
If a researcher drew several random samples from a given population and measured the same trait for each sample, should he or she expect to obtain identical results each time?
Are the effects of random sampling errors predictable in the long run?
“If bias has been eliminated, it is safe to assume that the sample is free of sampling errors.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
Think about reports of research in the popular media such as TV newscasts. In your opinion, how important is it for the reports to include mention of the sample sizes? Explain.
Does using a large sample correct for a bias?
When studying the incidence of rare phenomena, should researchers use “relatively large samples” or“relatively small samples”?
“For populations with very limited variability, only very large samples can yield precise results.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
Suppose a researcher is planning to conduct a study on attitudes on a controversial topic and expects a wide degree of variation. Given that a wide degree of variation is expected, should the researcher use a“relatively large sample” or “a relatively small sample”?
“Only very large samples can identify very large group differ ences.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
“The smaller the anticipated difference in the population, the larger the sample size should be.” Is this statement “true” or “false”?
Which researcher will get a greater increase in precision by increasing the sample size by 20?
Suppose that Researcher Doe increased her sample size from 100 to 120, while Researcher Smith increased his sample size from 500 to
What is the basic way to increase precision?
How do statisticians define the term precision?
Suppose you want to conduct a survey of a sample of the students registered at your college or university.Briefly describe how you would select the sample.
Suppose you draw a random sample of 20 hospitals from the population of hospitals in the United States, then draw a random sample of maternity wards from the 20 hospitals, and then draw a random sample of patients in the maternity wards previously selected. What type of sampling are you using?
Suppose you draw a sample of 12 of the homerooms in a school district at random and administer a questionnaire to all students in the selected homerooms. What type of sampling are you using?
Does stratification eliminate all sampling errors?
Suppose you draw at random the names of 5% of the registered voters separately from each county in a state. What type of sampling are you using?
In what type of sampling is the population first divided into strata that are believed to be relevant to the variable(s) being studied?
If there are 500 members of a population and you give them all number names starting with 001, what are the number names of the first two participants selected if you select a sample starting at the beginning of the fourth row of the Table of Random Numbers in Appendix C near the end of this book?
If there are 60 members of a population and you give them all number names starting with 01, what are the number names of the first two participants selected if you select a sample starting at the beginning of the third row of the Table of Random Numbers in Appendix C near the end of this book?
If you put the names of all members of a population on slips of paper, mix them, and draw some, what type of sampling are you using?
The most important characteristic of a good sample is that it is free from what?
Be on the lookout for a news report of a scientific study in which a biased sample was used. If you find one, briefly describe it.
Are you convinced that using a rather small, unbiased sample is better than using a very large, biased sample? Why? Why not?
According to this chapter of the book, is all research in which biased samples are used worthless?
Is selecting a large sample an effective way to reduce the effects of bias in sampling?
The amount of random sampling error obtained from unbiased samples tends to be small when what is done?
Does random sampling produce sampling errors?
Briefly describe how one could select a simple random sample.
What type of sampling eliminates bias in the selection of participants?
If a researcher uses a sample of volunteers from a population, should we presume that the sample is biased?
What is the most important characteristic of a good sample?
If samples yield “statistics,” what do populations yield?
What term is used to refer to all members of a group in which a researcher has an interest?
Give an example of a study that would require the use of an inferential statistics.
Give an example of a study that would require the use of a correlational study.
Give an example of a study that would require the use of descriptive statistics.
Why are inferential statistics not needed when analyzing the results of a census?
What is the name of the type of study in which all members of a population are included?
A margin of error is reported as a warning to readers that what might have happened?
Is a margin of error a “descriptive statistic” or an “inferential statistic”?
Inferential statistics are tools that tell us what?
If there is no relationship between two sets of scores, what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
What is the purpose of correlational statistics?
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