Making Sense Of Statistics A Conceptual Overview 7th Edition Fred Pyrczak, Deborah M. Oh - Solutions

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Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?a. Modeb. Interquartile rangec. Meand. Median
The standard deviation is 5, and this is how each value differs on average from the mean.
True or false: The variance of length of stay at a local hospital is
True or false: Descriptive statistics are used to summarize characteristics of the sample and the measures in the data set.
The 95% confidence interval for sodium content level in 32 nursing home patients is (4,250 mg/day, 4,750 mg/day). What does this confidence interval tell us?
Which measure of central tendency and variability should be reported when an unusual data value is present in the data set? Why?
What is the purpose of computing descriptive statistics? Why should we include these with visual displays of a data set?
Which of these charts allows an investigator to examine a possible relationship between two continuous variables?a. Histogramb. Bar chartc. Scatterplotd. Line chart
Which of the following is a good example of data that can be appropriately displayed with a line chart?a. Ethnicityb. Systolic blood pressurec. Incomed. Age
True or false: There is no chart that allows an investigator to identify possible outliers.
True or false: Bar charts and pie charts can convey similar types of information.
True or false: A histogram is useful when an investigator is trying to display information about a categorical variable.
Is there any component of this chart that you think is not complete or is confusing? Explain.
Is the title appropriately worded?
3. Does this chart seem to be appropriate for this data? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
Levels of measurement are an important factor in determining which chart to use. Explain why this is the case. Refer to the graph that follows for questions 3 to
What are the purposes of constructing a graph or table to display information about a variable?
True or false: A variable name in SPSS cannot be over eight characters.
True or false: SPSS only allows you to import the files in *.sav.
True or false: The Formula bar is the one you use for quick, convenient, one-click access to frequently used Excel commands.
True or false: A text file cannot be imported into Excel.
How will creating a codebook help a researcher in working with SPSS?
Why is it a good idea to keep variable names short in SPSS?
What does SPSS stand for?
What circumstances would indicate the use of multiple worksheets in Excel?
What are some common uses for spreadsheets such as Excel?
True or false: An instrument can be valid without being reliable.
Which of the following is the example of a continuous variable?a. ZIP codeb. Genderc. Incomed. Profit vs. nonprofit nursing home
True or false: An investigator asks a patient participant at a local hospital to rate the service as outstanding, good, fair, poor, or very poor. These data are measured on an ordinal level of measurement.
True or false: The length of time in minutes that a patient waits to be called at a hospital is an interval level of measurement.
Case study: From the following abstract, identify the population, probable sample type, independent and dependent variables, and level of measurement for each variable.
What are some ways to improve reliability and validity?
Imagine you are to conduct a study on how weight and age group (18–35, 36–53, and ≥ 54) relate to systolic blood pressure. What are the variables in this study? Characterize each variable in terms of discrete vs. continuous, qualitative vs. quantitative, independent vs. dependent, and level
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable? Give examples of each.
A researcher wants to study average sodium intake across various racial and ethnic groups. However, he is concerned that sample sizes for some racial/ethnic groups might be too small to be useful in statistical analyses. What type of sampling procedure might be the most useful for his purpose?
What is the general process of organizing, summarizing, and describing the collected data in an easier format?a. Inferential statisticsb. Random samplingc. Descriptive statisticsd. Hypothesis testing
True or false: Because descriptive statistics have a different objective from inferential statistics, they should not be performed together.
True or false: Researchers take a sample from a population to infer the findings or results about a population.
Case study: From the following abstract, identify the population and probable sample type.
Suppose you are to conduct a study on patient satisfaction in a nursing home. Which sampling procedure will you utilize? Explain your answer.
Are there any numbers appearing in more than one sample? What happens if you increase the number of integers drawn for each sample? Why do you think this happened? Explain in relation to standard error. A random number table is provided in Figure 2-1.
Use a random number generator or a random number table to generate five samples of 10 integers between 1 and
Why must the researcher begin with descriptive statistics when the goal is to conduct inferential statistics?
In your daily life, find an example of the following:a. Descriptive statisticsb. Inferential statistics
Is it reasonable to say that stratified random sampling tends to produce a representative sample? Explain your answer.
What does the term representative sample mean?
What are the differences between population parameters and sample statistics?
True or false: Nurses with master’s and doctorate of nursing practice degrees are expected to carry out original research.
True or false: Evidence-based practice is always founded on research evidence.
True or false: Statistics is a scientific approach to express data or characteristics being studied.
True or false: Evidence from experimental research is best for describing the number of people affected by chronic disease.
True or false: Evidence-based practice is best described as the use of only research for making clinical decisions.
True or false: The Institute of Medicine’s report To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System makes recommendations for nursing education and practice.
True or false: The Affordable Care Act provides for the expansion of insurance to cover more Americans.
On a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the most anxious, how would you rate your anxiety about statistics? What measures are you prepared to take to reduce your anxiety?
What do you think the role of statistics is in making evidence-based decisions?
Go to the AACN website and read the essentials for the DNP (www.aacn.nche.edu/DNP/pdf/Essentials.pdf). What are your thoughts on the expectations for evidence-based practice for advanced nursing practice?
Read the summary of the Institute of Medicine’s report To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (1999). What is the nurse’s role in ensuring healthcare quality and safety?
Between the X and Y symbols, X represents the ____________ and Y represents the ____________.independent variable, dependent variable.dependent variable, independent variable.
Reading with children in this study is the independent variable.dependent variable.
A research investigating the effect of parental involvement on the academic achievement of their children found that reading with children at home predicted high scores in the children’s language arts test scores.
A teacher found that the phonics method of teaching reading resulted in an increase in students’ reading scores. Phonics method in this study is the independent variable.dependent variable.
If a researcher has one continuous variable predicting another continuous variable this is an example of simple linear random.multiple regression.
If a research has one categorical variable predicting one continuous variable, this is an example of simple linear random.multiple regression.
Suppose a researcher is examining the validity of a combination of scores on a spatial relations test and previous math grades as a predictor of geometry grades. Which correlational statistic should the researcher compute for this research problem?R.r.
If R 2 = .75, what percentage of the variance is accounted for?25%.75%.
For determining the correlation between one variable as a predictor of a second variable, which of the following should be computed?R.r.
Which of the following values of R represents the weakest relationship?R 2 = 1.00.R 2 = −.96.R 2 = .22.
When low scores on one variable are associated with low scores on the other variable, this suggests that the relationship is direct.inverse.
“When r = .40, the percentage of variance accounted for is 16%.” This statement is true.false.
When a coefficient of determination equals .20, what percentage of the variance on one variable is not predicted by the other variable?4%20%96%Some other percentage.
“For an r of .80, the ability to predict is 64% better than zero.” This statement is true.false.
If the Pearson r equals .30, the coefficient of determination is calculated by taking the square root of .30.multiplying .30 by .30.
“The symbol for the coefficient of determination is r 2.” This statement is true.false.
“A large effect size might represent an unimportant result.” This statement is true.false.
“For most practical purposes, values of d rarely exceed 3.0.” This statement is true.false.
What does it mean when d = 1.00?the average participant in the experimental group is one standard deviation higher than the average participant in the control group.the average participant in the control group is one standard deviation higher than the average participant in the experimental group.
To compute Cohen’sd, first subtract the control group’s mean from the experimental group’s mean, and then do what?multiply the difference between the means by the control group’s standard deviation.divide the difference between the means by the control group’s standard deviation.determine
“The purpose of ef ect size is to standardize the difference between two means.” This statement is true.false.
Evaluating a difference is a three-step process. What is the first step?Determining whether it is statistically significant.Considering the practical implications of an insignificant difference.Considering the practical implications of a statistically significant difference.
Can a very small difference between two means be statistically significant?Yes.No.
Is the size of the sample one of the factors that contributes to determining statistical significance?Yes.No.
“Equating a significant difference with a large difference is a mistake.” This statement is true.false.
“For the difference between two means, the null hypothesis says that the difference is large.” This statement is true.false.
Suppose you read that as the result of a chi-square test, p < .05. By conventional standards, what decision should be made about statistical significance?It is significant.It is not significant.
Suppose you read that as the result of a chi-square test, p < .001. By conventional standards, what decision should be made about the null hypothesis?Reject it.Do not reject it.
“For the data in the following table, a two-way chi-square would be an appropriate test of significance.”This statement is true.false.Happy Unhappy Boys n = 30 n = 40 Girls n = 40 n = 30
The symbol for chi-square is p.r 2.χ2.p 2.
“For nominal data, researchers normally report frequencies and percentages instead of means and standard deviations.” This statement is true.false.
“In the table below, there appear to be two main effects.” This statement is true.false.I J G M = 40.00 M = 50.00 H M = 30.00 M = 20.00
“In the table below, there appears to be an interaction.” This statement is true.false.S T U M = 300.00 M = 200.00 V M = 350.00 M = 250.00
“In the table below, there appears to be an interaction.” This statement is true.false.X Y D M = 40.00 M = 30.00 E M = 30.00 M = 40.00
In order to examine an interaction, you temporarily ignore one way that the participants were classified while examining the results of the other way they were classified.look at both ways participants were classified at the same time in order to see how the two classification variables affect each
Suppose participants were classified according to their religion and their country of origin in order that means for both religious groups and national origin groups be compared. This would call for a one-way ANOVA.two-way ANOVA.
Suppose you read the following: F = 3.50, df = 2, 20, p < .05. What conclusion would you normally draw about statistical significance?it is statistically significant.it is not statistically significant
Suppose you read the following: F = 0.641, df = 3, 29, p > .05. What conclusion would you normally draw about the null hypothesis?reject it.do not reject it.
For the typical consumer of research, which one of the following values in an ANOVA table is of greatest interest?mean squares.the value of p.the value of F.
“The acronym ANOVA stands for analysis of variance.” This statement is true.false.
“ANOVA can be used to test for the difference(s) between only two means.” This statement is true.false.
“It is safe to assume that if a difference is statistically significant, it is of practical significance.” This statement is true.false.

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Making Sense Of Statistics A Conceptual Overview 7th Edition Fred Pyrczak, Deborah M. Oh - Solutions

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