Statistics: A Tool For Social Research 8th Edition Joseph F. Healey - Solutions

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Task 2: Using the ChickFlick.sav data from Chapter 3, is there a relationship between gender and arousal? Using the same data, is there a relationship between the film watched and arousal?
Task 1: A student was interested in whether there was a positive relationship between the time spent doing an essay and the mark received. He got 45 of his friends and timed how long they spent writing an essay (hours) and the percentage they got in the essay (essay). He also translated these
2: Remember that the numeracy scores were positively skewed in the SPSSExam.sav data (see Figure 5.5)? Transform these data using one of the transformations described in this chapter: do the data become normal?
1: Using the ChickFlick.sav data from Chapter 4, check the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance for the two films (ignore gender): are the assumptions met? 1
2: Using the Infidelity.sav data from Chapter 3 (see Smart Alex’s task) plot a clustered error bar chart of the mean number of bullets used against the self and the partner for males and females.
1: Using the data from Chapter 2 (which you should have saved, but if you didn’t re-enter it from Table 3.1) plot and interpret the following graphs: 1 An error bar chart showing the mean number of friends for students and lecturers. An error bar chart showing the mean alcohol consumption for
9 What is statistical power?
8 What is an effect size and how is it measured? 2
7 What are Type I and Type II errors? 1
6 What is a test statistic and what does it tell us? 1
5 What do the sum of squares, variance and standard deviation represent? How do they differ? 1
4 In Chapter 1 we used an example of the time taken for 21 heavy smokers to fall off a treadmill at the fastest setting (18, 16, 18, 24, 23, 22, 22, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 34, 36, 36, 43, 42, 49, 46, 46, 57). Calculate the sums of squares, variance, standard deviation, standard error and 95%
3 What’s the difference between the standard deviation and the standard error? 1
2 What is the mean and how do we tell if it’s representative of our data?
1 Why do we use samples? 1
5 Sketch the shape of a normal distribution, a positively skewed distribution and a negatively skewed distribution.
4 Say I own 857 CDs. My friend has written a computer program that uses a webcam to scan the shelves in my house where I keep my CDs and measure how many I have. His program says that I have 863 CDs. Define measurement error. What is the measurement error in my friend’s CD-counting device? 1
3 What is the level of measurement of the following variables? 1a. The number of downloads of different bands’ songs on iTunesb. The names of the bands that were downloaded.c. The position in the iTunes download chart.d. The money earned by the bands from the downloads.e. The weight of drugs
2 What is the fundamental difference between experimental and correlational research? 1
1 What are (broadly speaking) the five stages of the research process? 1
A research project has been conducted on the audiences of Christian religious television programs. Several research questions have been developed with regard to the following variables:How many hours per week do you watch religious programs on television? (aactual hours)What is your age? (years).
Conduct a regression analysis of tvhours, childs, or attend. Choose two or three potential independent variables and follow the instructions in Demonstration 17.1 and 17.2. Ideally, your independent variables should be interval-ratio in level of measurement, but ordinal variables with a broad range
Conduct the analysis in Demonstration 17.2 again, with partnrs5 (number of different sexual partners over the past five years) as the dependent variable. Compare and contrast with the analysis of sexfreq.
Conduct the analysis in Demonstration 17.1 again, with income06 as the dependent variable. Compare your conclusions with those that you made in Demonstration 15.1. Write a paragraph summarizing the relationships.
Problem 15.8 presented per capita expenditures on education for 15 states, along with rank on income per capita and the percentage of the population that has graduated from high school.The data are reproduced here.a. Compute beta-weights for each of the independent variables you selected and
The scores on four variables for 20 individuals are reported here: hours of TV (average number of hours of TV viewing each day), occupational prestige (higher scores indicate greater prestige), number of children, and age.Take TV viewing as the dependent variable and select two of the remaining
Twelve families have been referred to a counselor, and she has rated each of them on a cohesiveness scale. Also, she has information on family income and number of children currently living at home. Take family cohesion as the dependent variable.a. Find the multiple regression equations
In problem 15.5, crime and population data were presented for each of 10 states. The data are reproduced here.Take the three crime variables as the dependent variables (one at a time) and do the following:a. Find the multiple regression equations (unstandardized) with growth and urbanization as
Data on civil strife (number of incidents), unemployment, and urbanization have been gathered for 10 nations. Take civil strife as the dependent variable. Compute the zero-order correlations among all three variables.SOC Percentage Number of of Population Incidents of Unemployment Living in Civil
and see Section 17.2.)b. Compute the partial correlation coefficient for the relationship between turnout (Y ) and negative advertising (X ) while controlling for the effect of unemployment (Z ). What effect does this have on the bivariate relationship? Is the relationship between turnout and
In problem 15.1, data regarding voter turnout in five cities was presented. For the sake of convenience, the data for three of the variables are presented again here along with descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations.Unemployment % Negative City Turnout Rate Ads A 55 5 60 B 60 8 63 C 65
Using Demonstration 16.2 as a guide, analyze the relationships between income(income06) and recoded job satisfaction, controlling for sex and recoded degree. Recode income06 at the median before conducting the analysis. Summarize the results in a paragraph or two. Be sure to characterize the
Use Demonstration 16.1 as a guide and analyze the relationship of recoded age on cappun, grass, and marhomo, using sex as the control variable. Summarize the results in a paragraph or two. Be sure to characterize the relationships as direct, spurious, or interactive.
In this problem, we return to the analysis of the relationship between age and attitude towards premarital sex. This time, we will observe the relationship in two different nations and also control for gender. The bivariate relationships for Canada and the United States are presented along with the
In problem 14.15, we investigated the relationships between income and five dependent variables. Let’s return to two of those relationships and see if sex has any effect on the bivariate relationships. The bivariate and partial tables are presented here along with the bivariate gammas that were
What are the social sources of support for the environmental movement? A recent survey gathered information on level of concern for such issues as global warming and acid rain. Is concern for the environment related to level of education? What effects do the control variables have? Write a
A job-training center is trying to justify its existence to its funding agency. To this end, data on four variables have been collected for each of the 403 trainees served over the past three years:(1) whether or not the trainee completed the program, (2) whether or not the trainee got and held a
Is there a relationship between attitudes on sexuality and age? Are older people more conservative with respect to questions of sexual morality? A national sample of 925 respondents has been questioned about attitudes on premarital sex. Responses have been collapsed into two categories: those who
Do long-term patients in mental health facilities become more withdrawn and reclusive over time? A sample of 608 institutionalized patients was rated by a standard “reality orientation scale.” Is there a relationship with length of institutionalization? Does gender have any effect on the
Data on suicide rates, age structure, and unemployment rates have been gathered for 100 census tracts. Suicide and unemployment rates have been dichotomized at the median so that each tract could be rated as high or low. Age structure is measured in terms of the percentage of the population age 65
Switch topics entirely and see if you can explain the variation in television viewing habits. What are the correlates of tvhours? Choose three or four possible independent variables (perhaps age and educ). Write up your results. 16.1 Problem 14.1 concerned the assimilation of a small sample of
Run the analysis in Demonstration 15.2 again, but substitute income06 for prestg80. Divide the sample by sex as before. Is there a gender difference in the correlates of income06 as there was with prestg80?
again, with income06 rather than prestg80 as the indicator of social class standing. Use the same independent variables (papres80, educ) and see if the patterns are similar to those identified in Demonstration 15.1. (Ignore the fact that income06 is only ordinal in level of measurement.) Write up
Run the analysis in Demonstration
Fifteen individuals were randomly selected from the respondents to a public opinion survey and their scores are reproduced here.a. Calculate Pearson’s r for age (X ) and four dependent variables (Y ’s): prestige, number of children, support for abortion, and hours of TV watching.b. Calculate
Data on three variables have been collected for 15 nations. The variables are fertility rate (average number of children born to each woman), education for females (expressed as a percentage of all students at the secondary level who are female), and maternal mortality (death rate for mothers per
The table on page 387 presents the scores of 10 states on each of six variables: three measures of criminal activity and three measures of population structure. Crime rates are number of incidents per 100,000 population as of 2004.For each combination of crime rate and population characteristic:a.
Occupational prestige scores for a sample of fathers and their oldest son and oldest daughter are shown in the table on page 386.Analyze the relationship between father’s and son’s prestige and the relationship between father’s and daughter’s prestige. For each relationship:a. Draw a
Why does voter turnout vary from election to election? For municipal elections in five different cities, information has been gathered on the percent of registered voters who actually voted, unemployment rate, average years of education for the city, and the percentage of all political ads that
Following the procedure in Demonstration 14.3, use other measures of social class besides prestige (class and degree) as independent variables in the relationship with recoded satjob. Summarize the strength and direction of the relationships in a few sentences. Are these relationships stronger or
with some new ordinal-level independent variables. What other factors might affect attitudes toward premarital sex? Among other possibilities, consider degree and class as independent variables. Do sexual attitudes vary by education or social class? Other possibilities include income06, prestg80,
Follow up on Demonstration
In problems 12.12 and 13.12, we looked at the relationships between five dependent variables and, respectively, political ideology and sex. In this exercise, we use income as an independent variable and assess its relationship with this set of variables. For each table, calculate percentages and
Several years ago, a job-training program began, and a team of social workers screened the candidates for suitability for employment.Now the screening process is being evaluated, and the actual work performance of a sample of hired candidates has been rated. Did the screening process work? Is there
A random sample of 11 neighborhoods in Shinbone, Kansas, have been rated by an urban sociologist on a “quality-of-life” scale (which includes measures of affluence, availability of medical care, and recreational facilities) and a social cohesion scale. The results are presented here in scores.
In a recent survey, a random sample of respondents was asked to indicate how happy they were with their situations in life. Are their responses related to income level?Income Happiness Low Moderate High Totals Not happy 101 82 36 219 Pretty happy 40 227 100 367 Very happy 216 198 203 617 Totals 357
Are prejudice and level of education related? State your conclusion in a few sentences.SOC SW PA Level of Education Elementary High Some College Prejudice School School College Graduate Totals Low 48 50 61 42 201 High 45 43 33 27 148 Totals 93 93 94 69 349
A sample of children has been observed and rated for symptoms of depression. Their parents have been rated for authoritarianism. Is there any relationship between these variables?Write a few sentences stating your conclusions.Symptoms Authoritarianism of Depression Low Moderate High Totals Few 7 8
All applicants for municipal jobs in Shinbone, Kansas, are given an aptitude test, but the test has never been evaluated to see if test scores are in any way related to job performance. The following table reports aptitude test scores and job performance ratings for a random sample of 75 city
Is there a relationship between education and support for women in the paid labor force? Is the relationship between the variables different for different nations? The World Values Survey has been administered to random samples drawn from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Respondents were
Some research has shown that families vary by how they socialize their children to sports, games, and other leisure-time activities.SOC CJ In middle-class families, such activities are carefully monitored by parents and are, in general, dominated by adults (for example, Little League baseball). In
A random sample of 150 cities has been classified as small, medium, or large by population and as high or low on crime rate. Is there a relationship between city size and crime rate?Crime City Size Rate Small Medium Large Totals Low 21 17 8 46 High 29 33 42 104 Totals 50 50 50 150a. Describe the
Compute gamma for the table presented in problem 12.1. If you computed a nominal measure of association for this table in problem 13.2, compare the measures of association. Are they similar in value? Do they characterize the strength for the association in the same way? What information about the
Compute gamma for the tables presented in problems 11.2, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 11.10, and 11.12.Since these tables are based on random samples, test the gammas you computed for significance.
A small sample of non-English-speaking immigrants to the United States has been interviewed about their level of assimilation. Is the pattern of adjustment affected by length of residence in the United States? For each table compute gamma and summarize the relationship in terms of strength and
Run some of the tables you did for Exercises 12.1 and 12.2 again, with a request for phi, Cramer’s V, and lambda. Do the measures of association help you interpret the relationships?
See if you can find a variable with a strong association with cappun. If necessary, use the Recode command to reduce the number of categories in the column variable. As a suggestion, try degree and income06 as independent variables.
Problem 12.12 analyzed some bivariate relationships taken from a recent public opinion survey.Political ideology was used as the independent variable for five different dependent variables, and, using only percentages, you were asked to characterize the relationships in terms of strength and
You are running for mayor of Shinbone, Kansas, and realize that, if you are to win, you must win the support of blue-collar voters.(You already have strong support in the whitecollar neighborhoods.) You have a very limited advertising budget and wonder how best to reach your intended audience. An
A sociologist is researching public attitudes toward crime and has asked a sample of residents of his city if they think that the crime rate in their neighborhoods is rising. Is there a relationship between sex and perception of the crime rate? Between race and perception of the crime rate? What is
St. Algebra College has a problem with attrition. A sizeable number of nongraduating students do not return to classes each semester.Is attrition importantly related to race, status, or age? For each of the following tables, how strong is the association (if any) between each of the independent
A researcher has conducted a survey on sexual attitudes for a sample of 317 teenagers.The respondents were asked whether they considered premarital sex to be “always wrong” or“OK under certain circumstances.” The following tables summarize the relationship between responses to this item and
Is there an association between the gender of college instructors and the teaching effectiveness ratings they receive from students? Write a few sentences summarizing your findings.
A survey of senior citizens who live in either a housing development specifically designed for retirees or an age-integrated neighborhood has been conducted. Is type of living arrangement related to sense of social isolation?Living Arrangement Sense of Housing Integrated Isolation Development
Traditionally, bus ridership in your town has been confined to lower-income and blue-collar patrons. As head of transportation planning for the city, you believe that ridership from whitecollar, middle-income neighborhoods can be increased if bus routes linking these neighborhoods to the downtown
The director of a shelter for battered women has noticed that many of the women SW SOC who are referred to the shelter eventually return to their violent husbands, even when there is every indication that the husband will continue the pattern of abuse. The director suspects that the women who
There is concern that suicides are motivated, in part, by imitation. Especially among young people, it may be that “epidemics” of selfdestructive behaviors follow publication of suicides in local media. A number of cities have been classified by rate of suicide and by whether or not they
Compute a phi and a lambda for problems 12.1 to 12.4. Compare the value of the measure of association with your impressions of the strength of the relationships based solely on the percentages you calculated in Chapter 12.
Who is most likely to be victimized by crime? A small sample of city residents has been asked if they were the victims of burglary or robbery over the past year. The following tables report relationships between several variables and victimization. Compute phi and lambda for each table. Which
See if you can assess the strongest determinant of attitudes on an issue such as cappun, grass, or abany. You already have results for recoded polviews as an independent variable. Run the same dependent, or row, variables against sex, relig, class, and racecen1 and compare the strength and
As long as polviews has already been recoded, pick a few more “social issues”(such as grass and abany) and, with recoded polviews as the independent variable, see if the patterns of association conform to expectations. Are “liberals” really more liberal on these issues? For each table, be
If a person’s political ideology (liberal, moderate, or conservative) is known, can we predict that person’s position on issues? If liberals are generally progressive and conservatives are generally traditional (with moderates in between), what relationships would you expect to find between
In any social science journal, find an article that includes a bivariate table. Inspect the table and the related text carefully and answer the following questions.a. Identify the variables in the table. What values (categories) does each possess? What is the level of measurement for each
The latest fad to sweep college campuses is streaking to panty raids while swallowing live goldfish. A researcher is interested in how closely the spread of this bizarre behavior is linked to the amount of coverage and publicity provided by local campus newspapers. For a sample of 25 universities,
What types of people are most concerned about the future of the environment? The World Values Survey includes an item asking people if they would agree to an increase in taxes if the extra money was used to prevent environmental damage. The following tables show the relationship between this
About half the neighborhoods in a large city have instituted programs to increase citizen in-CJ SW volvement in crime prevention. Do these areas experience less crime? Write a few sentences describing the relationship in terms of pattern and strength of the association.Crime Program Rate No Yes
As the state director of mental health programs, you note that some local mental health facilities have very high rates of staff turnover. You believe that part of this problem is a result of the fact that some of the local directors have very little training in administration and poorly developed
Reproduced here are problems 11.3–11.5. In Chapter 11, you tested these relationships for their significance (the chi square test), and now you will test the relationships to determine the existence, strength, and pattern or direction of the relationship. Find column percentages and the maximum
A needs assessment survey has been distributed in a large retirement community. Residents were asked to check off the services or programs they thought should be added. Is there any association between gender and the perception of a need for more social occasions? Write a few sentences describing
How consistent are people in their voting habits? Do people vote for the same party from election to election? Given here are the results of a poll in which people were asked if they had voted Democrat or Republican in each of the last two presidential elections. Assess the strength of this
The administration of a local college campus has proposed an increase in the mandatory student fee in order to finance an upgrading of the intercollegiate football program. A sample of the faculty has completed a survey on the issues.Is there any association between support for raising fees and the
Various supervisors in the city government of Shinbone, Kansas, have been rated on the extent to which they practice authoritarian styles of leadership and decision making. The efficiency of each department has also been rated, and the results are summarized here. Calculate percentages for the
Since we already recoded degree for Demonstration 11.3, let’s see if education has a significant relationship with grass and cappun. Run the Crosstabs procedure with the dependent variables in the Rows box and recoded degree in the Columns box. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these
Find three more variables that might be related to letin1. Use the Crosstabs procedure to see if any of your variables have a significant relationship with letin1.Which of the variables had the most significant relationship?
For a follow-up on Demonstration 11.1, pick two variables that measure social class. If necessary, recode these variables so that they have only two or three categories. Run the Crosstabs procedure with spanking as the row variable and your new measures of social class as the column variables. How
Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are presented here. For each table, conduct the chi square test of significance and compute column percents. Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Support for the legal right to an abortion by age:Age
A researcher is concerned with the relationship between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior. If attitudes “cause” behavior (a very debatable proposition), then people who have positive attitudes toward violence should have high rates of violent behavior. A pretest was conducted on 70
Does support for the legalization of marijuana vary by region of the country? The table displays the relationship between the two variables for a random sample of 1020 adult citizens. Is the relationship significant?Region Legalize? North Midwest South West Totals Yes 60 65 42 78 245 No 245 200 180
An urban sociologist has built up a database describing a sample of the neighborhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for the “quality of life”(this includes measures of pollution, noise, open space, services available, and so on). She has also asked
At a large urban college, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live in dormitories on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living arrangements? The results based on a random sample of 300 students are presented here.Residential Statusa Off

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Statistics: A Tool For Social Research 8th Edition Joseph F. Healey - Solutions

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