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Statistics: A Tool For Social Research 8th Edition Joseph F. Healey - Solutions
Is there a relationship between political ideology and social class standing? Are upperclass students significantly different from underclass students on this variable? The following table reports the relationship between these two variables for a random sample of 267 college students.Class
Is there a relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local community. Write a sentence or two explaining your decision.Length of Marriage(in years)Less More Satisfaction
A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the influence”to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fines, suspensions, and other penalties. A random sample of offenders has been drawn. Do participants in this program have lower rates of
The state Department of Education has rated a sample of local school systems for compliance with state-mandated guidelines for quality. Is the quality of a school system significantly related to the affluence of the community as measured by per capita income?Per Capita Income Quality Low High
A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? The results, drawn from a random sample of residents, are reported here.Status NonAlertness Participants participants Totals High 23 15 38 Low 11 18
Is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization for public employees? The following data represent this relationship for fire departments in a random sample of 100 cities of roughly the same size. Salary data have been dichotomized at the median. Summarize your findings.Status Salary
Many analysts have noted a “gender gap” in elections for the U.S. presidency, with women more likely to vote for the Democratic candidate.A sample of university faculty has been asked about their political party preference. Do their responses indicate a significant relationship between gender
A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against blacks and other minorities. The following data were taken from a random sample of black and white homeless people.Received Race Services? Black White Totals Yes 6 7 13 No 4 9 13 Totals 10 16 26a.
A sample of 25 cities have been classified as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of handguns sold within the city limits. Is there a relationship between these two variables? Do cities with higher homicide rates have significantly higher gun sales? Explain your results in a
For each of the following tables, calculate the obtained chi square. (HINT: Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 11.2. Double-check to make sure you are using the correct row and column marginals for each cell. It may be helpful to record the expected frequencies in table
What other variable might have a significant relationship with abscale? Pick three potential independent variables (factors) and test their relationships with abscale. Some possible independent variables would be racecen1, attend, and any of the measures of social class. If necessary, recode the
As a follow-up on Demonstration 10.2, test income91, prestg80, and papres80 as independent variables (factors) against polviews. Do these measures of social class display the same type of relationship with polviews as class? First, recode each of these independents into three categories. Run
Does support for suicide (“death with dignity”) vary by social class? Is this relationship different in different nations? Small samples in three nations were asked if it is ever justified for a person with an incurable disease to take his or her own life. Respondents answered in terms of a
A small random sample of respondents has been selected from the General Social Survey database. Each respondent has been classified as either a city dweller, a suburbanite, or a SOC GER SOC rural dweller. Are there statistically significant differences by place of residence for any of the variables
Do older citizens lose interest in politics and current affairs? A brief quiz on recent headline stories was administered to random samples of respondents from each of four different age groups. Is there a significant difference? The following data represent numbers of correct responses.High Young
Does the rate of voter turnout vary significantly by the type of election? A random sample of voting precincts displays the following pattern of voter turnout by election type. Assess the results for significance.Local Only State National 33 35 42 78 56 40 32 35 52 28 40 66 10 45 78 12 42 62 61 65
Are sexually active teenagers any better informed about AIDS and other potential health problems related to sex than teenagers who are sexually inactive? A 15-item test of general knowledge about sex and health was administered to random samples of teens who are sexually inactive, teens who are
Two separate crime-reduction programs have been implemented in the city of Shinbone.One involves a neighborhood watch program, with citizens actively involved in crime prevention. The second involves officers patrolling the neighborhoods on foot rather than in patrol cars.In terms of the percentage
In a local community, a random sample of 18 couples has been assessed on a scale that measures the extent to which power and decision making are shared (lower scores) or monopolized by one party (higher scores) and on marital happiness (lower scores indicate lower levels of unhappiness). The
What type of person is most involved in the neighborhood and community? Who is more likely to volunteer for organizations such as PTA, scouts, or Little League? A random sample of 15 people have been asked for their number of memberships in community voluntary organizations and some other
Conduct the ANOVA test for each of the following sets of scores. (HINT: Follow the computational shortcut outlined in Section 10.4, and keep track of all sums and means by constructing computational tables like Table 10.3 or 10.4.)a. Category AB C 5 10 12 7 12 16 8 14 18 9 15 20b. Category A BC 123
What other independent variables might explain differences in opinions about abortion? Select several more independent variables besides sex, and conduct additional t tests with abscale as the dependent variable. Remember that the t test requires the independent variable to have only two
Using Demonstration 9.2 as a guide, construct a summary scale for attitudes about traditional gender roles using fepresch and fefam in place of abrape and abany.Test for the significance of the difference using sex as the independent variable.Write a sentence or two summarizing the results of this
Are men significantly different from women in occupational prestige or the number of hours they work each week? Using Demonstration 9.1 as a guide, substitute prestg80 and hrs1 for tvhours. Write a sentence or two summarizing the results of this test. (See Reading Statistics 6 for some ideas on
Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are reported here in terms of differences by sex.Which of these differences, if any, are significant? Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.
The local police chief started a “crimeline”program some years ago and wonders if it’s really working. The program publicizes unsolved violent crimes in the local media and offers cash rewards for information leading to arrests. Are “featured” crimes more likely to be cleared by arrest
At St. Algebra College, the sociology and psychology departments have been feuding for years about the respective quality of their programs. In an attempt to resolve the dis-SOC SW CJ pute, you have gathered data about the graduate school experience of random samples of both groups of majors. The
A large counseling center needs to evaluate several experimental programs. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests. Did the new programs work?a. One program is designed for divorce counseling; the key feature of the program is its counselors, who are married couples working in
About half of the police officers in Shinbone, Kansas, have completed a special course in investigative procedures. Has the course increasedtheirefficiencyinclearingcrimesbyarrest? The proportions of cases cleared by arrest for samples of trained and untrained officers are reported here.Sample 1
As the director of the local Boys Club, you have claimed for years that membership in your club reduces juvenile delinquency. Now a cynical member of your funding agency has demanded proof of your claim. Fortunately, your local sociology department is on your side and springs to your aid with
Are senior citizens who live in retirement communities more socially active than those who live in age-integrated communities? Write a sentence or two explaining the results of these tests. (HINT: Remember to use the proper formulas for small sample sizes.)a. A random sample of senior citizens
Are college students who live in dormitories significantly more involved in campus life than students who commute to campus? The following data report the average number of hours per week students devote to extracurricular activities. Is the difference between these randomly selected samples of
Are middle-class families more likely than working-class families to maintain contact with kin? Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests.a. A sample of middle-class families reported an average of 7.3 visits per year with close kin, while a sample of working-class families averaged
A number of years ago, the fire department in Shinbone, Kansas, began recruiting minority group members through an affirmative action program. In terms of efficiency ratings as compiled by their superiors, how do the affirmative action employees rate?The ratings of random samples of both groups
Do athletes in different sports vary in terms of intelligence? Reported here are College Board scores of random samples of college basketball and football players. Is there a significant difference?Write a sentence or two explaining the difference.a. Sample 1 Sample 2(Basketball Players) (Football
before attempting to solve Formula 9.2. Also, in Formula 9.4, perform the mathematical operations in the proper sequence. First square each sample standard deviation, then divide by N 1, add the resultant values, and then find the square root of the sum.)a. Sample 1 Sample 272.5 76.0 s1 14.3 s2
The city manager of Shinbone has received a complaint from the local union of firefighters to the effect that they are underpaid. Not having much time, the city manager gathers the records of a random sample of 27 firefighters and finds that their average salary is $38,073, with a standard
You are the head of an agency seeking funding for a program to reduce unemployment among teenage males. Nationally, the unemployment rate for this group is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage males in your area reveals an unemployment rate of 21.7%. Is the difference significant? Can you
A researcher has compiled a file of information on a random sample of 317 families that have chronic, long-term patterns of child abuse. Reported here are some of the characteristics of the sample, along with values for the city as a whole. For each trait, test the null hypothesis of “no
A random sample of 113 convicted rapists in a state prison system completed a program designed to change their attitudes towards women, sex, and violence before being released on parole. Fifty-eight eventually became repeat sex offenders. Is this recidivism rate significantly different from the
Nationally, the per capita property tax is$130. A random sample of 36 southeastern cities average $98, with a standard deviation of $5. Is the difference significant? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.PA SOC XX XX SOC
A school system has assigned several hundred“chronic and severe underachievers” to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 has been selected for comparison with all students in the system.a. In terms of GPA, did the program work?Systemwide GPA Program
A sample of 105 workers in the Overkill Division of the Machismo Toy Factory earns an average of $24,375 per year. The average salary for all workers is $24,230, with a standard deviation of $523. Are workers in the Overkill Division overpaid? Conduct both one- and two-tailed tests.
A random sample of 423 Chinese Americans has finished an average of 12.7 years of formal education, with a standard deviation of 1.7.Is this significantly different from the national average of 12.2 years?
Nationally, the average score on the college entrance exams (verbal test) is 453, with a standard deviation of 95. A random sample of 152 freshmen entering St. Algebra College shows a mean score of 502. Is there a significant difference?
years, with a standard deviation of 0.52. Are social workers in Shinbone significantly less experienced? (Note the wording of the research hypotheses. These situations may justify one-tailed tests of significance. If you chose a one-tailed test, what form would the research hypothesis take, and
a. Nationally, social workers average 10.2 years of experience. In a random sample, 203 social workers in greater metropolitan Shinbone average only
for values of Z(critical) for various alpha levels.)b. What if the research question were changed to“Do sociology majors attend a significantly greater number of parties”? How would the test conducted in problem 8.2a change? (HINT:This wording implies a one-tailed test of significance. How
a. The student body at St. Algebra College attends an average of 3.3 parties per month. A random sample of 117 sociology majors averages 3.8 parties per month, with a standard deviation of 0.53. Are sociology majors significantly different from the student body as a whole? (HINT: The wording of the
a. For each situation, find Z(critical).Alpha Form Z(Critical).05 One-tailed.10 Two-tailed.06 Two-tailed.01 One-tailed.02 Two-tailedb. For each situation, find the critical t score.Alpha Form N t (Critical).10 Two-tailed 31.02 Two-tailed 24.01 Two-tailed 121.01 One-tailed 31.05 One-tailed 61c.
Use the Frequencies command to get sample proportions (convert the percentages in the frequency distributions) to estimate the population parameter for each of the following: proportion with college degree (degree), proportion black (racecen1), and proportion favoring gun control (gunlaw). Use the
Use the Descriptives command to calculate means and standard deviations for papres80, age, and income06. Use the output to formulate confidence interval estimates for the population values. Express the confidence intervals in words, as if you were reporting results in a newspaper story. (NOTE: Your
You are the consumer-affairs reporter for a daily newspaper. Part of your job is to investigate the claims of manufacturers, and you are particularly suspicious of a new economy car that the manufacturer claims will get 78 miles per gallon. After checking the mileage figures for a random sample of
The World Values Survey is administered periodically to random samples from societies around the globe. Listed here are the number of SOC N 578 Ps 0.51 PS Sample C: N 10,000 Sample B: N 1000 Sample A: N 100 Ps 0.40 N 500 s 10 X 100 SW respondents in each nation who said that they
Two individuals are running for mayor of Shinbone. You conduct an election survey a week before the election and find that 51% of the respondents prefer candidate A. Can you predict a winner? Use the 99% level. (HINT: In a two-candidate race, what percentage of the vote would the winner need? Does
For the following sample data, construct four different interval estimates of the population mean, one each for the 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99% levels. What happens to the interval width as confidence level increases? Why?
A random sample of 324 residents of a community revealed that 30% were very satisfied with the quality of trash collection. At the 99% level, what is your estimate of the population value?
A random sample of 500 residents of Shinbone, Kansas, shows that exactly 50 of the respondents had been the victims of violent crime over the past year. Estimate the proportion of victims for the population as a whole, using the 90%confidence level. (HINT: Calculate the sample proportion Ps before
A random sample of 429 college students was interviewed about a number of matters.a. They reported that they had spent an average of $178.23 on textbooks during the previous semester. If the sample standard deviation for these data is $15.78, construct an estimate of the population mean at the 99%
A researcher has gathered information from a random sample of 178 households. For each of the following variables, construct confidence intervals to estimate the population mean. Use the 90% level.a. An average of 2.3 people resides in each household. Standard deviation is 0.35.b. There was an
You have developed a series of questions to measure “burnout” in social workers. A random sample of 100 social workers working in greater metropolitan Shinbone, Kansas, has an average score of 10.3, with a standard deviation of 2.7.What is your estimate of the average burnout score for the
For each of the following confidence levels, determine the corresponding Z score.Confidence Area Level Alpha Beyond Z Z score 95%.9 .05 .0250 1.96 94%.9 92%.9 97%.9 98%.9 99.9%
For each of the following sets of sample outcomes, construct the 99% confidence interval for estimating Pua. Ps .14b. Ps .37c. Ps .79 N 100 N 522 N 121d. Ps .43e. Ps .40f. Ps .63 N 1049 N 548 N 300
For each set of sample outcomes below, construct the 95% confidence interval for estimating m, the population mean.a. 5.2b. 100c. 20 s 0.7 s 9 s 3 N 157 N 620 N 220d. 1020 e. 7.3f. 33 s 50 s 1.2 s 6 N 329 N 105 N 220
Following the procedures in Demonstration 6.1, select three samples from the 2006 GSS database: 15%, 30%, and 60%. Get descriptive statistics for age (don’t forget to get the standard error), and use the results to complete the following table:154 PART II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 12 3 4 5 6 Sample
This exercise is extremely tedious and hardly ever works out the way it ought to, mostly because not many people have the patience to draw an “infinite” number of even very small samples. However, if you want a more concrete and tangible understanding of sampling distributions and the two
Use the Graphs command to get simple line charts of age and then zage. How close are these charts to smooth, bell-shaped, normal curves?
Compute Z scores for prestg80, papres80, and tvhours. Use the Case Summaries procedure to display the normalized and “raw” scores for each variable for 10 cases.
In a distribution of scores with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 4, which event is more likely: that a randomly selected score will be between 29 and 31 or that a randomly selected score will be between 40 and 42?132 PART I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
After taking the state merit examinations for the positions of social worker and employment counselor, you receive the following information on the tests and on your performance. On which of the tests did you do better?Social Worker Employment Counselor 118 27 s 17 s 3 Your score 127 Your
A scale measuring prejudice has been administered to a large sample of respondents. The distribution of scores is approximately normal, with a mean of 31 and a standard deviation of 5. What percentage of the sample had scores CHAPTER 05 THE NORMAL CURVE 131a. below 20? ________b. below 40?
At St. Algebra College, the 200 freshmen enrolled in introductory biology took a final exam on which their mean score was 72 and their standard deviation was 6. The following table presents the grades of 10 students. Convert each into a Z score and determine the number of people who scored higher
Assume that the distribution of a college entrance exam is normal, with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. For each of the following scores, find the equivalent Z score, the percentage of the area above the score, and the percentage of the area below the score.Xi Z Score % Area Above %
Scores on a quiz were normally distributed and had a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.For each of the following scores, find the Z score and the percentage of area above and below the score.Xi Z Score % Area Above % Area Below 56 78 911 12 14 15 16 18
Use the Compute command to create a summary scale for fepresch and fefam.Get univariate descriptive statistics for the summary scale and for fepresch and fefam. Write a few sentences summarizing these tables using our description of the distributions for abany, abrape, and abindex as a model.
Use Descriptives to produce univariate descriptive statistics for educ (respondents’ education), paeduc (respondent’s father’s years of education), prestg80(respondent’s occupational prestige), and papres80 (respondent’s father’s occupational prestige).a. Compare the statistics for
You’re the governor of the state and must decide which of four metropolitan police departments will win the annual award for efficiency. The performance of each department is summarized in monthly arrest statistics as reported here.Which department will win the award? Why?Departments A BCD 601.30
At St. Algebra College, the math department ran some special sections of the freshman math course using a variety of innovative teaching techniques. Students were randomly assigned to either the traditional sections or the experimental sections, and all students were given the same final exam. The
a. Compute the standard deviation for both sets of data presented in problem 3.13 and reproduced here. Compare the standard deviation computed for freshmen with the standard deviation computed for seniors. What happened? Why? Does this change relate at all to what happened to the mean over the
One of your goals as the new chief administrator of a large social service bureau is to equalize work loads within the various divisions of the agency. You have gathered data on caseloads per worker within each division. Which division comes closest to the ideal of an equalized workload? Which is
Listed here are the rates of abortion per 100,000 women for 20 states in 1973 and 1975.Describe what happened to these distributions over the two-year period. Did the average rate increase or decrease? What happened to the dispersion of this distribution? What happened between 1973 and 1975 that
Compute the range and standard deviation for the data presented in problem 3.14. The data are reproduced here. What would happen to the value of the standard deviation if you removed Los Angeles from this distribution and recalculated? Why?Annual Person-Hours of Time Lost to Traffic City Congestion
Per capita expenditures for police protection for 20 cities are reported here for 1995 and 2000.Compute a mean and standard deviation for each year, and describe the differences in expenditures for the five-year period.City 1995 2000 A 180 210 B 95 110 C 87 124 D 101 131 E 52 197 F 117 200 G 115
In problem 3.11, you computed measures of central tendency for the number of cars per 100 population for eight nations. The scores are reproduced here. Compute the standard deviation for this variable, and write a paragraph summarizing the mean, median, and standard deviation.Number of Cars per
a. Compute the standard deviation for the pretest and posttest scores that were used in problems 2.6 and 3.12. The scores are reproduced here.Taking into account all of the information SOC you have on these variables, write a paragraph describing how the sample changed from test to test. What does
Labor force participation rates (percent employed), percent high school graduates, and mean income for males and females in 10 states are reported here. Calculate a mean and a standard deviation for both groups for each variable and describe the differences. Are males and females unequal on any of
Data on several variables measuring overall heath and well-being for five nations are reported here for 2005, with projections to 2010. Are these nations becoming more or less diverse on these variables? Calculate the mean, range, and standard deviation for each year for each variable. Summarize
In problem 3.8, you computed mean and median income for 13 Canadian provinces and territories in two separate years. Now compute the standard deviation and range for each year, and, taking account of the two measures of central tendency and the two measures of dispersion, write a paragraph
Compute the range and standard deviation of the following 10 test scores.77, 83, 69, 72, 85, 90, 95, 75, 55, 45
The following table shows the religious preference of college students living in two small dormitories. Compute the index of qualitative variation for the table. Which dorm is more diverse in terms of this variable?Status Dorm A Dorm B Protestant 20 10 Catholic 7 17 Jew 3 8 None 10 3 Other 7 10 47
The marital status of residents of four apartment complexes is reported here. Compute the index of qualitative variation (IQV) for each neighborhood. Which is the most heterogeneous of the four? Which is the least? (HINT: It may be helpful to organize your computations as in Table 4.2.)Complex A
The following table presents the annual person-hours of time lost due to traffic congestion for a group of cities for 2003. This statistic is a measure of traffic congestion.Annual person-hours of time lost to traffic City congestion per year Baltimore 27 Boston 25 Buffalo 6 Chicago 31 Cleveland 6
A sample of 25 freshmen at a major university completed a survey that measured SOC SW 82 PART I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS their degree of racial prejudice (the higher the score, the greater the prejudice).a. Compute the median and mean scores for these data.10 43 30 30 45 40 12 40 42 35 45 25 10 33 50
For the test scores first presented in problem 2.6 and reproduced here, compute a median and mean for both the pretest and posttest. Interpret these statistics.Case Pretest Posttest A 8 12 B 7 13 C 10 12 D 15 19 E 10 8 F 10 17 G 3 12 H 10 11 I 57 J 15 12 K 13 20 L45 M 10 15 N 8 11 O 12 20
As the head of a social services agency, you believe that your staff of 20 social workers is very much overworked compared to 10 years ago. The case loads for each worker are reported below for each of the two years in question. Has the average caseload increased? What measure of central tendency
The administration is considering a total ban on student automobiles. You have conducted a poll on this issue of 20 fellow students and 20 of the neighbors who live around the campus and have calculated scores for your respondents. On the scale you used, a high score indicates strong opposition to
The following table lists the median family incomes for 13 Canadian provinces and territories SOC in 2000 and 2004. Compute the mean and median for each year and compare the two measures of central tendency. Which measure of central tendency is greater for each year? Are the distributions skewed?
Find the appropriate measure of central tendency for each variable displayed in Table 2.5. Report each statistic as you would in a formal research report.
Following are four variables for 30 cases from the General Social Survey. Age is reported in years. The variable happiness consists of answers to the question “Taken all together, would you say that you are (1) very happy (2) pretty happy, or (3)SOC not too happy?” Respondents were asked how
For 15 respondents, data have been gathered on four variables (see the following table).a. Find and report the appropriate measure of central tendency for each variable.b.6 For the variable age, construct a frequency distribution with interval size 5 and the first in-terval set at 15–19. Find
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