Discovering Statistics Using IBM Spss Statistics 5th Edition Andy Field - Solutions

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5-14 Based on the data in Table 5-26, is there an increase in risk of death in women who reported past hormone replacement therapy use compared to women who never used it?
5-13 Many postmenopausal women are faced with the decision of whether they want to take hormone replacement therapy or not. Benefits of hormone replacement include decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. However, hormone replacement therapy has also been associated with increased
5-12 Yuan and colleagues also collected information from subjects who had quit smoking. Based on the data in Table 5-24. is there any evidence that stopping smoking reduces risk of developing renal cell cancer compared to current smokers?
5-11 Cigarette smoking is associated with increased incidence of many types of cancers. Jian-Min Yuan and colleagues‡wanted to investigate whether cigarette smoking was also associated with increased risk of renal cell cancer.They recruited patients with renal cell cancer from the Los Angeles
5-10 The chance of contracting disease X is 10%, regardless of whether or not a given individual has disease A or disease B. Assume that you can diagnose all three diseases with perfect accuracy and that in the entire population 1000 people have disease A and 1000 have disease B. People with X, A,
5-9 Bipolar disorder is a disabling mental illness that is characterized by episodes of elevated or irritable mood and depression. Lithium carbonate has been the standard therapy for treating bipolar disorder. In more recent years lithium has been replaced with sodium valproate because of a wider
5-8 Dioxin is one of the most toxic synthetic environmental contaminants. An explosion at a herbicide plant in Sevaso, Italy in 1976 released large amounts of this longlasting contaminant into the environment. Because exposure to dioxin during development is known to be dangerous, researchers have
5-7 Authorship in biomedical publications establishes accountability, responsibility, and credit. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors established authorship criteria in 1985, which boil down to playing an active role in the research and writing of the paper and being in a
5-6 Meta-analysis is an important way to summarize the biomedical literature because they pull together information from many different studies to provide a quantitative estimate of the effect of a treatment or exposure to a toxin.As a result they are often widely cited an influential. To determine
5-5 In debates over whether or not to pass legislation making all restaurants and bars smoke free opponents of the laws routinely claim that such laws harm the hospitality industry economically and produce economic studies supporting this claim. To assess the association of funding for economic
5-4 Major depression can be treated with medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two. M. Keller and colleagues‡ compared the efficacy of these approaches in outpatients diagnosed with a chronic major depressive disorder. Depression was diagnosed using the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale
5-3 The 106 suicides analyzed in Prob. 5-2 were selected from 116 suicides that occurred between April 1987 and March 1988. Eight of the 10 suicides not included in the study were due to lack of family interviews. Discuss the potential problems, if any, associated with these exclusions.
5-2 Adolescent suicide is commonly associated with alcohol misuse. In a retrospective study involving Finnish adolescents who committed suicide, Sami Pirkola and colleagues† compared situational factors and family background between victims who abused alcohol and those who did not. Alcohol use
5-1 Obtaining a blood sample of arterial blood permits measuring blood pH, oxygenation, and CO2 elimination in order to see how well the lungs are functioning at oxygenating blood. The blood sample is often drawn from an artery in the wrist, which can be a painful procedure.Shawn Aaron and
4-11 In a test of significance, the P value of the test statistic is .063. Are the data statistically significant at(a) both a = .05 and a = .01 levels?(b) a = .05 level but not at a = .01 level?(c) a = .01 level but not at a = .05 level?(d) neither a = .05 nor a = .01 levels?
4-10 In Problem 3-6 you determined there was a difference in burnout among staffs in different patient care units. Isolate these differences and discuss them.
4-9 What conclusions would you draw if you were only interested in whether sperm viability among men with different levels of cell phone use were significantly different from men who did not use cell phones at all?
4-8 Problem 3-4 led to the conclusion that there were differences in sperm viability among men with different levels of cell phone use. What are the detectable subgroups in this response? Use a Holm-Sidak t test.
4-7 Directly test the limited hypothesis that exposure to other people’s smoke affects the health of healthy nonsmokers by comparing each group of involuntary smokers and active smokers with the nonsmokers working in a clean environment as the control group. Use the data from Problem 3-2.
4-6 Problem 3-2 presented the data that White and Froeb collected on the lung function of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, nonsmokers working in smoky environments, and smokers of various intensity. Analysis of variance revealed that these data were inconsistent with the hypothesis
4-5 Rework Problems 3-1, 3-3, and 3-5 using the t test.What is the relationship between the value of t computed here and the value of F computed for these data in Chapter 3?
4-4 To assess whether providing in- person counseling would increase the use of advance directives in homeless people, John Song and colleagues* recruited 262 volunteers at emergency night shelters and other programs serving homeless people and randomly allocated them to receive in-person
4-3 In addition to the stair climbing test discussed in Chapter 3, Mark Roig and colleagues also conducted 6 minute walk tests in which they measured how far people could walk (in meters) in 6 minutes to compare the ability of normal people and people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4-2 Hypothermia is problem for extremely low birth weight infants. One idea to help these infants maintain body temperature is to wrap them in polyethylene bags in the delivery room and while they are being transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. Patrick Carroll and colleagues* reviewed
4-1 In the randomized controlled trial of the use of a cannabis-based medicinal to treat pain associated with diabetic neuropathy discussed in Chapter 3, the 29 people randomized to the control group had a mean age of 54.4 years old and the 24 people randomized to the treatment group had a mean age
3-8 Several studies suggest that schizophrenic patients have lower IQ scores measured before the onset of schizophrenia (premorbid IQ) than would be expected based on family and environmental variables. These deficits can be detected during childhood and increase with age. Catherine Gilvarry and
3-7 High doses of estrogen interfere with male fertility in many animals, including mice. However, there may be significant differences in the response to estrogen in different mouse strains. To compare estrogen responsiveness in different strains of mice, Spearow and colleagues† implanted
3-5 Men and women differ in risk of spinal fracture. Men are at increased risk for all types of bone fractures until approximately 45 years of age, an effect probably due to the higher overall trauma rate in men during this time.However, after age 45, women are at increased risk for spinal
3-4 In the study of cell phone use and sperm function, the investigators also measured sperm viability for the different categories of cell phone users. Is there a difference in viability among these groups? (See Table 3-6.)
3-3 The stair climb power test is a functional test used among older people to measure leg muscle power. To assess whether this test could be used to assess leg muscle power in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Marc Roig and colleagues* measured the power delivered by people
3-2 It was once generally believed that infrequent and short-term exposure to pollutants in tobacco, such as carbon monoxide, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, and oxides of nitrogen, will not permanently alter lung function in healthy adult nonsmokers. To investigate this hypothesis, James White and
3-1 In order to study the cellular changes in people with tendencies to develop diabetes, Kitt Petersen and her colleagues† studied the ability of muscle cells in normal children and insulin-resistant children to convert glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the “energy molecule”muscle
2-6 Roll a pair of dice and note the numbers on each of the upright faces. These two numbers can be considered a sample of size 2 drawn from the population described in Prob. 2-4. This sample can be averaged. What does this average estimate? Repeat this procedure 20 times and plot the averages
2-5 Sketch the distribution of all possible values of the number on the upright face of a die. What is the mean of this population of possible values?
2-4 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of environmental chemicals associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including intellectual impairment in children exposed in utero while their mothers were pregnant. PCBs are also one of the most abundant contaminants found in human fat.
2-3 When data are not normally distributed, researchers can sometimes transform their data to obtain values that more closely approximate a normal distribution. One approach to this is to take the logarithm of the observations.The following numbers represent the same data described in Prob. 2-1
2-2 Viral load of HIV-1 is a known risk factor for heterosexual transmission of HIV; people with higher viral loads of HIV-1 are significantly more likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Thomas Quinn and associates.*studied this question by measuring the amount of HIV-1 RNA
2-1 The pain scores for the people treated with the cannabis medicinal in the study discussed earlier in this chapter are 90, 10, 45, 70, 13, 27, 11, 70, 14, 15, 13, 75, 50, 30, 80, 40, 29, 13, 9, 7, 20, 85, 55, and 94. Find the mean, median, standard deviation, and 25th and 75th percentiles. Do
Task 4: Repeat the above analysis but include the pre-intervention exercise scores (Pre_Exercise) as a covariate. What difference does this make to the results?
Task 3: Getting kids to exercise (Hill, Abraham, & Wright, 2007): The purpose of this research was to examine whether providing children with a leaflet based on the ‘theory of planned behaviour’ increases children’s exercise. There were four different interventions (Intervention): a control
Task 2: Using our growth model example in this chapter, analyse the data but include Gender as an additional covariate. Does this change your conclusions?
Task 1: Using the cosmetic surgery example, run the analysis described in section 19.6.9 but also including BDI, Age and Gender as fixed effect predictors. What differences does including these predictors make?
Task 4: On my statistics course students have weekly classes in a computer laboratory. Postgraduate tutors run these classes but I often pop in to help out. I’ve noticed in these sessions that many students are studying Facebook rather more than they are studying the very interesting statistics
Task 3: I was interested in whether horoscopes are just a figment of people’s minds. Therefore, I got 2201 people, made a note of their star sign (this variable, obviously, has 12 categories: Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius)
Task 2: In 2008 I had a sabbatical in the Netherlands (I have a real soft spot for Holland). However, living there for three months did enable me to notice certain cultural differences between Holland and England. The Dutch are famous for travelling by bike; they do it much more than the English.
Task 1: Certain editors at Sage like to think they’re a bit of a whiz at football (soccer if you prefer). To see whether they are better than Sussex lecturers and postgraduates we invited various employees of Sage to join in our football matches (oh, sorry, I mean we invited them down for
Task 2: Dr Sian Williams (University of Brighton) devised a questionnaire to measure organizational ability. She predicted five factors to do with organizational ability: (1) preference for organization; (2) goal achievement; (3) planning approach; (4) acceptance of delays; and (5)preference for
Task 1: The University of Sussex is constantly seeking to employ the best people possible as lecturers (no, really, it is). Anyway, they wanted to revise a questionnaire based on Bland’s theory of research methods lecturers. This theory predicts that good research methods lecturers should have
Task 3: I was interested in whether students’ knowledge of different aspects of psychology improved throughout their degree. I took a sample of first years, second years and third years and gave them five tests(scored out of 15) representing different aspects of psychology: exper(experimental
Task 2: I was intrigued by a news story claiming that children who lie would become successful citizens (http://bit.ly/ammQNT). I was particularly intrigued because although the article cited a lot of wellconducted work by Dr Khang Lee that shows that children lie, I couldn’t find anything at all
Task 1: A clinical psychologist noticed that several of his manic psychotic patients did chicken impersonations in public. He wondered whether this behaviour could be used to diagnose this disorder and so compared 10 of his patients against 10 of the most normal people he could find: naturally he
Task 4: A researcher was interested in trying to prevent coulrophobia(fear of clowns) in children. She decided to do an experiment in which different groups of children (15 in each) were exposed to different forms of positive information about clowns. The first group watched some adverts for
Task 3: A psychologist was interested in the effects of television programmes on domestic life. She hypothesized that through ‘learning by watching’, certain programmes might actually encourage people to behave like the characters within them. This in turn could affect the viewer’s own
Task 2: There’s been much speculation over the years about the influence of subliminal messages on records. To name a few cases, both Ozzy Osbourne and Judas Priest have been accused of putting backward masked messages on their albums that subliminally influence poor unsuspecting teenagers into
Task 1: A psychologist was interested in the cross-species differences between men and dogs. She observed a group of dogs and a group of men in a naturalistic setting (20 of each). She classified several behaviours as being dog-like (urinating against trees and lampposts, attempts to copulate with
Task 4: In this chapter we did a robust analysis on some data about how people’s profile pictures on social networking sites affect their friend requests. Reanalyse these data using a non-robust analysis. The data are in the file ProfilePicture.dat.
Task 3: A researcher was interested in the effects on people’s mental health of participating in Big Brother (see Chapter 1 if you don’t know what Big Brother is). The researcher hypothesized that they start off with personality disorders that are exacerbated by being forced to live with people
Task 2: Text messaging is very popular among mobile phone owners, to the point that books have been published on how to write in text speak(BTW, hope u no wat I mean by txt spk). One concern is that children may use this form of communication so much that it will hinder their ability to learn
Task 1: I am going to extend the example from the previous chapter(advertising and different imagery) by adding a between-group variable into the design.6 To recap, participants viewed a total of nine mock adverts over three sessions. In these adverts there were three products (a brand of beer, a
Task 4: In the previous chapter we came across the beer-goggles effect, a severe perceptual distortion after imbibing alcohol that makes previously unattractive people suddenly become the hottest thing since Spicy Gonzalez’s extra-hot Tabasco-marinated chillies. One minute you’re standing in a
Task 3: Imagine I wanted to look at the effect alcohol has on the roving eye. The ‘roving eye’ effect is the propensity of people in relationships to‘eye up’ members of the opposite sex. I took 20 men and fitted them with incredibly sophisticated glasses that could track their eye movements
Task 2: Repeat the analysis above using R and interpret the results.
Task 1: Students often worry about the consistency of marking between lecturers. Lecturers obtain reputations for being ‘hard’ or ‘light’ markers(or to use the students’ terminology, ‘evil manifestations from Beelzebub’s bowels’ and ‘nice people’), but there is often little to
Task 5: Back in 2008, hospitals were reporting an increase in injuries related to playing Nintendo Wii(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576244/Spate-of-injuriesblamed-on-Nintendo-Wii.html). These injuries were attributed mainly to muscle and tendon strains. A researcher was interested to see
Task 4: Using R’s Souls’ Tip 12.2, conduct a simple effects analysis of the effect of alcohol at different levels of gender (which is the opposite to the example in the chapter).
Task 3: At the start of this chapter I described a way of empirically researching whether I wrote better songs than my old band mate Malcolm, and whether this depended on the type of song (a symphony or song about flies). The outcome variable would be the number of screams elicited by audience
Task 2: In Chapter 3 we used some data that related to men and women’s psychological arousal levels when watching either Bridget Jones’s Diary or Memento (ChickFlick.dat). Analyse these data to see whether men and women differ in their reactions to different types of films.
Task 1: People’s musical tastes change as they get older (my parents, for example, after years of listening to relatively cool music when I was a kid, subsequently hit their mid-forties and developed a worrying obsession with country and western music). This worries me immensely because the
Task 3: The annual elephant football (soccer) event in Nepal9 is the highlight of the elephant calendar. However, in recent years a heated argument has arisen between the African and Asian elephants. It started in 2010 when the president of the Asian Elephant Football Association, an elephant named
Task 2: A marketing manager for a certain well-known drinks manufacturer was interested in the therapeutic benefit of certain soft drinks for curing hangovers. He took 15 people out on the town one night and got them drunk. The next morning as they awoke, dehydrated and feeling as though they’d
Task 1: Stalking is a very disruptive and upsetting (for the person being stalked) experience in which someone (the stalker) constantly harasses or obsesses about another person. It can take many forms, from being sent intensely disturbing letters threatening to boil your cat if you don’t
Task 6: Labcoat Leni’s Real Research 15.2 describes an experiment(Çetinkaya & Domjan, 2006) on quails with fetishes for terrycloth objects (really, it does). In this example, you are asked to analyse two of the variables that they measured with a Kruskal–Wallis test.However, there were two
Task 5: Using the Glastonbury data from Chapter 7(GlastonburyFestivalRegression. dat), carry out a one-way ANOVA on the data to see if the change in hygiene (change) is significantly different across people with different musical tastes (music). Do a contrast to compare each group against ‘No
Task 4: Students (and lecturers for that matter) love their mobile phones, which is rather worrying given some recent controversy about links between mobile phone use and brain tumours. The basic idea is that mobile phones emit microwaves, and so holding one next to your brain for large parts of
Task 3: In Chapter 15 (section 15.6) there are some data looking at whether eating soya meals reduces your sperm count. Have a look at this section, access the data for that example, but analyse them with ANOVA. What’s the difference between what you find and what is found in section 15.6.4? Why
Task 2: Earlier in this chapter we encountered some data relating to children’s injuries while wearing superhero costumes. Children reporting to the emergency centre at hospitals had the severity of their injury (injury) assessed (on a scale from 0, no injury, to 100, death). In addition, a note
Task 1: Imagine that I was interested in how different teaching methods affected students’ knowledge. I noticed that some lecturers were aloof and arrogant in their teaching style and humiliated anyone who asked them a question, while others were encouraging and supporting of questions and
Task 2: Imagine Twaddle and Sons, the publishers of Women are from Bras, Men are from Penis, were upset about my claims that their book was about as useful as a paper umbrella. They decided to take me to task and design their own experiment in which participants read their book and one of my books
Task 1: One of my pet hates is ‘pop psychology’ books. Along with banishing Freud from all bookshops, it is my avowed ambition to rid the world of these rancid putrefaction-ridden wastes of trees. Not only do they give psychology a very bad name by stating the bloody obvious and charging people
Task 3: A health psychologist interested in research into HIV wanted to know the factors that influenced condom use with a new partner(relationship less than 1 month old). The outcome measure was whether a condom was used (use: condom used = 1, not used = 0). The predictor variables were mainly
Task 2: Recent research has shown that lecturers are among the most stressed workers. A researcher wanted to know exactly what it was about being a lecturer that created this stress and subsequent burnout.She took 467 lecturers and administered several questionnaires to them that measured: Burnout
Task 1: A psychologist was interested in whether children’s understanding of display rules can be predicted from their age, and whether the child possesses a theory of mind. A display rule is a convention of displaying an appropriate emotion in a given situation.For example, if you receive a
Task 4: A study was carried out to explore the relationship between Aggression and several potential predicting factors in 666 children who had an older sibling. Variables measured were Parenting_Style (high score = bad parenting practices), Computer_ Games (high score = more time spent playing
Task 3: Using the Glastonbury data from this chapter, which you should’ve already analysed, comment on whether you think the model is reliable and generalizable.
Task 2: A fashion student was interested in factors that predicted the salaries of catwalk models. She collected data from 231 models. For each model she asked them their salary per day on days when they were working (salary), their age (age), how many years they had worked as a model (years), and
Task 1: Run a simple regression for the pubs.dat data in Jane Superbrain Box 7.1, predicting mortality from number of pubs. Try repeating the analysis but bootstrapping the regression parameters.
Task 3: As a statistics lecturer I am always interested in the factors that determine whether a student will do well on a statistics course. One potentially important factor is their previous expertise with mathematics.Imagine I took 25 students and looked at their degree grades for my statistics
Task 2: Using the ChickFlick.dat data from Chapter 3, is there a relationship between gender and arousal? Using the same data, is there a relationship between the film watched and arousal?
Task 1: A student was interested in whether there was a positive relationship between the time spent doing an essay and the mark received.He got 45 of his friends and timed how long they spent writing an essay(hours) and the percentage they got in the essay (essay). He also translated these grades
Task 2: Remember that the numeracy scores were positively skewed in the RExam. dat data (see Figure 5.5)? Transform these data using one of the transformations described in this chapter: do the data become normal?
Task 1: Using the ChickFlick.dat data from Chapter 4, check the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance for the two films(ignore gender): are the assumptions met?
Task 2: Using the Infidelity data from Chapter 3 (see Smart Alex’s Task 3), plot a clustered error bar chart of the mean number of bullets used against self and partner for males and females.
Task 1: Using the data from Chapter 3 (which you should have saved, but if you didn’t, re-enter it from Table 3.6), plot and interpret the following graphs:An error bar chart showing the mean number of friends for students and lecturers.An error bar chart showing the mean alcohol consumption for
Research has looked at emotional reactions to infidelity and found that men get homicidal and suicidal and women feel undesirable and insecure (Shackelford, LeBlanc, & Drass, 2000). Let’s imagine we did some similar research: we took some men and women and got their partners to tell them they
Your second task is to enter the data below. These data show the score (out of 20) for 20 different students, some of whom are male and some female, and some of whom were taught using positive reinforcement (being nice) and others who were taught using punishment (electric shock). Just to make it
Smart Alex’s first task for this chapter is to save the data that you’ve entered in this chapter. Save it somewhere on the hard drive of your computer (or a USB stick if you’re not working on your own computer). Give it a sensible title and save it somewhere easy to find(perhaps create a
Task 4: Repeat the analysis in Task 3 but include the pre-intervention exercise scores(Pre_Exercise) as a covariate. What difference does this make to the results?
Task 3: Hill, Abraham, & Wright (2007) examined whether providing children with a leaflet based on the ‘theory of planned behavior’ increased their exercise. There were four different interventions(Intervention): a control group, a leaflet, a leaflet and quiz, and a leaflet and a plan. A total
Task 2: Using our growth model example in this chapter, analyze the data but include Sex as an additional covariate. Does this change your conclusions?
Task 1: Using the cosmetic surgery example, run the analysis described in Section 21.6.5 but also including BDI, age and sex as fixed effect predictors. What differences does including these 1663 predictors make?

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Discovering Statistics Using IBM Spss Statistics 5th Edition Andy Field - Solutions

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