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statistics for nursing a practical approach

Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach 3rd Edition Elizabeth Heavey - Solutions

What was the rate of health care workers’ (HCWs’) performance of correct handwashing techniques between patient encounters before and after the intervention?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing
Did using epidural anesthesia significantly increase the risk of having a longer labor? Compared to whom?The variables in Table 13-7 have been examined to determine the association with length of labor. TABLE 13-7 Variable Maternal age 12 Hours Yes No (reference group) Epidural anesthesia Yes No
A chi-square test is completed to determine if there is an increase in correct handwashing technique between patient encounters. Was there a significantly significant relationship between the variables? Explain.Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial
Interpret the RR that HCWs correctly wash their hands between patient encounters.Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing intervention. These concepts will make more and more sense to you as you see them used
Interpret in plain English the RR for maternal age and length of labor.The variables in Table 13-7 have been examined to determine the association with length of labor. TABLE 13-7 Variable Maternal age 12 Hours Yes No (reference group) Epidural anesthesia Yes No anesthesia or IV/IM anesthesia
Were HCWs significantly more likely to wash their hands correctly after leaving the patient?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing intervention. These concepts will make more and more sense to you as you see
What factors are significantly related to the risk of the residents falling asleep?A sleep disorder clinic conducted a small cohort study with medical residents working 24-hour shifts to examine how exposure to caffeine, melatonin, strenuous exercise, or television affects the risk of medical
After the intervention, were the HCWs significantly more likely to wash their hands correctly after removing gloves?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing intervention. These concepts will make more and more
What is the dependent or outcome variable?A sleep disorder clinic conducted a small cohort study with medical residents working 24-hour shifts to examine how exposure to caffeine, melatonin, strenuous exercise, or television affects the risk of medical residents falling asleep 2 hours later. The
Which types of HCW had a significant increase in correct handwashing after the intervention?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing intervention. These concepts will make more and more sense to you as you see
Which exposure had the greatest positive impact on the risk of falling asleep 2 hours after exposure?A sleep disorder clinic conducted a small cohort study with medical residents working 24-hour shifts to examine how exposure to caffeine, melatonin, strenuous exercise, or television affects the
Where the incidence rates for nosocomial infections per 100 neonatal admissions were calculated. What percentage developed a nosocomial infection in this unit before and after the handwashing intervention?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial
Interpret the RR for television. Is it significant?A sleep disorder clinic conducted a small cohort study with medical residents working 24-hour shifts to examine how exposure to caffeine, melatonin, strenuous exercise, or television affects the risk of medical residents falling asleep 2 hours
Where the incidence rates for nosocomial infections per 100 neonatal admissions were calculated. If an infant were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) after the intervention, what would be the RR of developing a nosocomial infection when compared to admission before the
Which exposure was most effective in decreasing the risk of falling asleep 2 hours later?A sleep disorder clinic conducted a small cohort study with medical residents working 24-hour shifts to examine how exposure to caffeine, melatonin, strenuous exercise, or television affects the risk of medical
The authors of the article indicate there may have been a Hawthorne Effect in this study because the participants knew they were being observed after phase 1. If that is true, what might happen to correct handwashing once the observers are no longer at the site?Read the following article to see how
Offer a reasonable explanation for the data in the table.The small cohort study with medical residents was replicated, but this time the researchers examined the effect of these exposures on sleep 6 hours later. See Table 13-9.
If these studies were replicated in other developing nations and the intervention was simple and inexpensive to implement, would you recommend this intervention? Why or why not?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a
A taxi company wants to implement a policy to diminish the risk of falling asleep behind the wheel. The company has the greatest number of accidents due to drivers falling asleep on the evening shift between 9 p.m. and 11 p.m. The company is considering either opening the company gym for use by the
What might you suggest to measure any Hawthorne Effect occurring in the study?Read the following article to see how several researchers assessed the RR of nosocomial infections before and after a handwashing intervention. These concepts will make more and more sense to you as you see them used in
Calculate the incidence rate for traumatic injury.A cohort study following a group of 200 randomly selected adolescent males finds the results shown in Table 13-10. Alcohol use No alcohol use Totals Traumatic Injury 98 10 108 No Traumatic Injury 40 52 92 Totals 138 61 200
Calculate the RR of traumatic injury for adolescent males who consume alcohol. Assuming your RR is significant, interpret this value.A cohort study following a group of 200 randomly selected adolescent males finds the results shown in Table 13-10. Alcohol use No alcohol use Totals Traumatic
What is the attack rate associated with petting the lizard?A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some students brought lunch from home; others bought lunch at the zoo. That evening four students became ill.
What is the attack rate associated with bringing lunch from home?A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some students brought lunch from home; others bought lunch at the zoo. That evening four students became ill.
What is the attack rate associated with buying lunch at the zoo?A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some students brought lunch from home; others bought lunch at the zoo. That evening four students became ill.
Is petting the lizard, lunch from home, or lunch from the zoo the likely source of the contamination? Explain your answer.A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some students brought lunch from home; others bought lunch at
A study reports that children who have breakfast are more likely to pass the fourth-grade math competency (RR = 1.39, 95% CL = 1.30–1.49). Because the 95% confidence limits do not include an RR of 1, your know that these results are:
Most of the children who are infected with this virus require hospitalization and ventilator support for 5– 7 days. Your region currently has 167 pediatric-compatible ventilators. Does this concern you at all? Why?There is an outbreak of a highly infectious virus in your region that is associated
Which age group will likely have the largest number of cases? Why?There is an outbreak of a highly infectious virus in your region that is associated with an attack rate of 22% among adults ages 18–65, 43% in those over age 65, and 31% among children < 18 years. Children < 18 years Adults
What is the total number of cases you should anticipate in your region?There is an outbreak of a highly infectious virus in your region that is associated with an attack rate of 22% among adults ages 18–65, 43% in those over age 65, and 31% among children < 18 years. Children < 18 years Adults
Use the following information to determine the anticipated number of cases you will see in each age category in your region.There is an outbreak of a highly infectious virus in your region that is associated with an attack rate of 22% among adults ages 18–65, 43% in those over age 65, and 31%
Is DOT a risk factor or a protective factor?You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. You randomly
Say that the 95% CL was 0.12–0.45. Is this result significant?You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR)
If petting the lizard is the source of the contamination, how do you explain student number 7?A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some students brought lunch from home; others bought lunch at the zoo. That evening four
If there were a student who got sick but did not pet the lizard, does this mean petting the lizard is not the source of contamination? What other explanations could there be?A preschool class visited the zoo. As part of the trip, they had a chance to pet a large lizard and then had lunch. Some
Is this a probability or nonprobability sample?You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. You randomly
Instead of randomly assigning the groups into those who receive DOT and those who do not, the researcher identified a group that received DOT and a group that did not and observed the two groups for a period of 10 years to see who developed MDR TB. What type of epidemiologic or observational study
Complete the appropriate 2 × 2 table.You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. You randomly select
What is the RR of developing MDR TB?You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. You randomly select 120
Interpret the RR in plain English.You are an infectious disease expert interested in determining if administering tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a directly observed therapy (DOT) program has an impact on the risk of developing multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. You randomly select 120
If a multiple-fetus pregnancy is also measured as yes/no, what correlation test is appropriate, and why?A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine if taking a new fertility drug is associated with multiple-fetus pregnancies. Her sample includes 500 women who are pregnant in her fertility
Your study measures consumption of milk proteins as a yes/no question. It measures serum antibodies as a present/not present question. What level are the two variables?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of
What analysis method do you propose based on this information?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism
Your research partner believes it would be better to measure milk protein consumption as a low/moderate/high question and to quantify the serum antibody level by using the actual amount present. If you take this approach, what analysis method do you propose?You are asked to conduct a study to
The biostatistician in your department recommends that you change your milk protein measurement to one that is the number of servings per day. You continue to use the actual quantity of the serum antibodies. What analysis method do you recommend?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether
Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this study.You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism clinical
Write an appropriate alternative hypothesis for this study.You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism
Is your sample size large enough to conduct a correlation test? Is it large enough to assume a normal distribution and homoscedasticity?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with
You decide to utilize the measurement variables as recommended by the biostatistician and conduct a Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. You determine r = 0.6. What must your p-value be for this to be statistically significant?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an
Your p-value is 0.08. Is this significant?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism clinical trial, and
What do you conclude?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism clinical trial, and they are the sample
Suppose that you were able to refine your measurement tools and repeat the study. This time you determine you had an r of 0.6 with a p-value of 0.049. What would you conclude?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and
This information would let you know that your original conclusion was actually what type of error?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50
What is the strength of the relationship between consumption of milk proteins and serum antibodies?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50
Is the relationship positive or negative? Interpret this in plain English.You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in
In this study, what percentage of variance in serum antibody levels is explained by the consumption of milk proteins in children with autism?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children
How much of the variance is explained by other variables?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism
Is this clinically important?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children with autism. You randomly select 50 children previously enrolled in an autism clinical trial, and they are the
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:Sensitivity: Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No Disease 2 220 222 Totals 12 223 235
If you were going to use this effect size to determine your sample size for another study, would you expect to need a large or a small sample?You are asked to conduct a study to determine whether there is an association between consumption of milk proteins and levels of serum antibodies in children
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:Specificity: Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No Disease 2 220 222 Totals 12 223 235
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:Positive predictive value: Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:Negative predictive value: Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:Prevalence: Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No Disease 2 220 222 Totals 12 223 235
What is your sample size?You are asked to complete a study for a small school district that is trying to keep as many students at age-appropriate grade levels as possible. You have a measure of grade level and age for the students, as well as the following statistical programming output from a
You develop a screening test to be used for children with autism to detect serum antibodies from milk protein consumption and have the following 2 × 2 table.Calculate the following values:If early treatment helps, is this a good screen? Positive test Negative test Totals Disease 10 3 13 No
What is the appropriate correlation coefficient, and why?You are asked to complete a study for a small school district that is trying to keep as many students at age-appropriate grade levels as possible. You have a measure of grade level and age for the students, as well as the following
Are age and grade significantly correlated?You are asked to complete a study for a small school district that is trying to keep as many students at age-appropriate grade levels as possible. You have a measure of grade level and age for the students, as well as the following statistical programming
If taking the new drug is measured as yes/no, what level of measurement is it?A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine if taking a new fertility drug is associated with multiple-fetus pregnancies. Her sample includes 500 women who are pregnant in her fertility practice. She selects an alpha
The researcher reports that p = 0.044. What conclusion should the researcher make about the null hypothesis? Why?A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine if taking a new fertility drug is associated with multiple-fetus pregnancies. Her sample includes 500 women who are pregnant in her
If time spent in solitary confinement is measured in total hours, what level of measurement is thisvariable?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power
If depression is measured on a scale with values from 1 to 10, what level of measurement is the variable?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is
What would be the appropriate correlation test, and why?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
The study reports that r = 0.4. What does this mean in plain English?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
How much of the variance in depression is explained by hours in solitary confinement?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
If p = 0.07, is the correlation significant? Why or why not?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
If the hypothesis decision is incorrect, what type of error could it be?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
If instead the study measured time in solitary confinement as none, infrequent, or regular, what level of measurement would it be?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is
What was the purpose of the study? What were the independent and dependent variables?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery
What level of measurement was the independent variable?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients. Nursing in Critical
Would this change the correlation test you would recommend? Why or why not?A researcher conducts a study to determine if there is an association between time spent in solitary confinement and depression rates in 120 male prisoners. The alpha is 0.05, and the power is 0.80.
What level of measurement were the dependent variables?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients. Nursing in Critical
Why does this study matter to evidence-based practice?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients. Nursing in Critical
The authors report that they found several studies during their literature review that reported significant differences between utilizing open and closed suction systems; however, these differences were small and clinically irrelevant. What does this statement tell you about the statistical and
This study was conducted in a cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit (CVS-ICU) in Turkey that utilized both open and closed endotracheal suction (ES). What were the inclusion criteria for the study?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., &
What were the exclusion criteria?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients. Nursing in Critical Care, 20(3), 118–125.
Of the 258 patients admitted during the time frame of the study, the researchers selected 120 from a list of previously designated surgical patients. This is an example of what type of sampling method?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., &
Look at Table 1 in the article. Which group had a higher PaO2 level before any intervention at all? Was this a significant difference?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on
What do you know about the demographic characteristics of the two groups? Were the demographics of the two groups similar?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the
How does repeating and comparing the hemodynamic measures on the same subjects over time affect the power of the study?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the
Look at Table 1 in the article. What happened to the average PaO2 level for patients who had closed ES from baseline to as soon as the suctioning was terminated?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and
Look at Table 1 in the article. The researchers compared the PaO2 levels for patients as soon as the suctioning was terminated using a t-test. What did they report?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open
What happened to the average PaO2 level for patients who had open ES from baseline to as soon as the suctioning was terminated?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the
Look at Table 1 in the article. What happens to the average PaO2 level in the open ES group over time?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in
Look at Table 1 in the article. What happens to the average PaO2 level in the closed ES group over time?’Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters
Look at Table 1 in the article. Were the differences in the average PaO2 level in the two groups significant at any single point of measure?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction
Look at Table 1 in the article. The researchers looked at the average PaO2 level within the open ES group at multiple points in time utilizing repeat-measures ANOVA. What does this test result indicate?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., &
Look at Table 1 in the article. The researchers looked at the average PaO2 level within the closed ES group at multiple points in time utilizing repeat-measures ANOVA. What does this test result indicate?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., &
If the researchers had compared the groups only to each other and not to themselves, what impact could this have had on the results?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on
The researchers report that they completed a post hoc t-test and evaluated the average PaO2 level for patients who had open ES from baseline to as soon as the suctioning was terminated. Was it significant?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., &

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