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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach 3rd Edition Elizabeth Heavey - Solutions
Was the average PaO2 level immediately after ES significantly different from the average PaO2 level at other points in time in both groups?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction
How do the researchers explain these results?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction systems on the haemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients. Nursing in Critical Care, 20(3),
If the researchers had missed the significance of the drop in the average PaO2level within the open ES group, what type of error would this be?Let’s look at the use of ANOVA in the following nursing research article:Özden, D., & Görgülü, R. S. (2015). Effects of open and closed suction
What is the dependent variable?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of foot coverage worn and injuries. When employees sign in for their shift, they now have to indicate the type of
Given the information in review question 2, what percentage of patients reported no cold symptoms?Data from review Question 2In your study of 40 people, 8 had no cold symptoms, 12 had mild cold symptoms, 9 had moderate cold symptoms, and 10 had severe cold symptoms. One patient was lost to
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.Are you looking for a relationship/association or a difference?
It is really helpful to start reading professional research articles to see how these concepts are used in actual study scenarios. Give it a try in the following article, where the researchers used the t-test to analyze the relationship between clinical simulation methodologies and student
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.What is your dependent variable?
It is really helpful to start reading professional research articles to see how these concepts are used in actual study scenarios. Give it a try in the following article, where the researchers used the t-test to analyze the relationship between clinical simulation methodologies and student
It is really helpful to start reading professional research articles to see how these concepts are used in actual study scenarios. Give it a try in the following article, where the researchers used the t-test to analyze the relationship between clinical simulation methodologies and student
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it continuous or
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.How many samples do you have? Is this a probability or
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.Are these independent or dependent groups?
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.Would you prefer to use a chi-square test or a Student t-test with
You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.Write appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.Null:Alternative:
The study also examined how participation versus observation of the simulation affected student outcomes. Look at Table 4 in the article. What was the average knowledge score on the pretest for the group that was going to participate first (Group A)?It is really helpful to start reading
Your study includes an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.80. You conduct a Student t-test, which has a p-value of 0.07. What is your conclusion?You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either
What type of error might you be making?You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.
A trial is repeated with a larger sample, and the Student t-test has a p-value of 0.04. What is your conclusion now?You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary
Which group of students had a significant change in their own mean knowledge quiz score between the pretest and the first posttest?It is really helpful to start reading professional research articles to see how these concepts are used in actual study scenarios. Give it a try in the following
What was the independent variable?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine care. Their Table 2 is reproduced
What type of error might you be making now?You are asked to design a study determining whether there is a difference in the average fasting blood glucose for individuals with diabetes randomized either to a strictly dietary intervention or to a diet and exercise intervention.
What were the dependent variables?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine care. Their Table 2 is reproduced
Look at the measure of the student’s self-confidence in the article. Where was there a significant change?It is really helpful to start reading professional research articles to see how these concepts are used in actual study scenarios. Give it a try in the following article, where the
What was the mean score for the quality of life for each group?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine
Which group had a higher quality of life 4 weeks after discharge? Was this statistically significant?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge,
What was the mean score for self-care for each group?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine care.
Which group had the ability to provide more of its own self-care? Was this a statistically significant difference?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after
Look at Table 9-7 from the same study. Interpret the statistically significant results in plain English.Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge,
Which group had a higher level of symptom distress? Was this statistically significant?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control
Interpret these findings in plain English, and give a plausible explanation for them.Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group
Did the experimental group have higher levels of any symptom of distress?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received
A convenience sample was used. Is this a probability or nonprobability sampling method?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control
How might this affect the results?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine care. Their Table 2 is reproduced
How could you improve on this study’s sampling method?Chung and Hwang (2008) examined the difference between an experimental and a control group of patients with leukemia. The experimental group received two follow-up phone calls after discharge, and the control group received routine care. Their
What is your sample size?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature (1) if they are born
What is the mean birth weight for full-term infants?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature
What is the mean birth weight for preterm infants?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature
Which group has a larger standard deviation?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature (1) if
Because the Levene’s test for equality of variances is not significant, the standard practice is to assume equal variances. What is the appropriate t-value?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You
Is the t-value significant?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature (1) if they are born
What do you conclude?You are conducting a small study at your hospital looking at infants born in the first 24 hours after the conclusion of a hurricane. You classify prematurity status as full term (0) if the infants are born after 37 weeks of gestation and premature (1) if they are born before 37
“From the Statistician” Review Question: The appropriate t-value when not assuming equal variances has been removed from the table in Figure 9-7. Calculate what it would be. FIGURE 9-7 t-Test for Equality of Mean Birth Weight in Full-Term and Premature
What is the dependent variable in the study?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine whether patients who had metal-on-metal hardware versus ceramic-on-metal hardware used for their hip replacements have different levels of chromium ions (measured in mcg/mL or parts per
Serum chromium levels are measured in mcg/mL. What level of measurement is this variable?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine whether patients who had metal-on-metal hardware versus ceramic-on-metal hardware used for their hip replacements have different levels of chromium
Would you recommend using a chi-square or an independent t-test to answer this question? Why?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine whether patients who had metal-on-metal hardware versus ceramic-on-metal hardware used for their hip replacements have different levels of
What type of sample is this? Is it a probability or nonprobability sample?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine whether patients who had metal-on-metal hardware versus ceramic-on-metal hardware used for their hip replacements have different levels of chromium ions (measured
The average serum chromium in the metal-on-metal group is 0.78 ppb, and the average serum chromium in the ceramic-on-metal hardware group is 0.45. The t-test results have a p-value of 0.043. What conclusion should the researcher draw about the null hypothesis? Why?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs
In this study, the researcher also compares these two groups to see if the type of hardware utilized for the hip replacement results in different average Harris Hip functionality scores 6 months postop (scored from 0–100). What is the independent variable? What level of measurement is this
The results in this portion of the analysis have a p value of 0.27. What should the researcher conclude about the null hypothesis for this portion of the study?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine whether patients who had metal-on-metal hardware versus ceramic-on-metal
The researcher later discovers that the effect size for the difference in the Harris Hip functionality is much smaller than she had anticipated. She is now concerned she may have made what type of error in this portion of the study?A researcher in a Veterans Affairs hospital wants to determine
What are the dependent variables?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education, unit of employment, and experience in cardiac
Knowledge is measured by the score in points that the nurse receives on a test. Is this a quantitative or qualitative variable? Is it continuous or categorical? What level of measurement is it?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients
These researchers conducted surveys at a nursing conference. What type of sample is this? How does this affect the generalizability of the results?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional
Write an appropriate null hypothesis.In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education, unit of employment, and experience in cardiac
Write an appropriate alternative hypothesis.In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education, unit of employment, and experience in
The study has an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 80%. The researchers found a relationship between the unit that the nurses worked on and the knowledge scores, with a p-value of 0.01. What should the researchers conclude?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling
When comparing nurses from different units and their comfort with this type of counseling, the researchers found a p-value of 0.17. What should they conclude about the comfort level of nurses from different units?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of
Comparing nurses from different units and their comfort level with this type of counseling yielded a p value of 0.17. What is the F-value probably close to?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined
If this conclusion is incorrect, what type of error would the researchers be making?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education,
What is the probability of making this type of error?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education, unit of employment, and
If the researchers think this type of error is occurring, what might they do to fix it?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age,
What is the dependent variable?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients received
What is the independent variable?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients received
Why is ANOVA an appropriate test for this study?In a study by Vassiliadou et al. (2008), the role of nursing in sexual counseling of myocardial patients was examined. The authors examined professional nurses and collected data about their gender, age, education, unit of employment, and experience
What level of measurement is the dependent variable?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the
Is it qualitative or quantitative?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients received
Is it continuous or categorical?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients received
Is the sample independent or dependent?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients
All subjects who met eligibility requirements and consented to treatment at 61 long-term care facilities were enrolled, with no exclusion criteria. What type of sampling method is this?A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities.
Write an appropriate null hypothesis.A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients
Write an appropriate alternative hypothesis.A study by Heyman et al. (2008) examined a sample of 245 elderly individuals living in long-term care facilities. Each had a grade II–IV pressure ulcer. The pressure ulcers were examined at enrollment and then again at 3 and 9 weeks. All of the patients
This study has an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.80. Was the size of the pressure ulcer at the first followup (visit 2) significantly different from the size at visit 1? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE * p
Was the size of the pressure ulcer significantly different at the 9-week follow-up (visit 3)? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE *p
What would you conclude regarding your null hypothesis? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE *p
What type of error could you be making? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE *p
What is your chance of making this type of error? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE * p
As the nurse manager in a long-term care facility, you believe these results are clinically significant. What recommendation would you make in terms of clinical care? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE *p
Why is repeat-measures ANOVA an appropriate choice for analysis? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE * p
By using this sample as their own control group, these researchers were able to minimize the effect of differences among the participants and see the effect of the intervention more clearly. What did this increase in the study? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit
Using the participants as their own controls minimized the effect of the differences among the participants. How does this affect the sample size needed? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data ± SE * p
Any researcher using repeat-measures ANOVA needs to be aware of position and carryover effects. What are these? Are they a concern in this study? Pressure ulcer area (mm²) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Baseline Visit 2 *A H Visit 3 Mean data +SE * p
“From the Statistician” Review Question: You are asked to evaluate a nursing program’s admission criteria and want to determine whether the mean grade point average (GPA) is different for individuals with higher-ranked letters of recommendation (on a five-point scale: 1 = poor, 5 =
Write appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of foot coverage worn and injuries. When employees sign in for their shift, they now have to
What level of measurement is the dependent variable?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of foot coverage worn and injuries. When employees sign in for their shift, they now have to
The nurse finds the following:The nurse also wishes to present a grouped frequency table to illustrate the difference in the frequency of injury in steel-toed footwear (n = 1/211) versus non-steel-toed footwear (n = 42/313) for the whole population of employees at the plant on the last day of the
What test would you use to compare these groups? Why?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of foot coverage worn and injuries. When employees sign in for their shift, they now have to
The nurse divides the population based on the building the employees work in and then randomly selects 50% of the sample from each building for a total of 1,000 subjects in her sample. She then reviews the files of these employees to assess the number of foot injuries and the type of footwear worn
After collecting the data, the nurse creates a bar chart to present the data. What should be on the horizontal and vertical axes in this chart?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of
When the nurse analyzes her data, she completes an ANOVA comparing the average number of injuries in each of the three groups, and her F-value is p = 0.001. What decision should she make about the null? Why?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear
Interpret this result in plain English. Does the nurse know where the statistically significant difference is?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have started to gather data on the type of foot coverage worn and injuries.
The nurse would like to support her argument that all employees should wear steel-toed boots. She now wants to compare the population data for injuries in steel-toed versus non-steel-toed footwear. What would be an appropriate test to use in this situation? Why?The owners of a large clothing
The nurse completes her analysis comparing steel-toed versus non-steel-toed footwear and injuries. Her p-value is 0.00017. What should she conclude about the null hypothesis? Why?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy for employees and have
Look at the grouped frequency data and the significant p-value found in the nurse’s t-test to compare the steel-toed versus non-steel-toed footwear. Which group is more likely to experience foot injuries?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a footwear policy
The nurse presents her results at a national conference, where the clinical experts in the field agree these results are critically important to employee health. Are these results clinically significant? Why or why not?The owners of a large clothing manufacturing plant are considering enacting a
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided Table 2-11 and Figure 2-12 showing mortality rate data from Delaware and California in 2014.Reproduced from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File 1999-2013. Archive
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided Table 2-11 and Figure 2-12 showing mortality rate data from Delaware and California in 2014.Reproduced from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File 1999-2013. Archive
A study polls 40 new mothers who attempt to nurse their infants from birth to 6 weeks. Twenty-seven mothers report nursing with minimal pain and frustration, 10 mothers report nursing with moderate pain and frustration, and 3 mothers report discontinuing nursing due to high levels of pain and
A researcher is comparing patients with high medication compliance versus those with low medication compliance in an outpatient psychiatric day program utilizing the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), which has 14 items scored on a scale of 1–4. A higher score on the HAM-A indicates higher
Researchers run an analysis to determine if taking levothyroxine is associated with tachycardia. They report a p-value of 0.04. What general impression do you get from this result?
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