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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Statistics For Nursing A Practical Approach 3rd Edition Elizabeth Heavey - Solutions
A new vaccine is developed that provides immunity to the virus causing abnormal cervical cells, and you reexamine data 2 years after the vaccine is implemented at your clinic. See the results in Table 4-4.What is the prevalence of abnormal cervical cells after the vaccine is utilized? How did the
A new vaccine is developed that provides immunity to the virus causing abnormal cervical cells, and you reexamine data 2 years after the vaccine is implemented at your clinic. See the results in Table 4-4.What is the specificity of the screen? Does a change in prevalence affect the specificity?
A new vaccine is developed that provides immunity to the virus causing abnormal cervical cells, and you reexamine data 2 years after the vaccine is implemented at your clinic. See the results in Table 4-4.What is the NPV of the screen? Does a change in prevalence affect the NPV? How? TABLE 4-4 Test
A new vaccine is developed that provides immunity to the virus causing abnormal cervical cells, and you reexamine data 2 years after the vaccine is implemented at your clinic. See the results in Table 4-4.What happens to the efficacy of the screen when the prevalence rates go down? TABLE 4-4 Test
Melanomas are the deadliest form of skin cancer, affecting more than 53,000 Americans each year and killing more than 7,000 annually. Your state currently has 167 cases of melanoma reported, and there are 1,420,000 people in the state. What is the prevalence rate in your state?
A clinical study is established to determine if the results of a screening stress test can be used as a predictor of the presence of heart disease. The study enrolls 100 participants who undergo a screening stress test and then have their disease state confirmed by an angiogram (gold standard).
A clinical study is established to determine if the results of a screening stress test can be used as a predictor of the presence of heart disease. The study enrolls 100 participants who undergo a screening stress test and then have their disease state confirmed by an angiogram (gold standard).
A clinical study is established to determine if the results of a screening stress test can be used as a predictor of the presence of heart disease. The study enrolls 100 participants who undergo a screening stress test and then have their disease state confirmed by an angiogram (gold standard).
You are studying a new screening instrument and determine the following after screening 135 people. Of the 60 individuals who are known to have the disease, 58 screen positive. One person without the disease screens positive. Seventy-four people without the disease screen negative. What is the
One study used a convenience sample drawn from clients utilizing two community-based obstetric offices in an area with lower socioeconomic status. The sample was drawn largely from the community surrounding the offices, and the findings may not be generalizable to this population or other
Hemoglobin levels are usually 12–16 g/100 mL for women and 14–18 g/100 mL for men. If you have a sampling distribution of mean hemoglobin levels (collected from 60 hospitals) with a mean of 16 g/100 mL and a standard deviation of 2 g/100 mL, calculate the range of hemoglobin levels that
What percentage of sample means would fall between 12 g/100 mL and 20 g/100 mL?
If one of the hospitals in your sample was a Veterans Affairs facility with 97% male patients, would you expect the mean hemoglobin level collected only from the patients at that hospital to be any different from those of other hospitals?
You would like to compare the wait time at your clinic this year versus last year. Your electronic medical record database contains the check-in time and rooming time for all patients seen in the last 2 years. You import the data into your SPSS statistics program and program the computer to select
A researcher examining drinking patterns in his county distributes his survey at a bar on the first Friday of three consecutive months. What type of sample is this? Is it a probability or nonprobability sample?
A nurse researcher is studying the impact of social media usage on the quality of adolescent relationships. She identifies 22 teen subjects and asks about whom they contact on Facebook, via Twitter, and via text messaging. She then follows up with an interview with those who have the most contacts
You would like to ensure that your sample is representative of the racial mix seen in your population of interest. The population is 50% Asian, 20% African American, 20% Caucasian, and 10% other. You need a sample of 500 subjects. You program SPSS to select randomly 250 Asian subjects from your
You would like to ensure that your sample is representative of the racial mix seen in your population of interest. The population is 50% Asian, 20% African American, 20% Caucasian, and 10% other. You need a sample of 500 subjects. You program SPSS to select randomly 250 Asian subjects from your
You would like to ensure that your sample is representative of the racial mix seen in your population of interest. The population is 50% Asian, 20% African American, 20% Caucasian, and 10% other. You need a sample of 500 subjects. You program SPSS to select randomly 250 Asian subjects from your
You would like to ensure that your sample is representative of the racial mix seen in your population of interest. The population is 50% Asian, 20% African American, 20% Caucasian, and 10% other. You need a sample of 500 subjects. You program SPSS to select randomly 250 Asian subjects from your
A researcher wants to examine drinking patterns in men and women in bars in New York State. She randomly selects five bars and then randomly selects subjects at those bars to complete her surveys on four randomly selected weekends. However, she did not realize that two of the five bars selected
You would like to know the average wait time of adult patients seen in federally funded health clinics in the United States. You randomly select 100 clinics and then collect the wait time for 100 randomly selected patient visits. What type of sample is this? Is it a probability or nonprobability
A nurse researcher is studying the impact of social media usage on the quality of adolescent relationships. She identifies 22 teen subjects and asks about whom they contact on Facebook, via Twitter, and via text messaging. She then follows up with an interview with those who have the most contacts
A nurse researcher is studying the impact of social media usage on the quality of adolescent relationships. She identifies 22 teen subjects and asks about whom they contact on Facebook, via Twitter, and via text messaging. She then follows up with an interview with those who have the most contacts
A nurse researcher is studying the impact of social media usage on the quality of adolescent relationships. She identifies 22 teen subjects and asks about whom they contact on Facebook, via Twitter, and via text messaging. She then follows up with an interview with those who have the most contacts
A nurse researcher is studying the impact of social media usage on the quality of adolescent relationships. She identifies 22 teen subjects and asks about whom they contact on Facebook, via Twitter, and via text messaging. She then follows up with an interview with those who have the most contacts
You conduct a well-designed study involving a random sample (n = 84). Age is measured in years. Your analysis shows that in this sample, age is normally distributed and representative of the population. The youngest subjects are 15 (n = 2), one subject is 16, and the oldest subject is 46 years old;
You conduct a well-designed study involving a random sample (n = 84). Age is measured in years. Your analysis shows that in this sample, age is normally distributed and representative of the population. The youngest subjects are 15 (n = 2), one subject is 16, and the oldest subject is 46 years old;
You conduct a well-designed study involving a random sample (n = 84). Age is measured in years. Your analysis shows that in this sample, age is normally distributed and representative of the population. The youngest subjects are 15 (n = 2), one subject is 16, and the oldest subject is 46 years old;
You conduct a well-designed study involving a random sample (n = 84). Age is measured in years. Your analysis shows that in this sample, age is normally distributed and representative of the population. The youngest subjects are 15 (n = 2), one subject is 16, and the oldest subject is 46 years old;
You conduct a well-designed study involving a random sample (n = 84). Age is measured in years. Your analysis shows that in this sample, age is normally distributed and representative of the population. The youngest subjects are 15 (n = 2), one subject is 16, and the oldest subject is 46 years old;
If a variable is measured as eligible to vote and not eligible to vote, what level of measurement is this variable?
If you randomly select 250 individuals who are on a voter registration list and 72 report they will vote for an independent candidate, what percentage is planning to vote for an independent candidate?
You decide to interview all college athletic team captains at three state universities because of their direct knowledge of team initiation activities and hazing practices.What type of sample is this? Is it a probability or nonprobability sampling method?
You decide to interview all college athletic team captains at three state universities because of their direct knowledge of team initiation activities and hazing practices.Your subjects must have been team captains for at least 3 months, on a Division I university–affiliated sports team, who are
You decide to interview all college athletic team captains at three state universities because of their direct knowledge of team initiation activities and hazing practices.Team captains currently on the injured or inactive list are not eligible to participate in the study. This is an example of
A study examined the average daily activity level of children. Three observers recorded the activity level of 15 children each during the month of February in upstate New York. The children were all 6 to 9 years old. The observers reported that children are physically active for only 38 minutes a
The observations in Review Questions 36 were all made between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Do you think that is important to report in the study? Why? How might this information affect the results?
For review questions 1–5, you are conducting a study to determine whether there is an association between years worked in nursing and salary earned. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.
If you find a p-value of 0.09, what would you conclude?
If you find a p-value of 0.03, what would you conclude?
You are studying a new screening instrument and determine the following after screening 135 people. Of the 60 individuals who are known to have the disease, 58 screen positive. One person without the disease screens positive. Seventy-four people without the disease screen negative. Which of the
You have developed a new buccal swab test for hepatitis C and enroll 1,388 subjects to test the screen. There are 941 people who do not have hepatitis C and test negative with your screen. There are 388 people who test positive with your screen. There are 435 subjects with confirmed cases of
You are studying a new screening instrument and determine the following after screening 135 people. Of the 60 individuals who are known to have the disease, 58 screen positive. One person without the disease screens positive. Seventy-four people without the disease screen negative. Which of the
As the primary investigator in this study, you realize your results may be utilized in a courtroom setting, and you do not want to make a type one error. Would you prefer an alpha of 0.05, 0.10, or 0.01?
Your study includes all individuals who arrive in the three emergency rooms with a diagnosis of sexual assault over a 1-month period. This is what type of sample?
You conduct the study with an alpha of 0.05, and your test statistic has a p-value of 0.02. What do you conclude?
You get the consent of the study participants and conduct a follow-up study in which you interview the family members of the individuals included in your study. This is an example of what type of sampling?
You ask the family members to describe the appearance and the manner of the individuals who were assaulted when they were taken to the emergency room. Is this a qualitative or quantitative measurement?
You also collect a measure of the patient’s sedation provided by the sexual assault nurse examiner. It is on a 5-point scale: 0 for no sedation, 1 for mild sedation, 2 for moderate sedation, 3 for heavy sedation, and 5 for unable to arouse. What level of measurement is this?
In your sample of 45 patients, 10 showed no signs of sedation, 12 were mildly sedated, 3 were moderately sedated, 13 were heavily sedated, and 7 were not arousable. What percentage were mild or moderately sedated?
What is the median level of sedation?
You are putting together a grouped frequencies table and want to categorize these responses as patients showing signs of sedation and those not showing signs of sedation. How many patients showed signs of sedation? What percentage of your sample is this?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.Write an appropriate null hypothesis.
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.Write an appropriate alternative hypothesis.
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.If HPV infection is measured as not infected, infected with a low-risk strain, or infected with a high-risk strain, what level of measurement is this variable?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.If the presence of cervical cell abnormalities is measured as biopsy results positive or negative, what level of measurement is this variable?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.If cervical cell abnormalities are measured as biopsy pathology results of negative, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, or cancer in situ (CIS) (these are progressively
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.Is it a probability or nonprobability sample?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.In the population, 30% of cervical biopsies are negative, 40% are CIN I, 20% are CIN II, 5% are CIN III, and 5% are CIS. A random selection of hospitals is
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.In the random sample of 120 biopsies, 16 are negative, 42 are CIN I, 30 are CIN II, 22 are CIN III, and 10 are CIS. In the same sample, 1 person is HPV
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What percentage is not infected with a high-risk strain?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What percentage has an abnormal cervical biopsy?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What is the median biopsy result?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What biopsy result is the mode?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.Can you determine the mean biopsy result? Why or why not?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What is the median type of HPV infection?
A researcher believes there is risk between the strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of cervical cell abnormalities.What is the mode for the type of HPV infection?
The study reports the association between the type of HPV infection and cervical cell abnormalities has a p-value of 0.06. If the alpha for the study is set at 0.05, what should the researcher conclude regarding the null hypothesis? Why?
What is the prevalence of HPV infection in this sample?
If instead of an alpha of 0.05 the researchers decided to set this pilot study’s alpha at 0.10, what would the researcher conclude about the null hypothesis (p = 0.06)?
Write what you would conclude about the null hypothesis with the following results at the two different levels of alpha: Study A B C D E p-Value 0.0647 0.912 0.1567 0.0211 0.081 Alpha= 0.05 Alpha=0.10
If the researcher rejects the null but does so in error, what type of error could he or she be making? What does this type of error mean?
If the researcher does find a statistically significant difference, does this mean it is a clinically significant difference?
If the researcher reports an alpha of 0.05 and a p-value of 0.09, are the results clinically significant? Why or why not?
Refer to the table in review question 37. If the researcher is incorrect about the decision made regarding the null hypothesis, which studies could be a type one error at an alpha of 0.05? WhyData from Question 37Write what you would conclude about the null hypothesis with the following results at
Refer to the table in review question 37. If the researcher is incorrect about the decision made regarding the null hypothesis, which studies could be a type one error at an alpha of 0.10? Why?Data from Question 37Write what you would conclude about the null hypothesis with the following results at
Does increasing the alpha increase or decrease the risk of a type one error?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.What is your independent variable?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.What is your dependent variable?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.How could you measure your dependent variable qualitatively?a. Would this be a continuous or categorical variable?b. What level of measurement
If you reject the null hypothesis, what type of error is it if you are wrong?
If your p-value is 0.03, is the conclusion clinically significant?
For review questions 6–15, you are conducting a study to determine whether there is an association between a positive toxicology screen for Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) and signs of sexual assault in a sample collected from three large emergency rooms throughout your state. Write the null and
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.Write a null hypothesis for your study.
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.You chose to measure taking one tablet of drug A as a yes-or-no question.a. What level of measurement is this variable?b. What would be the
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.Write an alternative hypothesis for your study.
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.If you select an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 80%, what does your decision mean?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.Your study has an alpha of 0.05. Your statistical test determines that the p-value for the relationship between taking one tablet of drug A
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.If your conclusion was actually a type one error, what do you know about taking drug A and cholesterol levels?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.Based on the preliminary pilot study you conducted, the drug company decides to fund a large-scale clinical trial. This trial results in a
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.You determine after the trial that the actual effect size from the medication was smaller than you initially thought. Your conclusion may be
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.What was the most likely cause of this error?
You are asked to develop a study for a pharmaceutical company to determine whether taking one tablet of drug A is related to lower total cholesterol levels.If your study had an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 80%, calculate the chance that you made a type two error.
In each of the following instances, identify which type of error is potentially being made: type one or type two.a. Your study concludes that ambulation post-op day 1 from hip replacement surgery is associated with shorter hospital stays.b. Your study examining the relationship between head
You have two samples of adults preparing for barium enema tests the next day. The control group consumes 2 oz of milk of magnesia with a mean average of 120 ml and a standard deviation of 10 ml of water. The second group is advised to consume more water with their milk of magnesia, and they average
A study anticipates that subjects treated with drug A will have substantial improvement in their neuropathy symptoms.If the study measures treatment with drug A as given or not given, what level of measurement is this variable?
A study anticipates that subjects treated with drug A will have substantial improvement in their neuropathy symptoms.If the study measures treatment with drug A as not given, low dose, or high dose, what level of measurement is this variable?
A study anticipates that subjects treated with drug A will have substantial improvement in their neuropathy symptoms.If the study measures treatment with drug A as 0 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or 200 mg/day, what level of measurement is this variable?
A study anticipates that subjects treated with drug A will have substantial improvement in their neuropathy symptoms.If the study measures neuropathy symptoms as present or not present, what level of measurement is this variable?
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