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Statistics Without Maths For Psychology Using Spss For Windows 4th Edition Christine P. Dancey, John Reidy - Solutions

In box plots an extreme score is defined as:(a) A score that falls beyond the inner fence(b) A score that falls between the hinges and the inner fence(c) A score that falls between the inner fence and the adjacent score(d) A score that falls between the two hinges
A normal distribution should have which of the following properties?(a) Bell-shaped(b) Be symmetrical(c) The tails of the distribution should meet the x-axis at infinity(d) All of the above
If you randomly select a sample of 20 pandas (sample A), then select a sample of 300 pandas (sample B) and calculate the mean weight for each sample, which is likely to give a better estimate of the population mean weight?(a) Sample A(b) Sample B(c) Both will give equally good estimates of the
What sort of relationship is indicated by a scattergram where the points cluster around an imaginary line that goes from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) Bimodal(d) Flat
What is the mean of the following set of scores: 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 22, 24, 25?(a) 145(b) 17.2(c) 16.7(d) 167
If you have a negatively skewed distribution then:(a) The mean, median and mode are equal(b) The right-hand tail is extended(c) The left-hand tail is extended(d) None of the above
A perfectly normal distribution:(a) Is bell-shaped, symmetrical and has tails that cross the x-axis at infinity(b) Is only applicable for normal people(c) Has equal mean, median and modes(d) (a) and (c) above
When you have categorical variables and are simply counting the frequency of occurrence of each category then your measure of central tendency should be:(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
Given the following set of data (8, 7, 9, 12, 14, 10, 14, 11, 13, 14), what are the mean, median and mode?(a) 11.2, 11.5, 14(b) 112, 12, 14(c) 10, 5, 14(d) 10, 12, 14
If a distribution is described as platykurtic, then it is:(a) Very peaked(b) Very flat(c) Bimodal(d) Very thin
Having calculated the variance of a set of data with 12 participants to be 36, what would the standard deviation be?(a) 36(b) 1296(c) 6(d) 3
Which of the following statements are true?(a) Parameters describe samples and statistics describe populations(b) Statistics describe samples and populations(c) Parameters describe populations and statistics describe samples(d) Both (a) and (b) above
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
What is the probability 1 in 5 expressed as a percentage?(a) 14%(b) 25%(c) 20%(d) 32%
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
If we have a 95% confidence interval of 3 ± 2, what does it mean?(a) The population mean is definitely between 1 and 5(b) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 3 and 2(c) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 1 and 5(d) None of the above
What are the scores in the standard normal distribution?(a) Extreme scores(b) z-scores(c) Standard deviation scores(d) Both (b) and (c) above
The standard error is:(a) The square-root of the mean(b) The square of the standard deviation(c) The standard deviation divided by the mean(d) The standard deviation divided by the square-root of the number of participants in the sample
If you have a probability of 33%, what is it expressed as a decimal?(a) 0.033(b) 0.33(c) 0.23(d) 0.133
The standard error tells us:(a) The degree to which our sample means differ from the mean of the sample means(b) The degree to which our sample means differ from the population mean(c) The degree to which the standard deviation differs from the population mean(d) Both (a) and (b) above
What would we multiply the standard error by to help us get our 95% confidence intervals?(a) 95(b) The square-root of the sample size(c) The standard deviation(d) 1.96
If you had a z-score of 2.33 this would tell you that:(a) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations above the mean(b) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations below the mean(c) There was a probability of 2.33 of obtaining a score greater than your score(d) There was a probability of 2.33 of obtaining
If an event has a probability of 95% of occurring, what does this mean?(a) The event is likely to occur 5 times out of every 100(b) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 100(c) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 95(d) None of the above
Which career should you choose if your weightlifting and pottery scores are as follows?Weightlifting: Your score is 52 (sample mean = 55, SD = 12)Potter: Your score is 50 (sample mean = 58, SD = 32)(a) Weightlifting(b) Pottery(c) Either as you are equally good compared with the populations(d)
Which of the following statements are true in reference to inferential statistics?(a) They merely describe our data(b) We are able to use them to draw conclusions about populations from sample data(c) They are used simply to make psychology look scientific(d) We are able to use them to draw
If you obtain a score of 13 on an anxiety questionnaire and you know that the population mean and standard deviation are 20 and 5 respectively, what is your z-score?(a) −2.33(b) −1.4(c) 1.33(d) 0
If you have a population of scores that has a flat (i.e. not normal) distribution, then the distribution of many sample means will be:(a) Flat(b) Bimodal(c) Negatively skewed(d) Normal
Which of the following gives the best estimate of the population mean?(a) Sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The standard deviation(d) The standard error
For a set of data we find that we have a standard deviation of 42 and a sample size of
What is the standard error?(a) 0.339(b) 2.95(c) 21.68(d) 10.5
If you draw 100 samples from a population and plot all their means as a frequency histogram, then you have a:(a) Mean distribution(b) Skewed distribution(c) Sampling distribution(d) None of the above
Given a standard error of 5.2 with a sample size of 9, what is the standard deviation?(a) 1.73(b) 15.6(c) 46.8(d) 0.556
Which of these could you not generate confidence intervals for?(a) A mean(b) A correlation coefficient(c) The mean difference between scores(d) None of the above
If we have a negatively skewed population, what shape will the sampling distribution of the mean of samples drawn from this population be?(a) Negatively skewed(b) Positively skewed(c) Normal(d) It is not possible to tell
A Type II error occurs when:(a) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should be(b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should be(c) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been(d) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should not have been
What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?(a) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true(b) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is false(c) To work out the
If you obtain a one-tailed p-value of 0.02 then the equivalent two-tailed p-value is:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
If you predict that two variables A and B will be related, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That there is no relationship between A and B(b) That A will be greater than B(c) That there is no difference between A and B(d) None of the above
The power of an experiment is:(a) α(b) The ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false(c) The sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation(d) All of the above
When we predict that condition A will be greater than condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A uni-directional prediction(d) Both (a) and (c) above
The probability that an effect has arisen due to sampling error given that the null hypothesis is true is denoted as:(a) Negligible(b) β(c) α(d) None of the above
If you obtain a two-tailed p-value of 0.02 the equivalent one-tailed p-value would be:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
If we predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A null prediction(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If you obtain a p-value of 4%, what does this mean?(a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true is 4%(b) The probability that the null hypothesis is false is 4%(c) The probability of obtaining the effect you have due to sampling error if the null hypothesis were true is 4%(d) All of the
If you predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That condition A will be greater than condition B(b) That condition B will be greater than condition A(c) That condition A will be related to condition B(d) That there will be no
If we reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true then we have:(a) Made a Type I error(b) Made a Type II error(c) Made scientific progress(d) Both (b) and (c) above
Which of the following are the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests?(a) The data should be normally distributed(b) The samples being tested should have appproximately equal variances(c) You should have no extreme scores(d) All of the above
A Type II error means:(a) We have rejected the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true(b) We have accepted the experimental hypothesis when it is false(c) We have accepted the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false(d) None of the above
A researcher has conducted a study on reaction times with 20 participants in each of two conditions. She finds that the variance for the first condition is 2 seconds and for the second condition is 14 seconds. Which of the following statements are true?(a) She should not use parametric tests
How do we denote power?(a) α(b) β(c) 1 − α(d) 1 − β
Why do we usually set our criterion for significance at 0.05?(a) This is the traditional level used by most psychologists(b) This represents a good balance between making Type I and Type II errors(c) It is easier to get significant results with this α(d) Both (a) and (b) above
When we convert our data into a score from a probability distribution what do we call the value we obtain?(a) Significant(b) Not significant(c) The test statistic(d) The power of the study
Imagine we conduct two studies. In study A we have 1000 participants and obtain a p-value of 0.01, whereas in study B we have only 20 participants and a p-value of 0.05. In which of these two studies is there the largest effect?(a) Study A(b) Study B(c) The effect is the same in each study(d) We
If you find in a study that your p-value is 0.05, what is the probability of the alternative hypothesis being true?(a) 0.05(b) 1 minus 0.05(c) We cannot work out the probability of the alternative hypothesis being true(d) None of the above
If 36% of the variation in scores on y has been accounted for by scores on x, how much variance is unexplained?(a) 64%(b) 36%(c) 6%(d) 0.6%
If two variables are totally independent, then the correlation between them is:(a) –0.1(b) –1.00(c) +1.00(d) zero
Of those below, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘family relationships’(b) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(c) ‘mood’ and ‘QOL’(d) ‘mood’ and ‘age’
Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘QOL’ and ‘age’(b) ‘mood’ and ‘age’(c) ‘family relationships’ and ‘age’(d) ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’
What is the achieved significance level of ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’?(a) p < 0.001(b) p = 0.011(c) p = 0.912(d) p < 0.01
If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.5, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 25%(b) 50%(c) 75%(d) None of the above
Someone who runs a correlational analysis says that an effect size of 64% has been found. What value of r did they obtain?(a) +0.8(b) −0.8(c) 0.8, we cannot tell whether the value is positive or negative(d) +0.64
If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.4, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 16%(b) 40%(c) 84%(d) None of the above
Length of time working at the computer and poor eyesight are negatively correlated.What should we conclude?(a) People with poor eyesight are more likely to spend long hours working at the computer(b) Working for long hours is likely to cause a deterioration of eyesight(c) A particular type of
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) +1.00 (b) –1.00 (c) +0.7 (d) –0.7 140- 130- 120- 110- 100- 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 MATHEMAT
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) –1.0 (b) –0.1 (c) +1.00 (d) +0.1 SISTERAGE 18 16 14- 12 10 8 6 4+ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 AGE
Of the following, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘satisfied with life’ and ‘family relationships’(c) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(d) ‘felt sad’ and ‘had crying
Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(c) ‘other social relationships’ and ‘had crying spells’(d) ‘satisfied with life’ and ‘had crying spells’
A correlation of −0.5 has been found between height and weight in a group of schoolchildren. How much of the variance in height can be explained by weight, in percentage terms?(a) 5%(b) 50%(c) 25%(d) None of the above
A researcher wishes to look at the relationship between motivation and examination performance. However, she has reason to believe that IQ influences both of these variables and decides to obtain partial correlations. Which of the following options is most sensible? She should perform a correlation
Which cell relates to the scattergram between ‘internal beliefs’ and ‘external beliefs’?(a) d1(b) d2(c) d3(d) d4
The cell c3 relates to:(a) Intrusiveness and internal beliefs(b) Intrusiveness and external beliefs(c) Intrusiveness and symptoms(d) Depression and symptoms
A positive relationship means:(a) An important relationship exists(b) As scores on x rise, scores on y fall(c) As scores on x rise, so do those on y(d) High scores are frequent on x and y
If a correlation coefficient has an associated probability value of 0.02, then:(a) Our hypothesis is obviously true(b) Our results are important(c) There is only a 2% chance that our results are due to sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true(d) There is only a 2% chance that our
SPSSFW prints the following: p = .0000. How should this be reported?(a) p < 0.001(b) p < 0.0001(c) p > 0.001(d) p > 0.0001
The DF for an independent t-test analysis with 20 participants in each condition is:(a) 38(b) 20(c) 40(d) 68
For a paired t-test with 40 participants, the appropriate DF is:(a) 20(b) 39(c) 38(d) none of these
For an independent t-test with 15 participants in each condition, the appropriate DF is:(a) 28(b) 14(c) 30(d) 15
One hundred students were tested on their anxiety before and after an anxiety counselling session. Scores are drawn from a normally distributed population. Which statistical test is the most appropriate?(a) Independent groups t-test(b) Related measures t-test(c) Levene’s Test(d) None of these
The most important assumption to meet when using a t-test is:(a) The variation in scores should be minimal(b) Scores should be drawn from a normally distributed population(c) Conditions should have equal means(d) All of the above
The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:(a) A result of sampling error(b) Not a result of sampling error(c) Similar to each other(d) None of the above
A t-value of –5 is:(a) Less important than a value of +5(b) More important than a value of +5(c) Equivalent to a value of +5(d) Less significant than a value of +5
The difference between the means of the groups is (correct to one decimal place):(a) 0.41(b) 0.69(c) 0.96(d) 0.76
The variances of the two groups are:(a) Indeterminate(b) Unequal(c) Assumed to be equal(d) Skewed
What can you conclude from the results?(a) There are no statistically significant differences or important differences between the two groups(b) There is a statistically significant difference but it is not important(c) There is an important difference between the two groups but it is not
The effect size for independent groups,d, can be calculated by:(a) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ mean SD(b) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ mean SD(c) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ SEM(d) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ SEM
If the 95% confidence limits around the mean difference (in a t-test) are 10.5 − 13.0, we can conclude that, if we repeat the study 100 times, then:(a) Our results will be statistically significant 5 times(b) Our results will be statistically significant 95 times(c) 95% of the time the population
In an analysis using an unrelated t-test, you find the following result:Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances: F = 0.15 p = 0.58 This shows that the variances of the two groups are:(a) Dissimilar(b) Similar(c) Exactly the same(d) Indeterminate
In the SPSSFW output, if p = 0.000, then you should report this as:(a) p = 0.000(b) p = 0.0001(c) p < 0.001(d) p < 0.0001
In an independent t-test, you would use the ‘equal variances not assumed’ part of the output when Levene’s test is:(a) Above a criterion significance level (e.g. p > 0.05)(b) Below a criterion significance level (e.g. p < 0.05)(c) When numbers of participants are unequal in the two
For a within-participants design using 20 people, the degrees of freedom are:(a) 20(b) 38(c) 19(d) 40
Levene’s test is:(a) A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(b) A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(c) A test of heterogeneity that does not rely on the assumption of normality(d) A test of homogeneity of variances that does not rely on the
Why are ‘all of the p values’ reported as p < 0.001, when the other named variables have been reported with the exact probability values?(a) The researchers could not work out the exact probability values(b) The significance level in their statistical program calculated p = 0.000(c) The unnamed
Which row would the researcher use to interpret the independent t-test results?(a) The equal variances row(b) The unequal variances row
Generalising to the population, what sign would the expected t-value take?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) It could be either positive or negative
The narrower the confidence intervals:(a) The more confidence you can place in your results(b) The less you can rely on your results(c) The greater the chance that your results were due to sampling error(d) None of the above
Statistical significance:(a) Is directly equivalent to psychological importance(b) Does not necessarily mean that results are psychologically important(c) Depends on sample size(d) Both (b) and (c) above
All other things being equal, repeated-measures designs:(a) Have exactly the same power as independent designs(b) Are often less powerful than independent designs(c) Are often more powerful than independent designs(d) None of the above
All other things being equal:(a) The more sample size increases, the more power decreases(b) The more sample size increases, the more power increases(c) Sample size has no relationship to power(d) The more sample size increases, the more indeterminate the power
Power is the ability to detect:(a) A statistically significant effect where one exists (c) Both (a) and (b) above(b) A psychologically important effect where one exists (d) Design flaws
Effect size is:(a) The magnitude of the difference between conditions (c) Both of these(b) The strength of a relationship or association (d) Neither of these

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