Statistics Without Maths For Psychology Using Spss For Windows 4th Edition Christine P. Dancey, John Reidy - Solutions

Discover the ultimate resource for mastering psychology statistics with the "Statistics Without Maths For Psychology Using SPSS For Windows, 4th Edition" by Christine P. Dancey and John Reidy. Our comprehensive solution manual offers step-by-step answers to the textbook's questions and answers, providing in-depth chapter solutions and a robust test bank. Access the instructor manual to enhance your understanding, and explore solved problems with ease. Whether you're looking for an answers key or solutions PDF, our online platform is your go-to destination. Enjoy free downloads and unlock the potential of this invaluable textbook today!

Amethodofstatisticalinferencehasprobability0.05ofyieldinganincorrectresult.Howmany independenttimescanthemethodbeuseduntiltheprobabilityofalltheinferencesbeing correct islessthan0.50?
Aquizhastenmultiple-choicequestions,withfivepossibleanswersforeach.Astudentwho is completelyunpreparedrandomlyguessestheanswerforeachquestion.Let Y denote the numberofcorrectresponses.(a) Findtheprobabilitythatthestudentsgets(i)all10,(ii)noneofthequestionscorrect.(b)
Eachtimeapersonshopsatagrocerystore,theeventofcatchingacoldorsomeothervirus from anothershopperisindependentfromvisittovisitandhasaconstantprobabilityoverthe year,equalto0.01.(a) In100 trips tothisstoreoverthecourseofayear,theprobabilityofcatchingavirus while
Forthesimulationattheendof Section 2.3.1, explainwhyyoucouldalsosimulatethemean with asinglebinomialexperimentof30millionobservationsandprobability0.50ofaheadfor each,dividingby10,000,000.Dothisandcomparetheresulttothetheoreticalexpectedvalue.
Let Y denote thenumberofpeopleknownpersonallyinone’slifetimewhocommittedsuicide.AccordingtoarecentGeneralSocialSurvey,forarandomlychosenpersonintheU.S.,the probabilitydistributionof Y is approximately: P(0) = 0.48,P(1) = 0.24,P(2) = 0.15,P(3) =0.07,P(4) = 0.03,P(5) = 0.02,P(6) = 0.01.
Supposethatapersonisequallylikelytobebornonanyof365daysoftheyear.(a) Forthreepeopleselectedrandomly,explainwhytheprobabilitythattheyallhavedifferent birthdaysis [(365)(364)(363)]~3653.(b) Showthatifatleast23peopleattendasocialparty,theprobabilityexceeds0.50thatat least
Awineconnoisseurisaskedtomatchfiveglassesofredwinewiththebottlesfromwhichthey came, representingfivedifferentgrapetypes.(a) Setupasamplespaceforthefiveguesses.(b) Withrandomguessing,findtheprobabilityofgettingallfivecorrect.
AccordingtorecentdataattheFBIwebsite,ofallBlacksslainintheU.S.,85%areslain byBlacks,andofallWhitesslain,93%areslainbyWhites.Let Y = victim’s raceand X =offender’s race(a) Whichconditionaldistributiondotheseprobabilitiesreferto, Y given X, or X given Y ?(b)
Dataanalystsoftenimplementstatisticalinferencemethodsbysettingtheprobabilityofa correct inferenceequalto0.95.Let A denote theeventthataninferenceforthepopulation aboutmeniscorrect.Let B representtheeventofacorrespondinginferenceaboutwomen beingcorrect.Supposethattheseareindependentevents.(a)
For therainsimulationexamplein Section 2.1.1, butwithprobabilityofrain0.30onany givenday,simulatetheoutcome(a) onthenextday,(b) thenext10days.(c) Simulatethe proportionofdaysofrainforthenext(i)100days,(ii)10,000days,(iii)1,000,000days.Use the
+1.06 x
andpredicted y =
x(d) Correlation =
−
andpredicted y =
+1.06 x(c) Correlation =
x(b) Correlation = −0.85 andpredicted y =
−
is ascatterplotofU.S.statewidedatacompiledbetween x = per-centagewearingmasksand y = percentageknowingsomeonewithCovid-19symptoms.Whichdoyouthinkbestdescribesthescatterplot?(a) Correlation = −0.85 andpredicted y = Percentage knowing Covid-19 sufferer 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 65 70 75 80 85
TheDelphigroupatCarnegie-MellonUniversityhastrackedstatisticsaboutcoron-avirus. Figure
Forasample {yi} of size n, Σi Syi − cS is minimizedat c = median. Explainwhythis propertyholds.(Hint:Startingat c = median, whathappensto Σi Syi − cS as youmove awayfromitineitherdirection?)
The leastsquares propertyofthemeanstatesthatthedatafallcloserto ¯y than toany other numberc, inthesensethatΣi(yi − ¯y)2
The R output in Section 1.5.2 showsa mosaicplot function. Implementitforthe PartyID data. DoanInternetsearchandlookatthe R Appendixtothisbooktolearn about mosaic plots, anddescribewhattheplotshowsyou.(The mosaic function inthe vcd packageconstructsmoresophisticatedmosaicplots.)
FindtheChebyshevinequalityupperboundfortheproportionofobservationsfalling at least(a) 1,(b) 2,(c) 3standarddeviationsfromthemean.Comparethistothe approximateproportionsforabell-shapeddistribution.Whyarethedifferencessolarge?
Supposethesampledatadistributionof {yi} = {y1, ...,yn} is veryhighlyskewedtothe right,andwetakelogsandanalyze {xi = log(yi)}.(a) Is ¯x = log(¯y)? Whyorwhynot?(b) Ismedian({xi}) = log[median({yi})]? Whyorwhynot?(c) Tosummarize {yi}, wefind ¯x and thenuse exp(¯x). Showthat exp(¯x) = (Πi yi)1~n,
Forasamplewithmean ¯y, showthataddingaconstant c to eachobservationchanges the meanto ¯y +c, andthestandarddeviation s is unchanged.Showthatmultiplying eachobservationby c changesthemeanto c¯y and thestandarddeviationto ScSs.
TheInternetsite www.artofstat.com/web-apps has usefulapps 20 for illustrating data analyses andpropertiesofstatisticalmethods.(a) Usingthe ExploreQuantitativeData app, constructasampleof20observations on y = numberofhoursofphysicalexerciseinthepastweekhaving ¯y < s. What
Toinvestigatehow ¯y can varyfromsampletosampleofsize n, forthesimulationfrom a bell-shapedpopulationshownattheendof Section 1.5.3, take (a) 10,000 random samples ofsize n = 30 each; (b) 10,000 randomsamplesofsize n = 1000 each.In eachcase,formahistogramofthe10,000 ¯y
Thelargestvaluein a sampleismovedupwardssothatitisanextremeoutlier.Explain how,ifatall,thisaffectsthemean,median,range,andinterquartilerange.
Tomeasurevariability,whyisthe (a) standard deviation s usually preferredoverthe range? (b) interquartilerangeoftenpreferredovertherange?
Tomeasurecenter,whyisthe (a) median sometimespreferredoverthemean? (b) mean sometimes preferredoverthemedian?(Hint: Awidevarietyofhighlydiscretefrequency distributions canhavethesamemedian.)Toillustrate,inyouranswersusethevariables
SupposeyouestimatethemeannumberoffriendsthatmembersofFacebookhaveby randomly sampling100membersofFacebookand(i)averagingthenumbersoffriends that theyhave,(ii)averaginghowmanyfriendsthefriendsofthosemembershave.Whichestimatedoyouthinkwouldbelarger?Why?(Hint: SeearticlebyJ.A.Paulos, Scientific
Constructasetofdataforwhichthemeanandmedianareidentical.
Supposethatgrade-pointaveragesatyouruniversityarebell-shapedwithmean3.0and standard deviation0.3.Randomlysample n studentsseveraltimesfor n = 20 (using a functionsuchas rnorm in R), andthenrepeatseveraltimesfor n = 1000, eachtime constructing
AresearchstudyfundedbyWobegonSpringsMineralWater,Inc.,discoversthatchil-dren withdentalproblemsarelesscommoninfamiliesthatregularlybuybottledwater than infamiliesthatdonot.Explainwhythisassociationneednotreflectacausal link betweendrinkingbottledwaterandhavingfewerdentalproblems.Identifylurking
Anarticle19 in the New EnglandJournalofMedicine (October12,2012)observeda correlation of0.79for23countriesbetweenpercapitaannualchocolateconsumptionand the numberofNobellaureatesper10millionpopulation.Wasthisstudyanexperiment or anobservationalstudy?Canweconcludethatincreasingchocolateconsumption
WithanInternetsearch,findastudythatusedan(a) experiment;(b) observational study.Ineachcase,describehowthesamplewasobtainedandsummarizeresults.
Ifweuserandomnumberstotakeasimplerandomsampleof50studentsfromthe6500 undergraduate studentsattheUniversityofRochester:(a) Wewouldnevergettherandomnumber1111,becauseitisnotarandomsequence.(b) Thedraw1234isnomoreorlesslikelythanthedraw1111.(c) Sincethesampleisrandom,itis impossible that
Asimplerandomsampleofsize n is oneinwhich:(a) Every nth memberisselectedfromthepopulation.(b) Eachpossiblesampleofsize n has thesamechanceofbeingselected.(c) Theremustbeexactlythesameproportionofwomeninthesampleasisinthe population.(d)
A systematic randomsample of n subjectsfromapopulationofsize N selects asubject at randomfromthefirst k = N~n in thepopulationlistandthenselectsevery kth subjectlistedafterthatone.Explainwhythisisnotasimplerandomsample.Forthefollowingtwomultiple-choicequestions,selectthebestresponse.
mentionedapotentialsurveytoobservecharacteristics suchasopinionaboutthelegalizationofsame-sexmarriage,politicalpartyaffiliation, frequency ofattendingreligiousservices,numberofyearsofeducation,annualincome, marital status,race,andgender.Describetwowaysyoucouldselectoneofthesevari-ables
Thebeginningof Section
Astudyofsheep18 analyzed whetherthesheepsurvivedforayearfromtheoriginal observationtime(1 = yes,0 = no) asafunctionoftheirweight(kg) attheoriginal observation.Using Sheep data fileatthetextwebsite,usegraphicalandnumerical methodsofthischaptertocompareweightsofthesheepthatsurvivedtoweightsofthe
Refertothepreviousexercise.Explanatoryvariableslistedinthedatafilearethe distance oftheraceandtheclimbinelevation.Usegraphicalandnumericaldescriptive statistics tosummarizethemen’swinningtimesandtheirrelationshipwiththerace distance andclimb.Summarizeyouranalysesinaone-pagereport.
The ScotsRaces data fileatthebook’swebsiteshowstherecordtimesformenandfor womenforseveralhillracesinScotland.Usegraphicalandnumericaldescriptivestatis-tics tocomparethemen’swinningtimeswiththewomen’swinningtimes.Summarize youranalysesinashortreport,withsoftwareoutputasanappendix.
The UN data fileatthebook’swebsitehasUnitedNationsdatafor42nationsonper capita grossdomesticproduct(GDP,inthousandsofdollars),ahumandevelopment index (HDI,whichhascomponentsreferringtolifeexpectancyatbirth,educational attainment,andincomepercapita),agenderinequalityindex(GII,acompositemeasure
Forthe Students data fileintroducedinExercise1.2,constructandsummarizeacon-tingency tablerelatingreligiosityandopinionaboutlegalizedabortion.
Usingthe Happy data file,constructthecontingencytablerelatingmaritalstatusand happiness. Whichvariableisthenaturalresponsevariable?Reporttheproportionsin its categories,separatelyateachcategoryoftheexplanatoryvariable,andinterpret.
Forthe Students data fileintroducedinExercise1.2,summarizetherelationshipbe-tween hsgpa and cogpa using correlationandregression.FindthepredictedcollegeGPA of astudentwhohadahighschoolGPAof4.0.
Refertothepreviousexercise.Let y = selling priceand x = size ofhome.(a) Constructascatterplot.Interpret.Identifyanyobservationthatseemstofallapart from theothers.(b) Findthecorrelation.Interpret.(c) Findtheregressionline.Interprettheslope,andfindthepredictedsellingpricefor a
The Houses data fileatthebook’swebsiteliststhesellingprice(thousandsofdollars), size (squarefeet),taxbill(dollars),numberofbathrooms,numberofbedrooms,and whether thehouseisnew(1 = yes,0 = no) for100homesalesinGainesville,Florida.Let’s analyzethesellingprices.(a)
The Income data fileatthebook’swebsitereportsannualincomevaluesintheU.S.,in thousands ofdollars.(a) Usingsoftware,constructahistogram.Describeitsshape.(b) Finddescriptivestatisticstosummarizethedata.Interpretthem.(c) The kernel densityestimation methodfindsasmooth-curveapproximationfora
Fromthe Murder data fileatthebook’swebsite,usethevariable murder, whichisthe murderrate(per100,000population)foreachstateintheU.S.in2017accordingtothe FBI UniformCrimeReports.Atfirst,donotusetheobservationforD.C.(DC). Using software:(a) Findthemeanandstandarddeviationandinterprettheirvalues.(b)
AccessthemostrecentGeneralSocialSurveyat https://sda.berkeley.edu/archive.htm. EnteringTVHOURSfortherowvariableandyear(2018)intheselectionfilter,you obtain dataonhoursperdayofTVwatchingintheU.S.in2018.(a)
Accordingto www.salary.com, themeansalary(indollars)ofsecondaryschoolteachers in theUnitedStatesin2019variedamongstateswithafive-numbersummaryofmax-imum = 67,600 (California),upperquartile = 64,700, median = 55,500, lowerquartile =53,100, andminimum = 51,600
In2017,accordingtotheKaiserFamilyFoundation(www.kff.org), the five-number summary fortheU.S.statewidepercentageofpeoplewithouthealthinsurancehad minimum = 3% (Massachusetts),lowerquartile = 6%, median = 8%, upperquartile =9.5%, andmaximum = 17% (Texas).Interpretthequartilesandtheinterquartilerange,
Areportindicatesthatpublicschoolteacher’sannualsalariesinNewYorkcityhavean approximatemeanof$69,000andstandarddeviationof$6,000.Ifthedistributionhas approximatelyabellshape,reportintervalsthatcontainabout(a) 68%,(b) 95%,(c)all ornearlyallsalaries.Wouldasalaryof$100,000beunusual?Why?
Giveanexampleofavariablethatisnonnegativebuthasthemajorityofitssample valuesat0,sothemedianisnotespeciallyinformativedespitetheskew.
AccordingtoStatisticsCanada, for theCanadianpopulationhavingincomein2019, annualincomehadamedianof$35,000andmeanof$46,700.Whatwouldyoupredict abouttheshapeofthedistribution?Why?
Analyzethe Carbon_West data fileatthebook’swebsiteby(a) constructingafrequency distribution andahistogram,(b) findingthemean,median,andstandarddeviation.Interpreteach.
FortheGSSdataonnumberofgoodfriends(searchat https://sda.berkeley.edu/sdaweb/analysis/?dataset=gss18 for variable NUMFREND), theresponses(1,2,3,4,5, 6, 7,8,9, . .. , 96+)hadpercentagesof(6.1,16.2,15.7.14.2,11.3,8.8,1.2,2.4,0.7, . .., 0.8).
Explainwhetheranexperimentoranobservationalstudywouldbemoreappropriate to investigatethefollowing:(a) Whethercitieswithhigherunemploymentratestendtohavehighercrimerates.(b) WhetheraHondaAccordhybridoraToyotaPriusgetsbettergasmileage.(c)
Thestudentdirectoryforalargeuniversityhas400pageswith130namesperpage,a total of52,000names.Usingsoftware,showhowtoselectasimplerandomsampleof 10 names.
Giveanexampleofavariablethatis(a) technicallydiscretebutessentiallycontinuous for purposesofdataanalysis;(b) potentiallycontinuousbuthighlydiscreteintheway it ismeasuredinpractice.
InanalyzingdataaboutpatientswhodevelopedCovid-19fromcoronavirus,many researchstudiesusedthescale(1.Death;2.Hospitalizedwithinvasiveventila-tion; 3.Hospitalizedwithnon-invasiveventilation;4.Hospitalizedwithsupplemental oxygen;5.Hospitalized,notrequiringsupplementaloxygenbutrequiringongoingmed-ical
Giveanexampleofavariablethatis (a) categorical; (b) quantitative; (c) discrete; (d)continuous.
Identifyeachofthefollowingvariablesascategoricalorquantitative: (a) Numberof smartphones thatyouown; (b) Countyofresidence; (c) Choice ofdiet(vegetarian, nonvegetarian); (d) Distance, inkilometers,commutetowork
The Students data fileat http://stat4ds.rwth-aachen.de/data showsresponsesofa class of60socialsciencegraduatestudentsattheUniversityofFloridatoaquestionnaire that askedabout gender (1 = female, 0 = male), age, hsgpa = high schoolGPA(ona four-pointscale), cogpa = college GPA, dhome = distance
Inthe 2018 electionforSenateinCalifornia,aCNNexitpollof1882votersstatedthat52.5% votedfortheDemocraticcandidate,DianeFeinstein.Ofall11.1millionvoters,54.2% votedforFeinstein.(a) Whatwasthe(i)subject,(ii)sample,(iii)population?(b) Identifyarelevantstatisticandcorrespondingparameter.
Which of the following constitute continuous variables?(a) Number of times a score of 180 is achieved in a darts match(b) Gender(c) Temperature(d) All of the above
Experimental designs are characterised by:(a) Fewer than two conditions(b) No control condition(c) Random allocation of participants to conditions(d) None of the above
In a study with gender as the manipulated variable, the IV is:(a) Within participants(b) Correlational(c) Between participants(d) None of the above
Which of the following are true of correlational designs?(a) They have no IV or DV(b) They look at relationships between variables(c) You cannot infer causation from correlations(d) All of the above
Which of the following could be considered as categorical variables?(a) Gender(b) Brand of baked beans(c) Hair colour(d) All of the above
Between-participants designs can be:(a) Either quasi-experimental or experimental(b) Only experimental(c) Only quasi-experimental(d) Only correlational
Which of the following statements are true of experiments?(a) The IV is manipulated by the experimenter(b) The DV is assumed to be dependent upon the IV(c) They are difficult to conduct(d) (a) and (b) above
Quasi-experimental designs have:(a) An IV and a DV(b) Non-random allocation of participants to conditions(c) No IV or DV(d) (a) and (b) above
A continuous variable can be described as:(a) Able to take only certain discrete values within a range of scores(b) Able to take any value within a range of scores(c) Being made up of categories(d) None of the above
Which of the following are problems associated with within-participants designs?(a) There is an increased likelihood of practice or fatigue effects(b) Participants are more likely to guess the nature of the experiment(c) They cannot be used with quasi-experimental designs(d) All of the above
According to Streiner (2002) how efficient are studies that dichotimise continuous variables when compared with studies that do not?(a) 100%(b) 95%(c) 67%(d) 50%
A researcher has just conducted a correlational study investigating the relationship between amount of alcohol drunk by fans of the home team before a football match and the number of goals scored by the home team. They found that there was a relationship between the two variables. Which of the
In a within-participants design with two conditions, if you do not use counterbalancing of the conditions then your study is likely to suffer from:(a) Order effects(b) Effects of time of day(c) Lack of participants(d) All of the above
You have conducted a study that shows that the earlier people get up, the more work they get done. Which of the following are valid conclusions?(a) There is not necessarily a causal relationship between getting up early and amount of work done(b) People who get up early have a need to get more work
Which of the following designs is least likely to enable us to establish causal relationships between variables?(a) Experimental design(b) Quasi-experimental design(c) Correlational design(d) Within-participants design
Demand effects are possible confounding variables where:(a) Participants behave in the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave(b) Participants perform poorly because they are tired or bored(c) Participants perform well because they have practised the experimental task(d) None of the
Suppose you wanted to conduct a study to see if depressed individuals bite their nails more than non-depressed individuals. Which of the following would be the best way to proceed?(a) Measure participants’ depression with a questionnaire and ask them to give a rating of how much they bite their
Which of the following might be suitable IVs in a quasi-experimental study?(a) Gender(b) Whether or not someone had Generalised Anxiety Disorder(c) Students versus non-students(d) All of the above
In within-participant designs order effects occur when:(a) Participants get tired in later conditions(b) Participants perform equally well in all conditions(c) Participants have trouble obtaining their drinks at the bar(d) None of the above
Which of the following are problems associated with dichotomising continuous variables?(a) Loss of experimental power(b) Spurious effects may occur(c) There is a serious loss of information(d) All of the above
Dr Genius has conducted a study comparing memory for adjectives with that for nouns.She randomly allocates 20 participants to two conditions. She then presents to one of the groups of 10 participants a list of 20 adjectives and to the other group a list of 20 nouns.Following this, she asks each
Using the data from Exercise 1:■ If you input the data as a within-participants design, then input it now as a betweenparticipants design.■ If you input the data as a between-participants design, then input it now as a withinparticipants design.Save the data to a file using a different filename.
You are given the job of finding out whether or not changing the lighting in an office from normal fluorescent lighting to red lighting will increase the alertness of data inputters and thereby decrease the number of errors they make. When you do this you find that 20 data inputters decrease their
A group of final-year students decides to see if the lecture material in Dr Boering’s lectures can be made more memorable. They decide that the best way to do this would be to take hallucinogenic drugs during the lectures. At the end of term there was an exam and those students who took drugs
Which one of the following represents the best estimate of the population mean?(a) The sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The mode of several sample means(d) The median of several sample means
If you obtained a sample of data that was relatively normally distributed and had no extreme scores, which measure of central tendency would you opt for?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
Which of the following measures of central tendency are sensitive to extreme scores?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
The standard deviation is equal to:(a) The variance(b) The square-root of the variance(c) The variance squared(d) The variance divided by the number of scores
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
The mode is:(a) The frequency of the most common score divided by the total number of scores(b) The middle score after all the scores have been ranked(c) The most frequently occurring score(d) The sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores

Showing 2900 - 3000 of 5564

First
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Last

Statistics Without Maths For Psychology Using Spss For Windows 4th Edition Christine P. Dancey, John Reidy - Solutions

Step by Step Answers