Safeguards: Classify the following safeguards as either preventive or mitigative.

a. A safety instrumented system to shut down a process if an unsafe operating condition occurs.

b. A foam system to reduce evaporation from a pool of leaked hydrocarbon.

c. A dike around a storage vessel.

d. A flow limiter is installed on a feed line to a chemical reactor to ensure that the reaction rate does not exceed a maximum value.

e. Covers are placed over pipe flanges to prevent liquid spraying.

f. A containment pond is built to collect any liquid runoff from a plant.

g. A relief device is installed on a chemical reactor to protect the reactor vessel from the damaging effects of high pressure.

h. A containment system is installed to collect the effluent from a relief device.

i. The basic process control system.

j. An emergency alarm system.

k. An alarm system to notify the operator of out-of-limits process conditions.

l. A gas chromatograph is installed to confirm chemical concentrations in a process.

m. All plant operations personnel are given yearly emergency response training.