Questions and Answers of Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals With Applications

Search the Internet anda. Print a GHS label for phenol. If you are unable to find a label, then develop your own label.b. Develop a few conclusions concerning the process of finding labels.
Copy the GHS label pictograms for(a) Oxidizers,(b) Flammables,(c) Explosives,(d) Acute toxicity,(e) Corrosives,(f) Carcinogens.
An air mixture contains \(4 \mathrm{ppm}\) of carbon tetrachloride, \(25 \mathrm{ppm}\) of 1,1-dichloroethane, \(5 \mathrm{ppm}\) of diethyl amine, \(20 \mathrm{ppm}\) of cyclohexanol, and \(10
An open container was monitored and found to have a toluene evaporation rate of \(0.1 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{min}\). The ventilation rate is \(2.84 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{min}\), the temperature is
An ideal liquid mixture of benzene and toluene ( \(50 \%\) by volume each) is used in a plant at \(27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\). Determine(a) The mixture TLV,(b) The evaporation
A drum contains \(0.16 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) of toluene. If the lid is left open (lid diameter is \(0.92 \mathrm{~m}\) ), determine thea. Time required to evaporate all of the toluene.b. Concentration of
A railcar is being splash filled with toluene. The car is \(38 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) in volume, and the filling hole is \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter. It takes \(30 \mathrm{~min}\) to fill the rail
Xylene is used in a hood that has a face area of \(4.65 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\), with a temperature of \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and pressure of \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\). The evaporation rate of xylene is 11.6
Determine the recommended air volumetric flow rate, in \(\mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{min}\), that is required for a hood having face dimensions of \(1.22 \mathrm{~m}\) (height) and \(0.91 \mathrm{~m}\)
If the hood in Problem 3-9 is used for handling trichloroethylene, determine the rate of air passing into the hood face to keep the concentration(a) Below the TLV-TWA and(b) Below the lower explosive
Use Safety Data Sheets to determine the TLV and NFPA ratings for ethanol, chlorine, and phosgene.
A worker is exposed to multiple sound sources: \(I=I_{1}+I_{2}+\ldots+I_{n}=\sum I_{i}\). Derive the following equation for the net sound exposure from these multiple sources:Two sound sources are at
Two liters of a liquid chemical is spilled on the laboratory floor. Assume \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\) of pressure and a temperature of \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).a. If the liquid pool is \(2 \mathrm{~mm}\)
A large workshop uses a 2:1 mixture by volume of liquid xylene and hexane to strip varnish from antique furniture. A total of 15 liters is used per 8-hour shift. The workshop is maintained at
An automobile tire is inflated to \(3 \mathrm{~atm}\) gauge. What will be the initial gas discharge rate in \(\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{s}\) due to a 1.0-mm-diameter hole? Assume a temperature of
A pipeline of \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) length supplies liquid chlorine from a regulated 20 barg source to a process through a horizontal, new commercial steel pipe of actual inside diameter of \(2
A round vented storage vessel with a \(10-\mathrm{m}\) inside diameter sits on top of a concrete pad within a \(20-\mathrm{m}^{2}\) diked area to contain any leaks. The tank contains runoff water
Air flows from a regulated pressure source at 100 bara through a \(100-\mathrm{m}\)-long pipe into the atmosphere at \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\) pressure and \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The pipe is new
Cyclohexane liquid at 10 barg flows through a \(1-\mathrm{cm}\)-diameter hole to atmospheric pressure. Estimate the discharge rate if the ambient pressure is \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\).
A vertical cylindrical storage vessel is \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) high and \(2 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter. The vessel contains liquid cyclohexane currently at a liquid level of \(8 \mathrm{~m}\). The vessel
Cyclohexane flows through \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) of horizontal pipe. The pipe is \(3-\mathrm{cm}\) ID commercial steel pipe with light rust. The upstream supply pressure is 7 barg and the downstream
Oxygen flows through a 1-cm diameter hole in a storage vessel to atmospheric pressure. The ambient temperature is \(298 \mathrm{~K}\).a. What minimum pressure in the tank is required to guarantee
Natural gas flows from a source at 100 bara through \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) of \(0.5-\mathrm{cm}\) ID new commercial steel pipe to atmospheric pressure. The pipe is horizontal. Determine if this flow is
For sonic flow through a hole, the mass flow rate is a function of the upstream pressure only. This can be used to design a flow meter with the unique feature that the flow is not affected by
The TLV-TWA for hydrogen sulfide gas is \(10 \mathrm{ppm}\). Hydrogen sulfide gas is stored in a tank at 100 psig and \(80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\). Estimate the diameter of a hole in the tank leading to
The morning inspection of the tank farm finds a leak in the turpentine tank. The leak is repaired. An investigation finds that the leak was \(0.1 \mathrm{in}\). in diameter and \(7 \mathrm{ft}\)
A home hot water heater contains \(40 \mathrm{gal}\) of water. Because of a failure of the heat control, heat is continuously applied to the water in the tank, increasing the temperature and
The distillation column in the Michigan Tech Unit Operations Lab distills a mixture of ethanol and water. The ethanol product is delivered to tank T-107 for temporary storage. The tank is a vertical
A \(31.5 \%\) hydrochloric acid solution is pumped from one storage tank to another. The power input to the pump is \(2 \mathrm{~kW}\) and is \(50 \%\) efficient. The pipe is plastic PVC pipe with an
One accident mitigation procedure is called emergency material transfer, in which the material is transported away from the accident site before it becomes involved. We plan on mitigating a crude oil
a. Show that for any pump the maximum liquid discharge velocity is given by\[u=\sqrt[3]{-\frac{2 g_{\mathrm{c}} W_{\mathrm{S}}}{ho A}}\]where \(u\) is the maximum liquid discharge velocity,
a. What instantaneous release on the ground, in \(\mathrm{g}\), of acrolein will result in a downwind concentration \(1500 \mathrm{~m}\) immediately downwind on the ground equal to \(0.05
a. What continuous release rate on the ground, in \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{s}\), of acrolein will result in a downwind concentration equal to \(0.05 \mathrm{ppm}\) located \(1500 \mathrm{~m}\) directly
Emergency response for the rupture of a chemical pipeline is being evaluated. The chemical is estimated to discharge from the pipeline at a rate of \(4.53 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{s}\). The
A backyard barbeque grill contains a \(20-\mathrm{lb}\) tank of propane. The propane leaves the tank through a valve and regulator and is fed through a \(1 / 2\)-in. rubber hose to a dual-valve
A burning dump emits an estimated \(3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{s}\) of oxides of nitrogen. What is the average concentration of oxides of nitrogen from this source directly downwind at a distance of \(3
You have been appointed emergency coordinator for the community of Smallville, shown in Figure 5-12. ABC Chemical Company is shown on the map. It reports the presence of the following chemicals and
A tank has ruptured and a pool of benzene has formed. The pool is approximately rectangular with dimensions of \(20 \mathrm{ft}\) by \(30 \mathrm{ft}\). Estimate the evaporation rate and the distance
A tank of chlorine contains \(1000 \mathrm{~kg}\) of chlorine at 50 -bar gauge. What is the maximum hole diameter (in \(\mathrm{mm}\) ) in this tank that will result in a downwind concentration equal
The emergency coordinator has decided that the appropriate emergency response to the immediate release of a toxic material is to alert people to stay in their homes, with doors and windows closed,
A pipeline carrying benzene has developed a large leak. Fortunately, the leak occurred in a diked area and the liquid benzene is contained within the square \(50 \mathrm{ft} \times 30 \mathrm{ft}\)
Use a spreadsheet program to determine the location of a ground isopleth for a plume. The spreadsheet should have specific cell inputs for release rate \((\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{s})\), release height
Develop a spreadsheet to determine the isopleths for a puff at a specified time after the release of material. The spreadsheet should contain specific cells for user input of the following
A fixed mass of toxic gas has been released almost instantaneously from a process unit. You have been asked to determine the percentage of fatalities expected \(2000 \mathrm{~m}\) downwind from the
What is the flash point temperature \(\left(ight.\) in \(\left.{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}ight)\) of a 50 mole percent mixture of methanol and water? Use Appendix B for the flash point temperature for
A gas mixture is composed of \(15 \%\) carbon monoxide, \(10 \%\) methane, and the rest air. Is this mixture flammable? Use the flammability data provided in Appendix B.Data From Appendix B: Compo
Estimate the upper and lower flammable limits for carbon monoxide and heptane using the stoichiometric method via Equations 6-10 and 6-11 in the text. Compare to experimental values provided in
A gas cylinder contains a gas mixture composed of \(50 \%\) methane and \(50 \%\) ethylene by volume. Estimate the LFL and the UFL for this gas mixture. Compare to the experimental values of \(3.6
Estimate the UFL and the LFL for ethylene using the stoichiometric concentrations and Equations 6-10 and 6-11 in the textbook. Compare to the experimental values in Appendix B.Data From Appendix
Estimate the LOC of ethylene using Equations 6-15 and 6-16 in the textbook. Compare to the experimental value in Table 6-3.Table 6-3:Equation 6-15:Equation 6-16: Gas or vapor Methane Ethane Propane
Estimate the LOC for (a) carbon monoxide and (b) heptane using Equation 6-15. Compare to experimental values in Table 6-3.Table 6-3:Equation 6-15: Gas or vapor Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane
Draw an approximate flammability triangle diagram for methyl alcohol. Use published flammability data from Appendix B and Table 6-3. If a gas containing 20\% methyl alcohol, \(5 \%\) oxygen, and \(75
A barbeque gas cylinder contains \(20 \mathrm{lb}\) of propane. The cylinder accidentally falls over and ruptures, vaporizing the entire contents of the cylinder. The vapor cloud is ignited and an
A VCE with methane destroyed a house structure \(100 \mathrm{ft}\) away from the ignition source. Estimate the amount of methane released.
One compartment in a gasoline tank truck has a volume of 11,860 liters.a. How much gasoline liquid (in liters) is required to result in a stoichiometric concentration of gasoline vapor in this
The LFL for gasoline is 1.3 vol. \% gasoline vapor in air. What evaporation rate of gasoline vapor (in \(\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{s}\) ) will result in a downwind concentration of one-fourth of the LFL
Liquid heptane is stored in a 100,000-L storage vessel that is vented directly to air. The heptane is stored at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1 \mathrm{~atm}\) pressure. The liquid is drained from
A plant is considering installing a butane storage sphere to be located \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) from the control room building. You are asked to review the consequences of a vapor cloud explosion
A set of experiments is run on a flammable gas in a spherical vessel. The following data are obtained for two different vessel volumes. Estimate the value of \(K_{\mathrm{G}}\) for this combustible
The following liquids are stored in storage vessels at 1 atm and \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The vessels are vented with air. Determine whether the equilibrium vapor above the liquid will be
Black powder has been used as a blasting agent and a rifle propellant for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. The reaction that occurs
Use a vacuum inerting procedure with nitrogen to reduce the oxygen concentration to \(1 \mathrm{ppm}\). The vessel has a volume of \(3.78 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and initially contains air, the vacuum
Use a pressure inerting procedure with nitrogen to reduce the oxygen concentration to \(1 \mathrm{ppm}\). The vessel has a volume of \(3.78 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and is initially contains air, the
Use a sweep through purge to reduce the oxygen concentration from \(100 \%\) air ( \(21 \%\) oxygen) to \(1.25 \%\) oxygen. The vessel has a volume of 7500 gallon. Determine the \(\mathrm{ft}^{3}\)
A \(2000-\mathrm{m}^{3}\) vessel containing liquid methanol must be prepared for entry. After draining, it must first be purged with nitrogen ( \(98 \%\) nitrogen and \(2 \%\) oxygen from a membrane
Use Figure 7-14 to determine (a) the voltage and accumulated charge between the nozzle and the tank, and (b) the energy accumulated in the liquid. Do this for three different charge rates:
Determine the capacitance of vessel volumes of 250, 500, 750, and 920 gallons.
Calculate the charge developed on a vessel being filled with carbon black. Consider two filling methods: (a) pouring from an open vessel and (b) pneumatic transport. Assume the vessel has a volume of
Calculate the charge developed on a vessel being filled with carbon black by pouring from another open vessel. Assume the vessel has a volume of \(1.89 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and the feed rate is \(0.1
Determine the concentration of toluene over a diked area, where the diked area is \(100 \mathrm{ft}^{2}\), and the dike is in a process area \(2500 \mathrm{ft}^{2}\). The temperature is \(65^{\circ}
Repeat Problem 7-9 with a diked area of \(2.32 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and a process area of \(46.5 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). The temperature is \(18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).Problem 7-9Determine the concentration of
Repeat Problem 7-10 with a diked area of \(2.32 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) and a process area of \(46.5 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\), but with a drainage pit that has a drain area of \(0.018 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). The
Download the Chemical Reactivity Worksheet for Windows and Mac for free from here: \(\mathrm{http}: / /\) response.restoration.noaa.gov/reactivityworksheet.A laboratory contains the following
A calorimetric analysis of a reactive system reveals the following results:Detected onset temperature: \(350 \mathrm{~K}\)Final temperature: \(450 \mathrm{~K}\)Assuming a reaction order of 1 , a plot
A batch reactor contains \(5000 \mathrm{~kg}\) of reacting liquid. A calorimetric study has shown that the maximum self-heat rate for the reaction is \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) per minute. If the
Equation 8-21 was derived by taking the derivative of Equation 8-19, setting this to zero and solving for \(x m\), the maximum rate. Perform the same procedure on Equation 8-20, which applies for
A chemical reaction has been characterized via a calorimeter and the following results were obtained:Reaction order, \(n: 1.00\)Detected onset temperature, \(T o: 350 \mathrm{~K}\)Final temperature,
The following data are raw data from the ARSST. Assume a first-order reaction for this system. The heating rate for the calorimeter is \(0.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C} / \mathrm{min}\).a. Plot the
Starting from Equation 8-20, show that the maximum self-heat rate for small values of \(B\) is given by\[ x_{n}=1-\frac{n}{\Gamma B} \]What happens for large \(\Gamma\) ? At \(x_{m}=0\) ? At \(\Gamma
A commonly used equation in calorimetry analysis to determine the temperature at the maximum rate is given by\[ T_{\max }=\frac{E_{a}}{2 n R_{g}}\left[\sqrt{1+\frac{4 n R_{g} T_{F}}{E_{a}}}-1ight]
Suppose \(3.60 \mathrm{~g}\) of vacuum-distilled acrylic acid is placed in a titanium test vessel in an ARC. Estimate the phi factor for this experiment.Heat capacity of liquid acrylic acid: \(2.27
Your company is designing a reactor to run the methanol + acetic anhydride reaction. You have been assigned the task of designing the cooling system within the reactor. The reactor is designed to
Your company proposes to use a \(10 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) batch reactor to react methanol + acetic anhydride in a 2:1 molar ratio. The reactor has cooling coils with a maximum cooling rate of \(30
What is wrong with each of the relief configurations in Figure 913 ? Be specific.Figure 913 a) f) 1 Pipe 2 Pipe 6 F 110 psig DR KI psig Terminated Pipe Polymer 6 i) Corrosive Liquid Roof Closed
Review Figure 9-14 and determine (a) the equipment that must be protected by a relief, (b) the relief scenarios for each relief device, and (c) the type of relief required for each location. Steam-
Review Figure 9-15 and determine (a) the equipment that must be protected by a relief, (b) the relief scenarios for each relief device, and (c) the type of relief required for each location. Polymer
Give four examples of situations requiring a combination of spring-operated reliefs in series with rupture discs.
Develop sketches of reactor relief systems for the following four cases: Reactor relief is vapor only Reactor relief is two-phase flow Reactor contents are corrosive Reactor contents are plugging
Spring-operated relief valves must be recertified, typically on an annual basis. This requires removal of the relief device from the vessel. One approach is to place a manual valve before the relief
Describe the process of creating a vacuum in a storage vessel as a result of condensation. Develop an example to illustrate the potential magnitude of the vacuum.
Decide which types of relief devices and configuration should be used for the following situations. Explain.a. The process fluid is highly toxic.b. The process operates close to the MAWP of the
Fill in the blanks in the table. Relief configuration a. Single relief, nonfire b. Single relief, nonfire c. Primary relief, nonfire, with secondary relief d. Secondary relief, nonfire e. Primary
Calculate the diameter of a certified capacity spring-type liquid relief for the following conditions: Pump capacity at Ap Set pressure a. 100 gpm 50 psig 100 psig b. 200 gpm 5 m/s 5 barg C. d. 7 m/s
Calculate the diameter of a spring-type vapor relief for the following conditions. Assume for each case a heat capacity ratio \(\gamma=1.3\) and a compressibility \(z=1.0\). Set pressure a. 100 psig
Calculate the required diameter for certified-capacity liquid rupture discs for the following conditions. Assume a liquid specific gravity of 1.2 for all cases. Liquid flow a. 500 gpm b. 100 gpm c. 5
Calculate the diameter for rupture discs in vapor service for the following conditions. Assume that nitrogen is the vent gas. Gas flow a. 100 lb/hr b. 200 lb/hr c. 10 kg/s d. 20 kg/s Temperature 100F
Determine the relief diameter for the following two-phase flow conditions. Assume in all cases that \(L / D=0.0\). Reaction mass Volume Set pressure Set temperature (dT/dt)s Maximum pressure Maximum
Determine the deflagration vent size for the following structures: Vapors Internal area of structure Turbulent augmentation factor, Max. internal pressure, Pred Gas Dusts Volume of structure
A cooling coil contains ethyl alcohol. The heat capacity of the alcohol is \(0.58 \mathrm{kcal} / \mathrm{kg}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and its density is \(791 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Determine
Home hot-water heaters contain relief devices to provide protection in the event that the heater controls fail and the water is heated to a high temperature. A typical water heater contains \(40

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