Behavior Analysis And Learning A Biobehavioral Approach 7th Edition Erin B. Rasmussen, Casey J. Clay, W. David Pierce, Carl D. Cheney - Solutions

Respondent conditioning might also be called:a S– R conditioningb S– S pairingc CS– CR associationd R– S learning
To reduce an unwanted CR, one should:a present the CS without the CRb present the CR without the USc present the US without the CSd present the CS without the US
Drug tolerance induced by a particular stimulus or setting has been shown to be a result of:a generalizationb metabolizationc discriminationd conditioned compensatory response
Which of the following is not a traditional way of relating the CS and a US?a traceb simultaneousc delayedd overshadowing
The Rescorla– Wagner theory suggests that a CS becomes effective:a graduallyb through backward conditioningc by conditioned inhibitiond following tolerance
The term operant comes from the verb ________ and refers to behavior that__________.a opponent; opposes its consequences in a given environmentb opendum; opens the door to its effects on a given occasionc operates; operates on the environment to produce effectsd opara; presents the opportunity to
What defines a contingency of reinforcement?a discriminative stimulusb operantc reinforcementd all of the above
Which of the following is not one of the four basic contingencies?a positive reinforcementb positive extinctionc negative punishmentd negative reinforcement
In terms of rewards and intrinsic motivation, Cameron et al. (2001) conducted a statistical procedure called____________ , and one of the findings indicated that verbal rewards ___________ performance and interest on tasks.a multivariate analysis; decreasedb meta- analysis; decreasedc meta-
The Premack principle states that a higher- frequency behavior will:a function as reinforcement for a lower- frequency behaviorb function as punishment for a high- frequency behaviorc function as intermittent reinforcement for a low- frequency behaviord none of the above1
To experimentally study the probability of response, a researcher uses ________ as the basic measure and follows the ________ method.a latency; T- mazeb latency; free operantc operant rate; T- mazed operant rate; free operant
Shaping of behavior involves:a the molding of a response class by the physical arrangement of the operant chamberb differentially reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the final performancec withholding and giving food for correct performance of a specified level of responsed none of the
A classic experiment on the effects of extinction by Antonitis (1951) involved:a nose poking by rats for food reinforcementb photographs of the rats’ position and body anglec increased variability of nose poking during extinctiond all of the above
In terms of response stereotypes, variability, and reinforcement, the work by Barry Schwartz shows that reinforcement can produce _________ patterns of behavior, while the work of Neuringer and his colleagues indicatesthat reinforcement can produce ___________ .a stereotyped; response variabilityb
Which of the following is involved in the partial reinforcement effect?a longer extinction on intermittent reinforcement compared with CRFb the higher the rate of reinforcement, the greater the resistance to changec discrimination between reinforcement and extinction is more rapid on CRFd all of
Schedules of reinforcement were first described by:a Charles Fersterb Francis Mechnerc B. F. Skinnerd Fergus Lowe
Infrequent reinforcement generates responding that is persistent. What is this called?a postreinforcement pauseb partial reinforcement effectc molar maximizingd intermittent resistance
The main or direct effect of an FR 25 schedule is:a. break and runb. scallopc. 25 responsesd. one first response after 25 s
Resurgence happens when:a behavior is put on extinctionb reinforcement magnitude is doubledc high- probability behavior persistsd response variability declines
Schedules that generate predictable break- and- run “stair- step” patterns are:a fixed intervalb fixed ratioc variable ratiod random ratio
Variable- ratio schedules generate:a postreinforcement pausesb locked ratesc break- and- run performanced high rates of response
Schedules that combine time and one response are called:a partial reinforcement schedulesb complex schedulesc interval schedulesd fixed- time schedules
The side- effect shape of the response pattern generated by an FI is called a:a scallopb ogivec break and paused accelerating dynamic
Human performance on FI differs from animal data due to:a intelligence differencesb self- instructionc contingency effectsd alternative strategies
Behavior is said to be in transition when it is between:a the PRP and IRIb stable statesc one schedule and anotherd a response run
In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are ________ , while threats and failing grades are___________.a potent; impotentb natural; secondaryc primary; conditionedd primitive; cultured
Punishment:a. increases the behavior on which it is contingentb. decreases the behavior on which it is contingentc. does not workd. should be used whenever possible
Punishment:a. increases the behavior on which it is contingentb. decreases the behavior on which it is contingentc. does not workd. should be used whenever possible
In studies on avoidance, the time between shocks if the organism does nothing is the _ interval and the time between an avoidance response and the next shock is the _ interval.a temporal shock; response timeb shock– shock; response– shockc shocking; respondingd aversive; postponement
The procedure of nondiscriminated avoidance is also called:a signaled avoidanceb sensory aversionc Sidman avoidanced Stevens aversion
In terms of operant– respondent interactions, persistence, and avoidance:a operant avoidance prevents respondent extinctionb operant avoidance interacts with respondent aggressionc operant avoidance competes with respondent avoidanced operant avoidance sets the occasion for respondent aversion
For learned helplessness, pre- exposure to escape _ the helplessness brought on by _ aversivestimulation.a enhances; noncontingentb causes; excessivec augments; expectedd blocks; inescapable
With regard to displaced aggression, Ulrich and Azrin (1962) found that the probability of attack for any single shock:a decreased as the number of shocks increasedb remained constant as the number of shocks increasedc increased as the number of shocks went upd increased and then decreased as the
Which are side effects of punishment?a. displaced aggressionb. learned helplessnessc. social disruptiond. all of the above
In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element is:a escape due to coercionb escape due to positive reinforcementc escape due to contingencies of avoidanced escape due to a history of inescapable shock
In terms of operant contingencies and the intrusion of reflexive behavior:a operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcementb reflexive behavior is elicited by respondent procedures embedded in operant contingenciesc respondent procedures cause species-
What did Brown and Jenkins (1968) conclude about autoshaping in their pigeons?a the look– peck coupling is species- specific and results in pecks to the illuminated keyb following illumination of the key with grain eventually caused the lighted key to elicit peckingc eventually an operant chain
Phenomena such as instinctive drift, sign tracking, and autoshaping have been analyzed as:a stimulus substitution, where the CS substitutes for the USb behavior systems activated by the US and the physical properties of the CSc both (a) and (b)d none of the above
In terms of operant conditioning of reflexive behavior, the experiment by Miller and Carmona (1967):a showed conclusive results for operant conditioning of salivationb showed that salivation and heart rate were both susceptible to operant conditioningc showed that the increased flow of saliva was
What does the evidence suggest about the operant conditioning of reflexive behavior?a reflexes can be conditioned by operant procedures in some circumstancesb reflexive behavior is hardly ever controlled by respondent proceduresc reflexive behavior is generally controlled by operant proceduresd
When a CS compound (color and taste) is associated with illness, different species show avoidance to the twoparts of the compound. This phenomenon is called:a species readinessb species setc species preparednessd species activation
What did Lett and Grant (1996) suggest with regard to activity anorexia?a it could involve taste aversion induced by physical activityb it probably explains taste aversion conditioningc it is the first stage in taste aversion conditioningd both (b) and (c)
Excessive drinking is technically called:a polyhydrationb polydipsiac polyfluidityd polydistation
What is the basic finding for activity anorexia?a decreased food intake increases physical activityb increased food intake increases physical activityc physical activity decreases food intaked both (a) and (c)
An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is _ reinforced.a sometimesb alwaysc neverd maybe
An SD does not cause or elicit the appearance of a response the way a _ does.a URb SRc CSd CR
In operant conditioning, what is the antecedent stimulus paired with reinforcement called?a SΔb S– R– Sc SDd CS
A two- component schedule in which both components have separate stimuli is called a:a MIXb CONCc TANDd MULT
To keep the onset of SD from reinforcing responses in SΔ, one needs to add a(n) _ contingency.a EXTb IRTc DROd PRP
If reinforcers on one schedule are depleted and responding in another schedule increases, we call this:a negative contrastb positive contrastc substitutabilityd anticipatory contrast
A change in maximal generalization responding, away from SΔ to the other side of SD, is called:a gradient shiftb relative controlc stimulus controld peak shift
A shaping procedure that gradually changes stimulus control from one element to another is called:a approximationsb fadingc transferd conditional discrimination
If you trained a pigeon to turn in a circle when a TURN sign was presented, you could say that the bird was:a discriminatingb conceptually orientedc readingd both (a) and (c)
With careful shaping and fading one might develop discrimination without:a reinforcementb extinctionc contrastd errors
In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with:a the distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcementb the decision- making capabilities of the organismc the information processing during decision makingd the differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
Which of the following is used to investigate choice in the laboratory?a an operant chamber with a single manipulandumb two cumulative recorders that are running successivelyc concurrent schedules of reinforcementd both (a) and (b)
In order to prevent switching on concurrent schedules:a program an intermittent schedule of reinforcementb program a changeover delayc program a multiple scheduled program a DRO contingency
The experiment by Herrnstein (1961b) using a two- key concurrent VI VI schedule is described by:a the matching relation for a single alternativeb the quantitative law of effectc the proportional matching equationd the nonmatching function for multiple alternatives
The generalized matching relation has described the choice behavior of:a pigeonsb wagtailsc ratsd all of the above
When the response is continuous rather than discrete, use a matching equation for:a time spent on each alternativeb rate of response on each alternativec several concurrent schedules of reinforcementd the single operant
The equation for matching of ratios of rates of response to rates of reinforcement:a is stated in terms of a power lawb includes a value for biasc includes a value for sensitivityd is characterized by all of the above
In contrast to optimal foraging, the process of _ has been described.a maximizationb meliorationc multiple schedule inferenced monotonic matching
Behavioral economics involves the use of:a economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choiceb economic factors to predict animal behavior in the marketplacec economic indicators when pigeons are trading goods and servicesd economic satisfaction due to reinforcement
Delay discounting describesa how reinforcer value degrades with delay to its receiptb is a trait variablec is a state variabled explains why some people may struggle with preventative health behaviors, such as substance usedisorders or obesitye all of the above
In the laboratory, when a clicking sound is followed by food, the clicking sound:a takes on a conditioned reinforcement functionb will support an operant that produces itc can become an enduring reinforcing stimulusd is characterized by all of the above
Backward chaining involves:a teaching the initial component or link firstb teaching the final component or link firstc teaching from the middle to the last component or linkd teaching the final component or link in random order
On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and unconditioned reinforcement:a the greater the stimulus controlb the less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcerc the greater the value of the unconditioned reinforcerd the less the value of the unconditioned
In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:a stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing responseb stimuli correlated with punishment and extinction maintain an observing responsec stimuli correlated with negative reinforcement and punishment
The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American Airlines illustrates:a how behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcementb how behavior is distributed on a concurrent- chains schedule of reinforcementc the role of delay reduction in choice situationsd both (b) and
According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:a is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behaviorb is not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/ satiation of the organismc is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer
Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:a attention has preceded a variety of reinforcements from peopleb attention is needed for children to develop into emotionally healthy individualsc attention is around children all the time so they get used to itd attention is
Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. This could be due to:a the abuser punishing affectionate behavior of the victimb the abuser negatively reinforcing affectionate behavior by the victimc longing for a real emotional attachment to the parentsd a token economy
The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows:a token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behaviorb tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spendingc token reinforcement can maintain and train performance on discrimination tasksd all of the above
Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:a patients with psychiatric disordersb children who engage in criminal actsc typically developing childrend medical patientse all of the above
The relation between saying and doing is formally a ________ relation.a cognitive consistencyb correspondencec synergisticd dose– response
Imitation requires that the learner emits a ________ response that could only occur by observing a(n) ________ emit a similar response.a significant; peerb operant; organismc novel; modeld similar; conspecific
What did Thorndike (1898) conclude from imitation experiments with animals?a animals show amazing intelligenceb animals can easily imitate another member of their speciesc animals do not show a capacity for intelligenced animals cannot learn by observation
The second experiment by Epstein (1984) concerned __________ and showed that spontaneous imitation in pigeons occurred after__________ had elapsed.a delayed imitation; 24 hb deferred matching; 48 hc delayed sampling; 24 hd deferred equivalence; 48 h
In the study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation by Meltzoff and Moore (1977), the researchers:a used 12- to 21- day- old infantsb presented a passive face for 90 sc presented four gestures in random orderd did all of the above
Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior:a shows that humans and pigeons share much in commonb shows identical functions of the behaviorc shows that structure and function go togetherd shows none of the above
With regard to generalized imitation, which of the following statements are true?a generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognitionb generalized imitation provides an account of imitation after a delayc generalized imitation is part of Bandura’s cognitive theoryd all of the above
To show the importance of __________for Marilla’s__________imitations, Don Baer changed the__________of reinforcement.a stimulus control; immediate; contingencyb stimulus control; spontaneous; qualityc reinforcement; novel; contingencyd reinforcement; immediate; quality
Rule- governed behavior involves:a control by contingency- specifying stimuli (verbal stimuli)b the effects of instructions on the behavior of the listenerc the effects of advice given by a counselord all of the above
Rule following is ____________ regulated by ____________ of reinforcement.a behavior; contingenciesb cognitively; expectanciesc mentally; contingenciesd socially; expectancies
_________introduced the term verbal behavior to deal with the ___________ of the speaker.a Chomsky; transformational grammarb Skinner; performancec Crick; conscienced Pavlov; conditioned responses
According to the behavioral or functional account, sign language, gestures, and body movements are instances of:a nonverbal communicationb message transmissionc verbal behaviord culture and tradition
One kind of conditioned establishing operation (CEO) called the _______involves withholding an object oritem necessary to complete a behavioral sequence.a no item methodb absent object techniquec interrupted item methodd blocked response
When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are:a mandingb tactingc intraverbald textual
In echoic behavior, when ____________ by the child correspond to those of the adult, the ___________ patterns also overlap.a sounds; temporalb phonemes; reverberationc speech; phonemed articulations; acoustical
When John says to his sister Katherine “Could you please get me a glass of water” rather than “Get me a glass of water,” the basic unit added to his mand is called a (an):a textual editingb autoclitic responsec extended tactingd none of these
A response such as “I have butterflies in my stomach” can be analyzed as: ________ .a generalized tactingb generalized mandingc formal mandingd formal tacting
When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called:a identity matchingb matching to samplec transitivity matchingd symbolic matching
When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called:a identity matchingb matching to samplec transitivity matchingd symbolic matching
In terms of interlocking contingencies, a vertical arrow (downward) from the speaker’s operant chain to that of the listener’s indicates that:a the speaker’s behavior causes stimulation and/ or reinforcement for the listener’s behaviorb the listener is causally motivated to behave as the
Applied behavior analysis is a field of study that focuses on the application of the ____________, methods, and procedures of the science of behavior.a equationsb principlesc researchd findings
In terms of a behavioral contract, the details usually specify:a what is expected of the clientb the level of attention requiredc the consequences that follow behaviord both (a) and (c)
What is behavior trapping?a the fact that animal behavior leads to trapping by huntersb Don Baer got trapped by a behavioral contingencyc new behavior is trapped by the natural contingenciesd an attempt to overcome the traps that our behavior causes
Which of the following are multiple baseline designs?a multiple baseline across settingsb multiple baseline across subjectsc multiple baseline across behaviorsd all of the above
In the treatment of substance use disorders, contingency management involves:a the use of fading medical testingb the use of vouchers contingent on abstinencec the use of contingent attentiond the use of reinforcement of alternative behavior
Fred Keller wrote a seminal article on college teaching called _ .a “Farewell to College Education”b “Good- Bye, Teacher …”c “Keller on Teaching”d “So Long to Higher Education”

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Behavior Analysis And Learning A Biobehavioral Approach 7th Edition Erin B. Rasmussen, Casey J. Clay, W. David Pierce, Carl D. Cheney - Solutions

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