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schaums outline of college physics

Questions and Answers of Schaums Outline Of College Physics

Figure 40-2 shows a thin film of a transparent material of thickness d and index nf where n2 > nf > n1. For what three smallest film thicknesses will reflected light rays-1 and -2 interfere
Two narrow, horizontal, parallel slits (a distance a = 0.60 mm apart) are illuminated by a beam of 500-nm light as shown in Fig. 40-3. Light that is diffracted at certain angles θ reinforces; at
Monochromatic light from a point source illuminates two narrow, horizontal, parallel slits. The centers of the two slits are a = 0.80 mm apart, as shown in Fig. 40-1. An interference pattern forms on
Repeat Problem 40.1 for the case in which n1 f > or n1 > nf 2.Problem 40.1Figure 40-2 shows a thin film of a transparent material of thickness d and index nf where n2 > nf > n1. For what
As shown in Fig. 40-4, two flat glass plates touch along the leftmost edge and are separated at the other end by a spacer. Using vertical viewing and light with λ = 589.0 nm, five dark fringes
When one leg of a Michelson interferometer is lengthened slightly, 150 dark fringes sweep through the field of view. If the light used has a wavelength of λ = 480 nm, how far was the mirror in that
In an experiment used to show Newton’s rings, a plano-convex lens is placed on a flat glass plate, as in Fig. 40-5. When the lens is illuminated from directly above, a top-side viewer sees a series
A single slit of width D = 0.10 mm is illuminated by parallel light of wavelength 600 nm, and diffraction bands are observed on a screen 40 cm from the slit. How far is the third dark band from the
Discuss the thickness of a soap film in air which will appear black when viewed with sodium light (λ = 589.3 nm) reflected perpendicular to the film. The refractive index for soap solution is n =
Figure 40-8 depicts a laboratory setup for grating experiments. The diffraction grating has 5000 lines/cm and is 1.00 m from the slit, which is illuminated with sodium light. On either side of the
Red light falls normally on a diffraction grating ruled 4000 lines/cm, and the second-order image is diffracted 34.0° from the normal. Compute the wavelength of the light.
Green light of wavelength 540 nm is diffracted by a grating ruled with 2000 lines/cm. (a) Compute the angular deviation of the third-order image. (b) Is a 10th-order image possible?
Show that, in a spectrum of white light obtained with a grating, the red (λr = 700 nm) of the second order overlaps the violet (λu = 400 nm) of the third order.
A parallel beam of X-rays is diffracted by a rock salt crystal. The first-order strong reflection is obtained when the glancing angle (the angle between the crystal face and the beam) is 6°50'. The
Two point sources of light are 50 cm apart, as shown in Fig. 40-9. They are viewed by the eye at a distance L. The entrance opening (pupil) of the viewer’s eye has a diameter of 3.0 mm. If the eye
Considering Young’s experiment using monochromatic light, what happens to the width of the central fringe (and, indeed, of all the fringes) if we decrease the wavelength by 10%, all else kept
In the double-slit setup using monochromatic illumination, what is the value of the path-length difference for the first bright bands above and below the central band? Explain your answer.
In Young’s experiment using monochromatic light, what happens to the separation of the fringes if we increase the wavelength by 20%, all else kept constant? Explain your answer.
In Young’s double-slit setup using monochromatic light and horizontal slits, what happens to the width of the central fringe (and, indeed, of all the fringes) if we double the separation between
Suppose we have Young’s double-slit setup with monochromatic illumination and the screen on which the fringe pattern is moved from 1.5 m to 3.0 m from the aperture screen. Describe what, if
Derive an expression for the location of the centers of the dark bands in Young’s experiment. Give your answer in terms of Δr = r1 – r2 and m' = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Explain your answer.
In Young’s experiment using monochromatic light at a vacuum wavelength of 589.3 nm, the two narrow slits are separated center to center by 2.40 mm. Determine the spacing between successive bright
The separation of the fringes in the previous problem is inconveniently small and hard to see. To fix that, suppose we double the distance from the slits to the viewing screen, and also reduce the
In an experiment such as that described in Problem 40.1, brightness is observed for the following film thicknesses: 2.90 × 10-7 m, 5.80 × 10-7 m, and 8.70 × 10-7 m. (a) What is the wavelength of
Two sound sources send identical waves of 20-cm wavelength out along the +x-axis. At what separations of the sources will a listener on the axis beyond him or her hear (a) The loudest sound and (b)
A double-slit experiment is done in the usual way with 480-nm light and narrow slits that are 0.050 cm apart. At what angle to the central axis will one observe (a) The third-order bright spot
In Problem 40.27, if the slit-to-screen distance is 200 cm, how far from the central maximum are (a) The third-order bright spot and(b) The second minimum?Problem 40.27A double-slit experiment is
Red light of wavelength 644 nm, from a point source, passes through two parallel and narrow slits which are 1.00 mm apart. Determine the distance between the central bright fringe and the third dark
Two flat glass plates are pressed together at the top edge and separated at the bottom edge by a strip of tinfoil. The air wedge is examined in yellow sodium light (589 nm) reflected normally from
Repeat Problem 40.1 if the film has a refractive index of 1.40 and the vacuum wavelength of the incident light is 600 nm.Problem 40.1Figure 40-2 shows a thin film of a transparent material of
A mixture of yellow light of wavelength 580 nm and blue light of wavelength 450 nm is incident normally on an air film 290 nm thick. What is the color of the reflected light?
Repeat Problem 40.6 if the wedge is filled with a fluid that has a refractive index of 1.50 instead of air.Problem 40.6As shown in Fig. 40-4, two flat glass plates touch along the leftmost edge and
A single slit of width 0.140 mm is illuminated by monochromatic light, and diffraction bands are observed on a screen 2.00 m away. If the second dark band is 16.0 mm from the central bright band,
Green light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a grating, and the second-order image is diffracted 32.0° from the normal. How many lines/cm are marked on the grating?
A narrow beam of yellow light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating ruled 2000 lines/cm, and images are formed on a screen parallel to the grating and 1.00 m distant.
Blue light of wavelength 4.7 × 10-7 m is diffracted by a grating ruled 5000 lines/cm. (a) Compute the angular deviation of the second-order image. (b) What is the highest-order image theoretically
Determine the ratio of the wavelengths of two spectral lines if the second-order image of one line coincides with the third-order image of the other line, both lines being examined by means of the
A spectrum of white light is obtained with a grating ruled with 2500 lines/cm. Compute the angular separation between the violet (λu = 400 nm) and red (λr = 700 nm) in the (a) First order and (b)
A spectrum of the Sun’s radiation in the infrared region is produced by a grating. What is the wavelength being studied if the infrared line in the first order occurs at an angle of 25.0° with the
How far apart are the diffracting planes in a NaCl crystal for which X-rays of wavelength 1.54 Å make a glancing angle of 15°54' in the first order?
How fast must an object be moving if its corresponding value of γ is to be 1.0 percent larger than γ is when the object is at rest? Give your answer to two significant figures.
Compute the value of γ for a particle traveling at half the speed of light. Give your answer to three significant figures.
If 1.00 g of matter could be converted entirely into energy, what would be the value of the energy so produced, at 10.0 cents per kW.h?
A 2.0-kg object is lifted from the floor to a tabletop 30 cm above the floor. By how much did the mass of the system consisting of the Earth and the object increase because of this increased PEG?
An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1.5 MV and thereby acquires 1.5 MV of energy. Find its final speed.
Show that KE = (γm - m)c2 reduces to KE = when υ is very much smaller than c. 1 mv²
Determine the energy required to give an electron a speed equal to 0.90 that of light, starting from rest.
An electron traveling at high (or relativistic) speed moves perpendicularly to a magnetic field of 0.20 T. Its path is circular, with a radius of 15 m. Find (a) The momentum, (b) The speed,
The Sun radiates energy equally in all directions. At the position of the Earth (r = 1.50 × 1011 m), the irradiance of the Sun’s radiation is 1.4 kW/m2. How much mass does the Sun lose per day
A beam of radioactive particles is measured as it shoots through the laboratory. It is found that, on the average, each particle “lives” for a time of 2.0 × 10-8 s; after that time, the particle
Two twins are 25.0 years old when one of them sets out on a journey through space at nearly constant speed. The twin in the spaceship measures time with an accurate watch. When he returns to Earth,
Two cells that subdivide on Earth every 10.0 s start from the Earth on a journey to the Sun (1.50 × 1011 m away) in a spacecraft moving at 0.850c. How many cells will exist when the spacecraft
A person in a spaceship holds a meterstick as the ship shoots past the Earth with a speed υ parallel to the Earth’s surface. What does the person in the ship notice as the stick is rotated from
A spacecraft moving at 0.95c travels from the Earth to the star Alpha Centauri, which is 4.5 light years away. How long will the trip take according to (a) Earth clocks and (b) Spacecraft
As a rocket ship sweeps past the Earth with speed υ, it sends out a pulse of light ahead of it. How fast does the light pulse move according to people on the Earth?
The fastest vehicle leaving Earth so far was NASA’s New Horizon Pluto mission. The craft attained a speed of 16.26 km/s. Determine the corresponding value of γ usingfirst; then use Eq. (41.2).
Determine γ when the speed of a spacecraft is 3c/5.
A spaceship is seen by a stationary observer on the ground to be moving with a speed such that γ = 1.67. The craft when constructed was 100.0 m long. How long will it appear to the observer?
A space probe that was manufactured to be precisely 200 m long is flying passed a space station. Someone aboard the station measures the probe to be 180 m long. Determine γ for the probe.
How fast was the probe traveling, in the previous problem, when it passed the station?Previous problemA space probe that was manufactured to be precisely 200 m long is flying passed a space station.
The clock on a spaceship shows that a robot on board took 10.0 s to do some job. The ship flies passed a station, and someone watching the robot also notes how long it took to do the job using her
A proton has a mass of 1.672 6 × 10–27 kg and is traveling at a speed where γ = 2.294 157; that’s 90.000% the speed of light. Determine the magnitude of its momentum. How does that compare with
A proton has a mass of 1.672 6 × 10–27 kg and is traveling at a speed where γ = 2.294 157; that’s 90% the speed of light. Determine its total energy. Four significant figures will do. Discuss
A proton has a mass of 1.672 6 × 10–27 kg and is traveling at a speed where γ = 2.294 157; that’s 90% the speed of light.Determine its rest energy. Four significant figures will do. What does
A proton has a mass of 1.672 6 × 10–27 kg and is traveling at a speed where γ = 2.294 157; that’s 90% the speed of light. Determine its kinetic energy. Four significant figures will do. What
At what speed must a particle move for γ to be 2.0?
A particle is traveling at a speed υ such that u/c = 0.99. Find γ for the particle.
Compute the rest energy of an electron—that is, the energy equivalent of its mass, 9.11 × 10-31 kg.
Determine the speed of an electron having a kinetic energy of 1.0 × 105 eV (or equivalently 1.6 × 10-14 J).
Starting with the definition of linear momentum and the relation between mass and energy, prove that E2 = p2c2 + m2c4. Use this relation to show that the translational KE of a particle of mass m is
A proton (m = 1.67 × 10-27 kg) is accelerated to a kinetic energy of 200 MeV. What is its speed at this energy?
A certain strain of bacteria doubles in number each 20 days. Two of these bacteria are placed on a spaceship and sent away from the Earth for 1000 Earth-days. During this time, the speed of the ship
A certain light source sends out 2 × 1015 pulses each second. As a spaceship travels parallel to the Earth’s surface with a speed of 0.90c, it uses this source to send pulses to the Earth. The
The insignia painted on the side of a spaceship is a circle with a line across it at 45° to the vertical. As the ship shoots past another ship in space, with a relative speed of 0.95c, the second
As a spacecraft moving at 0.92c travels past an observer on Earth, the Earthbound observer and the occupants of the craft each start identical alarm clocks that are set to ring after 6.0 h have
Find the speed and momentum of a proton (m = 1.67 × 10-27 kg) that has been accelerated through a potential difference of 2000 MV. (We call this a 2 GeV proton.) Give your answers to three
Show that the photons in a 1240-nm infrared beam have energies of 1.00 eV.
Compute the energy of a photon of blue light of wavelength 450 nm.
To break a chemical bond in the molecules of human skin and thus cause sunburn, a photon energy of about 3.50 eV is required. To what wavelength does this correspond?
The work function of sodium metal is 2.3 eV. What is the longestwavelength light that can cause photoelectron emission from sodium?
What potential difference must be applied to stop the fastest photoelectrons emitted by a nickel surface under the action of ultraviolet light of wavelength 200 nm? The work function of nickel is
Will photoelectrons be emitted by a metal surface, of work function 4.4 eV, when illuminated by visible light?
A beam (λ = 633 nm) from a typical laser designed for student use has an intensity of 3.0 mW. How many photons pass a given point in the beam each second?
In a process called pair production, a photon is transformed into an electron and a positron. A positron has the same mass (me) as the electron, but its charge is +e. To three significant figures,
What wavelength must electromagnetic radiation have if a photon in the beam is to have the same momentum as an electron moving with a speed of 2.00 × 105 m/s?
Suppose that a 3.64-nm photon moving in the +x-direction collides head-on with a 2 × 105 m/s electron moving in the -xdirection. If the collision is perfectly elastic, find the conditions after
A photon (λ = 0.400 nm) strikes an electron at rest and rebounds at an angle of 150° to its original direction. Find the speed and wavelength of the photon after the collision.
What is the de Broglie wavelength for a particle moving with speed 2.0 × 106 m/s if the particle is (a) An electron, (b) A proton, and (c) A 0.20-kg ball?
An electron falls from rest through a potential difference of 100 V. What is its de Broglie wavelength?
What potential difference is required in an electron microscope to give electrons a wavelength of 0.500 Å?
By definition, a thermal neutron is a free neutron in a neutron gas at about 20 °C (293 K). What are the KE and wavelength of such a neutron?
Find the pressure exerted on a surface by the photon beam of Problem 42.7 if the cross-sectional area of the beam is 3.0 mm2. Assume perfect reflection at normal incidence.Problem 42.7A beam (λ =
A particle of mass m is confined to a narrow tube of length L. Find (a) The wavelengths of the de Broglie waves which will resonate in the tube, (b) The corresponding particle momenta, and (c) The
A particle of mass m is confined to a circular orbit with radius R. For resonance of its de Broglie wave on this orbit, what energies can the particle have? Determine the KE for an electron with R =
If you double the frequency of a photon, what happens to its energy? Explain your answer.
If you double the wavelength of a photon, what happens to its energy? Explain your answer.
Show that Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J.s, can be expressed as 4.136 × 10-15 eV.s.
Show that hc = 1240 eV·nm. This will be useful when we work with E = hc/λ.
What is the energy of a photon in eV if it has a wavelength of 700 nm?
Determine the energy in joules of a photon that has a wavelength of 589.3 nm at the center of the sodium doublet.

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