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physics
schaums outline of college physics

Questions and Answers of Schaums Outline Of College Physics

A photon has an energy of 2.0 eV. Determine its wavelength.
A photon has an energy of 4.0 eV. Determine its frequency expressed in terahertz.
Determine the momentum of a photon having a frequency of 410.0 THz.
Cosmic rays bombard the CO2 in the atmosphere and, by nuclear reaction, cause the formation of the radioactive carbon isotopeThis isotope has a half-life of 5730 years. It mixes into the atmosphere
A beam of gamma rays has a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm2 and carries 7.0 × 108 photons through the cross section each second. Each photon has an energy of 1.25 MeV. The beam passes through a 0.75
A beam of alpha particles passes through flesh and deposits 0.20 J of energy in each kilogram of flesh. The Q for these particles is 12 Sv/Gy. Find the dose in Gy and rad, as well as the effective
A tumor on a person’s leg has a mass of 3.0 g. What is the minimum activity a radiation source can have if it is to furnish a dose of 10 Gy to the tumor in 14 min? Assume each disintegration within
Calculate the binding energy of carbon-12 (12C) in MeV to four figures. The mass of the carbon atom is 12.000 000 u.
The most common isotope of iron is iron-56 (56Fe) at 91.8%. Its atomic mass is 55.934 942 u. Calculate its nuclear mass defect.
Calculate the nuclear binding energy of boron-11 (11B) in MeV to four figures. The mass of the boron atom is 11.009 305 u.
The heavy isotope of hydrogen, deuterium (2H), has an atomic mass of 2.014 102 u. Its nucleus consists of 1 proton and 1 neutron. Calculate its nuclear binding energy in MeV to four figures.
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of the most common (99.8%) isotope of oxygen (16O) in MeV to four figures. The mass of the oxygen-16 atom is 15.994 915 u.
A person in a hospital is injected with 10.0 millicuries of technetium-99. Determine the activity, that is, the number of disintegrations per second.
A 70.0-kg hospital patient receives a short-lived radioactive isotope that decays via the emission of gamma-ray photons. If the isotope leads to the absorption of 0.25 J of radiant energy, what is
A man in a hospital has his broken 5.5-kg leg X-rayed. He receives an equivalent dose of 60 mrem. How much energy did the leg absorb?
Consider the following fission reaction:where the neutral atomic masses are given. How much energy is released when (a) 1 atom undergoes this type of fission, and (b) 1.0 kg of atoms undergoes
An 80.0-kg man receives a short-lived radioactive isotope that decays via the emission of gamma-ray photons with an RBE of 0.90. If the isotope leads to the absorption of 0.30 J of radiant energy,
It is proposed to use the nuclear fusion reactionto produce industrial power (neutral atomic masses are given). If the output is to be 150 MW and the energy of the reaction will be used with 30
One of the most promising fusion reactions for power generation involves deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H):where the atomic masses including electrons are as given. How much energy is produced when 2.0
Find the energy released when two deuterons (21H, atomic mass = 2.014 10 u) fuse to form (atomic mass = 3.016 03 u) with the release of a neutron. Give your answer to three significant figures. 32 He
What is the average KE of a neutron at the center of the Sun, where the temperature is about 107 K? Give your answer to two significant figures.
The tar in an ancient tar pit has a 14C activity that is only about 4.00 percent of that found for new wood of the same density. What is the approximate age of the tar?
Rubidium-87 has a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years and decays to strontium-87, which is stable. In an ancient rock, the ratio of 87Sr to 87Rb is 0.005 0. If we assume all the strontium came from
The luminous dial of an old watch gives off 130 fast electrons each minute. Assume that each electron has an energy of 0.50 MeV and deposits that energy in a volume of skin that is 2.0 cm2 in area
An alpha-particle beam enters a charge collector and is measured to carry 2.0 × 10−14 C of charge into the collector each second. The beam has a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2, and it penetrates
How much energy should be pumped into a hydrogen atom to raise it from its ground state into its 2nd excited state?
A hydrogen atom in its 1st excited state drops down to its ground state emitting a photon in the process. Find the energy of that photon.
A hydrogen atom in its 1st excited state drops down to its ground state emitting a photon in the process. Calculate the wavelength of that photon.
One spectral line in the hydrogen spectrum has a wavelength of 821 nm. What is the energy difference between the two states that gives rise to this line?
What are the energies of the two longest-wavelength lines in the Paschen series for hydrogen? What are the corresponding wavelengths? Give your answers to two significant figures.
What is the wavelength of the series limit line for the hydrogen Paschen series? Consult Problem 43.3 for an explanation of “series limit.”Problem 43.3The series limit wavelength of the Balmer
The lithium atom has a nuclear charge of +3e. Find the energy required to remove the third electron from a lithium atom that has already lost two of its electrons. Assume the third electron to be
What are the three longest photon wavelengths that singly ionized helium atoms (in their ground state) will absorb strongly? (See Fig. 43-3.) E (EV) o -8 - 16 -24 -32 -40 -48 -56 1 Ionized
Electrons in an electron beam are accelerated through a potential difference V and are incident on hydrogen atoms in their ground state. What is the maximum value for V if the collisions are to be
How much energy is required to remove the second electron from a singly ionized helium atom? What is the maximum wavelength of an incident photon that could tear this electron from the ion?
In the spectrum of singly ionized helium, what is the series limit for its Balmer series?
What are the quantum numbers for the electrons in the lithium atom (Z = 3) when the atom is in its ground state?
(a) Estimate the wavelength of the photon emitted as an electron falls from the n = 2 shell to the n = 1 shell in the gold atom (Z = 79). (b) About how much energy must bombarding electrons have to
Suppose electrons had no spin, so that the spin quantum number did not exist. If the Exclusion Principle still applied to the remaining quantum numbers, what would be the first three univalent atoms?
Electrons in an atom that have the same value for ℓ but different values for mℓ and ms are said to be in the same subshell. How many electrons exist in the ℓ = 3 subshell?
An electron beam in an X-ray tube is accelerated through 40 kV and is incident on a tungsten target. What is the shortest wavelength emitted by the tube?
List all four quantum numbers for the single hydrogen (Z = 1) electron in the ground state.
The single electron of a hydrogen atom can exist in a variety of excited states beyond the lowest-energy ground state. How many states would be available when the principal quantum number equals 4
State the quantum numbers (n, ℓ, mℓ, ms) for each electron in the ground state of helium (Z = 2). Explain your answer.
Verify that Fig. 44-1 shows that the number of electrons in a shell can be up to 2n2. 墨 A-1 m =+ 0=3 me=0 2 (=) 0 机。 m+ 200- (2.00+) n = 2 1 == 'me (=1 入 0-'m m,+ m₂ = m₂ -
Explain how it is that the maximum number of electrons in the ℓth subshell is 2(2ℓ + 1).
Argon has a ground state configuration of 1s2·2s22p6·3s23p6 How many electrons does an argon atom possess? What can you say about argon and its last p subshell?
Aluminum has a ground state configuration of 1s2·2s22p6·3s23p1. How many electrons does an aluminum atom possess? What is Z for aluminum? How many electrons have a principal quantum number of 2?
In the Periodic Table the far right column contains the noble gases, noble because they stay away from combining with other elements. Helium (Z = 2) has 2 electrons that fill a 1s shell. Neon (Z =
Specify the ground state electron configuration for silicon (Si) for which Z = 14. Explain your answer. Are all the shells filled?
Silicon is a semiconductor, as is carbon (C) for which Z = 6. Specify the ground state electron configuration. Why do they behave similarly?
If there were no mℓ quantum number, what would be the first four univalent atoms?
Helium has a closed (completely filled) outer shell and is nonreactive because the atom does not easily lose an electron. Show why neon (Z = 10) is the next nonreactive element.
In a mass spectrograph, the masses of ions are determined from their deflections in a magnetic field. Suppose that singly charged ions of chlorine are shot perpendicularly into a magnetic field B =
It is desired to eject an electron from the n = 1 shell of a uranium atom (Z = 92) by means of the atomic photoelectric effect.Approximately what is the longest-wavelength photon capable of doing
The radius of a carbon nucleus is about 3 × 10−15 m and its mass is 12 u. Find the average density of the nuclear material. How many more times dense than water is this?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in (a) 3He,(b) 12C, and (c) 206Pb?
Cobalt-60 (60Co) is often used as a radiation source in medicine. It has a half-life of 5.25 years. How long after a new sample is delivered will its activity have decreased (a) To about one-eighth
Solve Problem 45.5(b) by using the exponential function.Problem 45.5(b)Cobalt-60 (60Co) is often used as a radiation source in medicine. It has a half-life of 5.25 years. How long after a new sample
For the situation described in Problems 45.5 and 45.6, what is N/N0 after 20 years?Problems 45.5Cobalt-60 (60Co) is often used as a radiation source in medicine. It has a half-life of 5.25 years. How
Potassium found in nature contains two isotopes. One isotope constitutes 93.4 percent of the whole and has an atomic mass of 38.975 u; the other 6.6 percent has a mass of 40.974 u. Compute the atomic
The half-life of radium is 1.62 × 103 years. How many radium atoms decay in 1.00 s in a 1.00 g sample of radium? The atomic weight of radium is 226 kg/kmol.
Technetium-99 (9943Tc ) has an excited state that decays by emission of a gamma ray. The half-life of the excited state is 360 min. What is the activity, in curies, of 1.00 mg of this excited isotope?
Complete the following nuclear equations: (a) ¹N+He → 0+? (b) Be+He → ¹20+? (c) Be(p, a)? 30. (d) P→ 4Si +? (e) H → 2He+? (f) 20 Ca(a,?) Sc
How much energy must a bombarding proton possess to cause the reaction 7Li(p,n)7Be? Give your answer to three significant figures.
Uranium-238is radioactive and decays into a succession of different elements. The following particles are emitted before the nucleus reaches a stable form: α, β, β, α, α, α, α, α, β, β, α,
Neon-23 beta decays in the following way: 23- 23- Ne→Na+ e + V
The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.5 × 109 years, and its end product is lead-206. We notice that the oldest uraniumbearing rocks on Earth contain about a 50:50 mixture of 238U and 206Pb.
A nucleusthe parent nucleus, decays to a daughter nucleus D by positron decay:where v is a neutrino, a particle that has nearly zero mass and zero charge. (a) What are the subscript and superscript
A 5.6-MeV alpha particle is shot directly at a uranium atom (Z = 92). About how close will it get to the center of the uranium nucleus?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does an atom ofpossess? 235 92 U
Neon-23 is designated asWhere is it in the Periodic Table? What is the value of A? Is it the most common form of neon? How many protons and neutrons does it possess? 23 10 Ne
When a parent nucleusdecays into a daughter nucleus (D) via the emission of an alpha particle, we have an equation of the formFill in the values of x and y. (P)
What element has 11 protons and 12 neutrons?
How many neutrons are in the nucleus of 14C? Is this the common form of carbon? How many neutrons does “ordinary” carbon have?
Determine the parent nuclide (P) that decayed into thorium-234 as follows: P→ 234Th + a
When a parent nucleusdecays into a daughter nucleus (D) via the emission of an electron, which is always accompanied by an electron antineutrino, we have an equation of the formFill in the values of
When a parent nucleus captures an electron and transforms into a daughter nucleus (D) along with the emission of a neutrino, we have an equation of the formFill in the values of x and y. (P)
The isotope potassium-40 is a β-emitter. Write out the parentdaughter equation for the decay.
Suppose we bombard nitrogen with alpha particles. What might result if an alpha is absorbed and a proton subsequently is emitted?
An important reaction results when lithium absorbs a proton and splits into two helium nuclei (alpha particles). Write out the appropriate equation describing the event.
A boron nucleus (10B) can absorb a neutron and subsequently emit an alpha particle as it transmutes. Write out the appropriate equation describing the event.
If a sample of N0 atoms is radioactive with a half-life t½, show that after a time t the number of atoms remaining will be N(t) = No(21/1₁/₂2) (45.13)
Plutonium-239 decays as in the previous problem with a half-life of 24 000 years. How much of an original quantity of plutonium will still exist 72 000 years after it was produced in a reactor?
Find the binding energy of , which has an atomic mass of 106.905 u. Give your answer to three significant figures. 107 47 Ag
A free neutron is unstable (with a half-life of about 10.8 minutes), decaying into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. If 1000 neutrons are created at once, how many will remain after a time
The binding energy per nucleon for elements near iron in the periodic table is about 8.90 MeV per nucleon. What is the atomic mass, including electrons, of 56 Fe? 26
What mass of has an activity of 1.0 Ci? The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5.25 years. 60 27 Co
An experiment is done to determine the half-life of a radioactive substance that emits one beta particle for each decay process. Measurements show that an average of 8.4 beta particles are emitted
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5.7 × 103 years. What fraction of a sample of 14C will remain unchanged after a period of five halflives?
A certain isotope has a half-life of 7.0 h. How many seconds does it take for 10 percent of the sample to decay?
Upon decayingemits a beta particle. The residual heavy nucleus is also radioactive, and gives rise to 235U by the radioactive process. What small particle is emitted simultaneously with the formation
By natural radioactivity 238U emits an α-particle. The heavy residual nucleus is called UX1. UX1 in turn emits a beta particle. The resultant nucleus is called UX2. Determine the atomic number and
Complete the following equations. (a) Na + He →Mg +? (b) Cu →+je+? tie (c) 106 Ag 106Cd + ? (d) ¹B+He→N+? (e) ¹05 Cd+je: ? 48 (f) 238U-234Th +? 90 92
Complete the notations for the following processes. (a) 24Mg(d, a)? (b) 26Mg(d,p)? 40 (c) 4⁰ Ar(p)? (d) ¹²C(d, n)? (e) 130 Te(d, 2n)? (f) 55Mn(n, y)? (g) 5⁹ Co(n, a)? 59
How much energy is released during reactions (a) H+3Li 2 He and (b) H+ H→He+on
In the 14N(n, p)14C reaction, the proton is ejected with an energy of 0.600 MeV. Very slow neutrons are used. Calculate the mass of the 14C atom.
What is the binding energy per nucleon for the nucleus? The atomic mass of 238U is 238.050 79 u; also mp = 1.007 276 u and mn = 1.008 665 u. 238- 92 U
The binding energy per nucleon for 238U is about 7.6 MeV, while it is about 8.6 MeV for nuclei of half that mass. If a 238U nucleus were to split into two equal-size nuclei, about how much energy
When an atom of 235U undergoes fission in a reactor, about 200 MeV of energy is liberated. Suppose that a reactor using uranium- 235 has an output of 700 MW and is 20 percent efficient. (a) How many

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