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chemistry for engineering students
Chemistry For Engineering Students 4th Edition Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme - Solutions
The pictures below show a molecular-scale view of a chemical reaction between H2 and CO to produce methanol, CH3OH. The box on the left represents the reactants at the instant of mixing, and the box on the right shows what is left once the reaction has gone to completion.Was there a limiting
The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between H2 and O2 molecules. (a) Draw a similar representation for the reactants that must have been present before the reaction took place. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, using the smallest possible
The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between N2 and O2 molecules. (a) Draw a similar representation for the reactants that must have been present before the reaction took place. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, using the smallest possible
The picture shown depicts the species present at the start of a combustion reaction between methane, CH4, and oxygen, O2. (a) What is the limiting reactant? (b) Draw the resulting state after this set of reactants has reacted as far as possible. = C = 0 = H
New chemistry students sometimes try to use the dilution equation, M1 × V1 = M2 × V2 to solve solution stoichiometry problems. (a) What concept is being overlooked by a student who takes this approach? (b) Are there circumstances under which this equation gives a correct answer by coincidence?
Describe the most important characteristics a compound needs to have in order to work as an indicator in an acidbase titration.
Oxygen gas was discovered in the 19th century by Joseph Priestley when he used focused sunlight to heat a sample of mercury(II) oxide. What is the general relationship defining the mass of oxygen he could produce from a given mass of HgO?
Estimate the mass of CO2 emitted by a typical automobile in a year.
In this chapter, we used a simplified equation for the combustion of gasoline. But the products generated in the operation of real automobile engines include various oxides of nitrogen, and it is desirable to remove these compounds from the exhaust stream rather than release them into the
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is important in the production of both fertilizers and detergents. It is distributed commercially as a solution with a concentration of about 14.8 M. Approximately 2.1 × 109 gallons of this concentrated phosphoric acid solution is produced annually in the United States.
The reaction shown below is used to destroy Freon-12 (CF2Cl2), preventing its release into the atmosphere. What mass of NaF will be formed if 250.0 kg of CF2Cl2 and 400.0 kg of Na2C2O4 are heated and allowed to react to completion? CF₂Cl₂ + 2 Na₂C₂O4 → 2 NaF + 2 NaCl + C + 4CO₂
Give the formula for each of the following compounds:(a) Sulfur dichloride, (b) Dinitrogen pentoxide, (c) Silicon tetrachloride, (d) Diboron trioxide (commonly called boric oxide)
Write the molecular formula for each of the following covalent compounds:(a) Sulfur hexafluoride, (b) Bromine pentafluoride,(c) Di sulfur dichloride,(d) Tetrasulfur tetranitride
When aqueous solutions of acetic acid and potassium hydroxide are combined, a neutralization reaction will occur. Write molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for this process.Strategy This is the reaction of a weak acid with a strong base. The reaction between an acid and a base always
Determine the molar mass of each of the following compounds, all of which are used as fertilizers for the production of biomass.(a) Calcium sulfate, CaSO4, (b) Urea, CO(NH2)2, (c) Carnallite, H12Cl3KMgO6.Strategy We must determine the mass contributed by each element and then add them up to
Which (if any) of the following compounds are electrolytes? (a) Glucose, C6H12O6,(b) Ethanol, C2H5OH,(c) Magnesium sulfide, MgS, (d) sulfur hexafluoride, SF6
Automobile exhaust often contains traces of formaldehyde (CH2O), which is another possible product of incomplete combustion. Write a balanced equation for the formation of formaldehyde during the combustion of octane. (Water will also be formed as a product.)
Methane, ethane, and propane are also hydrocarbons, but they are not major components of gasoline. What prevents them from being part of this mixture?
Use the web to research prices of gasoline at the pump for consumers in your area during the past year. Also find information about the price of crude oil for the same period. Discuss any correlations you observe between the two prices.
For the following reactions, write the ratios that can be established among molar amounts of the various compounds.(a) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(b) 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2(c) P4 + 5 O2 → P4O10(d) 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
In an experiment carried out at very low pressure, 1.3 × 1015 molecules of H2 are reacted with acetylene, C2H2, to form ethane, C2H6, on the surface of a catalyst. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. How many molecules of acetylene are consumed?
Sulfur, S8, combines with oxygen at elevated temperatures to form sulfur dioxide. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.(b) If 200 oxygen molecules are used up in this reaction, how many sulfur molecules react? (c) How many sulfur dioxide molecules are formed in part (b)?
How many moles of oxygen can be obtained by the decomposition of 7.5 mol of reactant in each of the following reactions?(a) 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl 1 3 O2(b) 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2(c) 2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2(d) 2 NaNO3 → 2 NaNO2 + O2(e) KClO4 → KCl + 2 O2
For the following reactions, determine the value of x. (a)| 4 C+ Sg →4 CS₂ 3.2 mol Sg yields x mol CS₂ (b) CS₂+3 0₂→ CO₂ + 2 SO₂ 1.8 mol CS₂ yields x mol SO₂ (c) N₂H4 + 3 O₂ → 2 NO₂ + 2 H₂O 7.3 mol O₂ yields x mol NO₂ (d) SiH4 + 2 O₂ →SiO₂ + 2 H₂O 1.3 x
In petroleum refining, hydrocarbons are often manipulated by reacting them with H2(g). If hexene, C6H12, is reacted with hydrogen to form hexane, C6H14, how many moles of hydrogen are needed to react with 453 moles of hexene?
Many metals react with halogens to give metal halides. For example, iron reacts with chlorine to give iron(II) chloride, FeCl2:Beginning with 10.0 g iron, what mass of Cl2, in grams, is required for complete reaction? What quantity of FeCl2, in moles and in grams, is expected? Fe(s) + Cl₂(g) →
The combustion of liquid chloroethylene, C2H3Cl, yields carbon dioxide, steam, and hydrogen chloride gas.(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.(b) How many moles of oxygen are required to react with 35.00 g of chloroethylene?(c) If 25.00 g of chloroethylene reacts with an excess of oxygen,
Phosgene is a highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical weapon at times in the past. It is now used in the manufacture of polycarbonates, which are used to make phone cases and plastic eyeglass lenses. Phosgene is produced by the reaction, CO + Cl2 → COCl2. Given an excess of carbon
How many metric tons of carbon are required to react with 7.83 metric tons of Fe2O3 according to the following reaction?How many metric tons of iron are produced? 2 Fe₂O3 + 3 C 3 CO₂ + 4 Fe
A gas is either CH4 or C2H6. A 1.00-g sample of this gas produces 1.80 g of water when combusted in excess O2. Assuming complete combustion to CO2 and H2O, which gas, is it?
Assuming a charcoal briquette is composed entirely of carbon, what mass of oxygen is needed to completely burn a 37.3-g briquette?
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, will decompose explosively to form N2, O2, and H2O, a fact that has been exploited in terrorist bombings. What mass of nitrogen is formed by the decomposition of 2.6 kg of ammonium nitrate?
Generally, an excess of O2 is needed for the reaction Sn + O2 → SnO2. What is the minimum number of moles of oxygen required to oxidize 7.3 moles of tin?
In the reaction of arsenic with bromine, AsBr5 will form only when excess bromine is present. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Determine the minimum number of moles of bromine that are needed if 9.6 moles of arsenic is present.
The equation for one of the reactions in the process of turning iron ore into the metal isIf you start with 2.00 kg of each reactant, what is the maximum mass of iron you can produce? Fe₂O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO₂(g)
When octane is combusted with inadequate oxygen, carbon monoxide may form. If 100 g of octane is burned in 200 g of O2, are conditions conducive to forming carbon monoxide?
Copper reacts with sulfuric acid according to the following equation:How many grams of sulfur dioxide are created by this reaction if 14.2 g of copper reacts with 18.0 g of sulfuric acid? 2 H₂SO4 + Cu → CuSO4 + 2 H₂O + SO₂
One of the steps in the manufacture of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia shown in this equation:If 43.0 kg of NH3 reacts with 35.4 kg of O2, what mass of NO forms? 4 NH3(g) + 5 O₂(g) →4 NO(g) + 6 H₂O(g)
Write the complete atomic symbol for each of the following isotopes. (a) Carbon-13, (b) Phosphorus-31,(c) Sodium-23,(d) Boron-10
Label each of the following as either a physical process or a chemical process. (a) Rusting of an iron bridge, (b) Melting of ice, (c) Burning of a wooden stick,(d) Digestion of a baked potato,(e) Dissolving of sugar in water
We used the example of attendance at a football game to emphasize the nature of observations. Describe another example where deciding how to count subjects of interest could affect the observation.
Two golfers are practicing shots around a putting green. Each golfer takes 20 shots. Golfer 1 has 7 shots within 1. Meter of the hole, and the other 13 shots are scattered around the green. Golfer2. Has 17 shots that go into a small sand trap near the green and 3. Just on the green near the trap.
Rank the following prefixes in order of increasing size of the number they represent: centi-, giga-, nano-, and kilo-.
Historically, some unit differences reflected the belief that the quantity measured was different when it was later revealed to be a single entity. Use the web to look up the origins of the energy units erg and calorie, and describe how they represent an example of this type of historical
Use the web to determine how the Btu was initially established. For the engineering applications where this unit is still used today, why is it a sensible unit?
Express each of the following temperatures in kelvins.(a) –10. °C,(b) 0.00°C, (c) 280. °C, (d) 1.4 × 103°C
Express (a) 275°C in K,(b) 25.55 K in °C, (c) –47.0°C in °F, and (d) 100.0°F in K.
Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation. (a) 62.13, (b) 0.000414, (c) 0.0000051, (d) 871,000,000,(e) 9100
Carry out the following unit conversions. (a) 3.47 x 10–6 g to μg, (b) 2.73 x 10–4 L to mL, (c) 725 ns to s,(d) 1.3 m to km
A solution of ethanol in water has a volume of 54.2 mL and a mass of 49.6 g. What information would you need to look up and how would you determine the percentage of ethanol in this solution?
Based on Figure 3.1, determine(a) The percentage of sunlight that is captured by photosynthesis,(b) The percentage of photosynthesis that occurs in land plants and the percentage that occurs in aquatic plants, and(c) The percentage of the energy captured by all plants that is eventually released
Chlorine has only two isotopes, one with mass 35 and the other with mass 37. One is present at roughly 75% abundance, and the atomic weight of chlorine on a periodic table is 35.45. Which must be the correct mass spectrum for chlorine? Signal Signal 35 37 Mass (amu) (a) 35 37 Mass
Name each of the following compounds: (a) MgCl2,(b) Fe (NO3)2, (c) Na2SO4, (d) Ca (OH)2,(e) FeSO4
Which of the following compounds would you predict to be soluble in water at room temperature?(a) KClO3, (b) CaCO3,(c) BaSO4,(d) KMnO4 Strategy Solubility guidelines for common ions are given in Table 3.1. So we will identify the ions in each compound and consult the table as needed to determine
Propane, C3H8, is used as a fuel in many applications, including gas barbecue grills. Because of its widespread use, extensive research is underway to develop ways to produce propane from biomass. When propane burns, it combines with oxygen, O2, to form carbon dioxide and water. Write a balanced
What are the chemical products of photosynthesis? Which of these chemicals are used to generate ethanol from biomass?
Jan Baptist von Helmont is credited with repudiating the idea that trees gain their mass from the soil. In an experiment carried out in 1648, he grew a willow tree in a pot with the amount of soil kept constant. After five years the tree had gained roughly 74 kg. Although von Helmont concluded the
A newspaper article states that biomass has actually been used as an energy source throughout human history. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Defend your answer.
Figure 3.2 shows the production of ethanol as the “economic output” of biofuels. Use the web to research whether this is the only commercially viable product of the process.Figure 3.2 Human and capital resources inputs Machinery Fuel Chemicals Labor Agricultural production Transportation of
When aqueous sodium carbonate is added to barium chloride, the solution turns cloudy white with solid barium carbonate. Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for this reaction.Strategy First, we will use the nomenclature rules that we presented in Chapter 2 to write formulas for all
Define the terms reactants and products as they refer to chemical reactions.
Which symbols are used to indicate solids, liquids, gases, and aqueous solutions in chemical equations?
How is the addition of heat symbolized in a chemical equation? The addition of light energy?
What law of nature underpins the concept of a balanced chemical equation?
Alloys of palladium and nickel are often used in the manufacture of electronic connectors. One such alloy contains 70.8 mol% Pd and 29.2 mol% Ni. Express the composition of this alloy in weight percentage.Strategy In order to get started, we need to choose an amount of the alloy. Although any
Define the term stoichiometric coefficient.
A chemist requires 1.5 M hydrochloric acid, HCl, for a series of reactions. The only solution available is 6.0 M HCl. What volume of 6.0 M HCl must be diluted to obtain 5.0 L of 1.5 M HCl?Strategy First, we need to recognize that this is the dilution of the concentrated solution to prepare the
Many ways to produce biofuels by degrading biomass have been tried, with some more successful than others. One method that has not worked is to treat bacterial biomass with aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to try to digest the complex biomolecules present. In an attempt to research
An explosive whose chemical formula is C3H6N6O6 produces water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas when detonated in oxygen. Write the chemical equation for the detonation reaction of this explosive.
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is found in gasoline blends used in many parts of North America. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of C2H5OH to form CO2 and H2O. Ethanol, C₂H5OH
A number of compounds are used in cement, and reactions among them occur when water is added. In one, CaO reacts with Al2O3 and water to form Ca3Al2(OH)12. Write a balanced chemical equation for this process.
Diborane and related compounds were proposed as rocket fuels in the 1950s. A representative reaction for this class of molecules is that of B2H6 and O2 to form B2O3 and H2O. Write the balanced chemical equation for this process.
Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is used as a reinforcing fiber in construction materials. It can be synthesized from silicon tetrachloride and ammonia. The other product is ammonium chloride. Write the balanced chemical reaction for this process.
When a substance dissolves, does a chemical reaction always occur? If not, what does happen?
Define the terms solution, solute, and solvent.
Define the term saturated solution.
What is a concentrated solution? A dilute solution?
Classify the following compounds as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes.(a) Potassium chloride, KCl,(b) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, (c) Methane, CH4, (d) Barium nitrate, Ba (NO3)2
The solubility of NaCl in water is 35.7 g NaCl/100 g H2O. Suppose that you have 500.0 g of NaCl. What is the minimum volume of water you would need to dissolve it all?(Assume that the density of water is 1.0 g/mL.)
Classify each of these as an acid or a base. Which are strong and which are weak? What ions are produced when each is dissolved in water?(a) KOH, (b) Mg(OH)2, (c) HClO,(d) HBr,(e) LiOH,(f) H2SO3
A packaging engineer is working on a new design for cold packs. A burst chamber in the pack will contain 14.0 mL of water, which will be released and used to dissolve ammonium nitrate.(a) If the solubility of NH4NO3 is 190 g/100 g H2O, what mass of this compound should be used with this amount of
Define the term spectator ion.
What is the difference between a total ionic equation and a net ionic equation?
In principle, it may be possible to engineer the trapping of carbon dioxide by a precipitation reaction with Ca (OH)2 to form calcium carbonate and water. Write the molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for this reaction.
Explain the concept of the mole in your own words.
How many entities are present in each of the following?(a) 3.21 mol argon atoms(b) 1.3 × 10–12 mol marbles(c) 3 × 106 mol water molecules(d) 7.63 ×10–18 mol basketballs
If a typical grain of sand occupies a volume of 1.3 × 10–4 cm3, what is the volume (in cm3) of 1 mole of sand (ignoring the space between grains)? What is the volume in liters?
Estimate the size of a particle 1 mole of which would fill your bedroom or dorm room.
Calculate the molar masses (in grams per mole) of each ofthe following.(a) Cane sugar, C12H22O11, (b) Laughing gas, N2O, and(c) Vitamin A, C20H30O.
Calculate the molar mass of each of these compounds and the mass percentage of each element.(a) PbS, lead (II) sulfide, galena, (b) C2H6, ethane, a hydrocarbon fuel,(c) CH3COOH, acetic acid, an important ingredient in vinegar, (d) NH4NO3, ammonium nitrate, a fertilizer
When an automobile air bag deploys, solid sodium azide decomposes rapidly to produce nitrogen gas, and this gas inflates the bag. What is the molar mass of sodium azide (NaN3)?
Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds.(a) Magnesium phosphate,(b) Sodium sulfide,(c) Dinitrogen tetroxide
Determine the molar mass of these ceramic materials.(a) Hf N, (b) ThO2, (c) BaTiO3
A chemist needs exactly 2 moles of KNO3 to make a solution. What mass of solid KNO3 must be used?
What mass of ozone (O3) contains 4.5 moles of the substance? Ozone, O3
Calculate the mass in grams of 13.5 mol of (a) Vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl, the starting material for a plastic, (b) Capsaicin, C18H27NO3, the substance that makes red chili peppers “hot,” and(c) Stearic acid, C18H36O2, used in soaps.
How many moles are present in the given quantities of explosives?(a) 358.1 g trinitrotoluene (TNT), C7H5N3O6, (b) 82.6 g nitromethane, CH3NO2, (c) 1.68 kg RDX, C3H6N6O6
A test of an automobile engine’s exhaust revealed that 3.7 g of NO2 was emitted in 10 minutes of operation. How many moles of NO2 would this engine release if it were used for a 45-minute commute, assuming that this measured number is representative of the emission under all circumstances?
Modern instruments could measure a mass as small as 5 nano-grams.If one observed 5.0 ng of CO2, how many molecules were measured?
How many H atoms are present in 7.52 g of propane, C3H8? Propane, C3H8
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