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chemistry for engineering students
Chemistry For Engineering Students 4th Edition Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme - Solutions
Which of the following items are matter and which are not? (a) A flashlight,(b) Sunlight, (c) An echo, (d) Air at sea level, and (e) Air at the top of Mount Everest
Which macroscopic characteristics differentiate solids, liquids, and gases? (List as many as possible.)
Do the terms element and atom mean the same thing? If not, how do they differ?
Why do physical properties play a role in chemistry if they do not involve any chemical changes?
Physical properties may change because of a chemical change. For example, the color of an egg white changes from clear to white because of a chemical change when it is cooked. What is another common situation in which a chemical change also leads to a physical change?
Complete the following statement: Data that have a small random error but otherwise fall in a narrow range are: (a) Accurate,(b) Precise, or(c) Neither.
Complete the following statement: Data that have a large systematic error can still be:(a) Accurate,(b) Precise, or(c) Neither.
Use your own words to explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
Suppose that you are waiting at a corner for a bus. Three different routes pass this particular corner. You see buses pass by from the two routes that you are not interested in taking. When you say to yourself, “My bus must be next,” what type of reasoning (deductive or inductive) are you
When a scientist looks at an experiment and then predicts the results of other related experiments, which type of reasoning is she using? Explain your answer.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a question?
Should the words theory and model be used interchangeably in the context of science? Defend your answer using information found in a web search.
What is a law of nature? Are all scientific laws examples of laws of nature?
Describe a miscommunication that can arise because units are not included as part of the information.
Identify which of the following units are base units in the SI system: grams, meters, joules, liters, amperes.
The largest computers now include disk storage space measured in petabytes. How many bytes are in a petabyte? (Recall that in computer terminology, the prefix is only “close” to the value it designates in the metric system.)
How many micrograms are equal to one gram?
Convert the value 0.120 ppb into ppm.
How was the Fahrenheit temperature scale calibrated Describe how this calibration process reflects the measurement errors that were evident when the temperature scale was devised.
Calculate the following to the correct number of significant figures. Assume that all these numbers are measurements.(a) (b) (c) (d) x 17.2 65.18 - 2.4 =
Superconductors are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity, and they hold great promise in many engineering applications. But to date, superconductivity has only been observed under cryogenic conditions. As of 2016, the highest temperature at which superconductivity has been
Perform these calculations and express the result with the proper number of significant figures.(a) (4.850 g – 2.34 g)/1.3 mL (b) V = πr 3, where r = 4.112 cm(c) (4.66 × 10–3) × 4.666 (d) 0.003400/65.2
In an attempt to determine the velocity of a person on a bicycle, an observer uses a stopwatch and finds the length of time it takes to cover 25 “squares” on a sidewalk. The bicycle takes 4.82 seconds to travel this far. A measurement of one of the squares shows that it is 1.13 m long. What
A student finds that the mass of an object is 4.131 g and its volume is 7.1 mL. What density should be reported in g/mL?
Measurements indicate that 23.6% of the residents of a city with a population of 531,314 are college graduates. Considering significant figures, how many college graduates are estimated to reside in this city?
A student weighs 10 quarters and finds that their total mass is 56.63 grams. What should she report as the average mass of a quarter based on her data?
A rock is placed on a balance and its mass is determined as 12.1 g. When the rock is then placed in a graduated cylinder that originally contains 11.3 mL of water, the new volume is roughly 17 mL. How should the density of the rock be reported?
A package of eight apples has a mass of 1.00 kg. What is the average mass of one apple in grams?
If a 1.00-kg bag containing eight apples costs $1.48, how much does one apple cost? What mass of apples costs $1.00?
A person measures 173 cm in height. What is this height in meters? feet and inches?
The distance between two atoms in a molecule is 148 pm. What is this distance in meters?
Carry out each of the following conversions. (a) 25.5 m to km, (b) 36.3 km to m, (c) 487 kg to g, (d) 1.32 L to mL,(e) 55.9 dL to L, (f) 6251 L to cm3
Convert 22.3 mL to(a) Liters,(b) Cubic inches, and (c) Quarts.
If a vehicle is traveling 92 m/s, what is its velocity in miles per hour? (0.62 miles = 1.00 km)
A load of asphalt weights 254 lb. and occupies a volume of 55.0 L. What is the density of this asphalt in g/L?
One square mile contains exactly 640 acres. How many square meters are in one acre?
A sample of crude oil has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume in liters does a 3.6-kg sample of this oil occupy?
Mercury has a density of 13.6 g/mL. What is the mass of 4.72 L of mercury?
The area of the 48 contiguous states is 3.02 × 106 mi2. Assume that these states are completely flat (no mountains and no valleys). What volume of water, in liters, would cover these states with a rainfall of two inches?
The dimensions of aluminum foil in a box for sale in supermarkets are 66 2/3 yards by 12 inches. The mass of the foil is 0.83 kg. If its density is 2.70 g/cm3, then what is the thickness of the foil in inches?
Titanium is used in airplane bodies because it is strong and light. It has a density of 4.55 g/cm3. If a cylinder of titanium is 7.75 cm long and has a mass of 153.2 g, calculate the diameter of the cylinder. (V = πr 2h, where V is the volume of the cylinder, r is its radius, and h is the height.)
Wire is often sold in pound spools according to the wire gauge number. That number refers to the diameter of the wire. How many meters are in a 10-lb. spool of 12-gauge aluminum wire? A 12-gauge wire has a diameter of 0.0808 in. and aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3. (V = πr2l)
An industrial engineer is designing a process to manufacture bullets. The mass of each bullet must be within 0.25% of 150 grains. What range of bullet masses, in mg, will meet this tolerance? 1 grain = 64.79891 mg.
An engineer is working with archaeologists to create a realistic Roman village in a museum. The plan for a balance in a marketplace calls for 100 granite stones, each weighing 10 denarium. (The denarium was a Roman unit of mass: 1 denarium = 3.396 g.) The manufacturing process for making the stones
On average, Earth’s crust contains about 8.1% aluminum by mass. If a standard 12-ounce soft drink can contains approximately 15.0 g of aluminum, how many cans could be made from one ton of the Earth’s crust?
As computer processor speeds increase, it is necessary for engineers to increase the number of circuit elements packed into a given area. Individual circuit elements are often connected using very small copper “wires” deposited directly onto the surface of the chip. In some current generation
The “Western Stone” in Jerusalem is one of the largest stone building blocks ever to have been used. It has a mass of 517 metric tons and measures 13.6 m long, 3.00 m high and 3.30 m wide. What is the density of this rock in g/cm3? (1 metric ton = 1000 kg)
A load of bauxite has a density of 3.15 g/cm3. If the mass of the load is 115 metric tons, how many dump trucks, each with a capacity of 12 cubic yards, will be needed to haul the whole load?
Is touchscreen technology better described as a simple design or as a more complex system? Explain your answer.
What does ITO stand for in the ITO films in touchscreens?
Why are two separate ITO layers required in a touchscreen display?
What are the two properties of ITO that make it serve its function in touchscreen applications?
What does it mean that ITO films are made by deposition?In what phase do materials begin, and in what phase do they end up?
How does Gorilla Glass differ from more commonly found alumina silicate glass?
How can a liquid be distinguished from a fine powder?What type of experiment or observation might be undertaken?
Some farmers use ammonia, NH3, as a fertilizer. This ammonia is stored in liquid form. Use the particulate perspective to show the transition from liquid ammonia to gaseous ammonia.
Use a molecular-level description to explain why gases are less dense than liquids or solids.
All molecules attract each other to some extent, and the attraction decreases as the distance between particles increases. Based on this idea, which state of matter would you expect has the strongest interactions between particles: solids, liquids, or gases?
Draw a molecular-scale picture to show how a crystal differs from a liquid.
What type of transition is represented in the following molecular-scale illustration? со со co Coco co co COCO CO COCO CO CO co 88
Which of the following molecular-scale diagrams best represents a pure compound? Explain your answer. € 8 8 (P) со 800
A student was given two metal cubes that looked similar. One was 1.05 cm on an edge and had a mass of 14.32 grams; the other was 2.66 cm on a side and had a mass of 215.3 grams. How can the student determine if these two cubes of metal are the same material using only the data given?
Unfermented grape juice used to make wine is called a “must.” The sugar content of the must determines whether the wine will be dry or sweet. The sugar content is found by measuring the density of the must. If the density is lower than 1.070 g/mL, then sugar syrup is added until the density
Battery acid has a density of 1.285 g/mL and contains 38.0% sulfuric acid by mass. Describe how you would determine the mass of pure sulfuric acid in a car battery, noting which item(s) you would have to measure or look up.
Legend has it that Archimedes, a famous scientist of Ancient Greece, was once commanded by the king to determine if a crown he received was pure gold or a gold–silver alloy. He was not allowed, however, to damage the crown (by slicing off a piece, for example). If you were assigned this same
Imagine that you place a cork measuring 1.30 cm × 4.50 cm × 3.00 cm in a pan of water. On top of this cork, you place a small cube of lead measuring 1.15 cm on a side.Describe how you would determine if the combination of the cork and lead cube will still float in the water. Any information you
A calibrated flask was filled to the 25.00-mL mark with ethyl alcohol and was found to have a mass of 19.7325 g. In a second experiment, 25.0920 g of metal beads were put into the container and the flask was again filled to the 25.00-mL mark. The total mass of the metal plus the alcohol was 43.0725
Define the terms polymer and monomer in your own words.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is widely known as Plexiglas®. The structural formula for the monomer, methyl methacrylate, is shown below. Write the corresponding line structure for methyl methacrylate:Strategy We convert the structure into a line drawing by removing the symbols for all carbon atoms
How do polymers compare to their respective monomers?
A temperature-resistant plastic called poly(phenylene oxide) is a key component of resins such as NorylTM, which is widely used in computer cases and automobile dashboards. The line structure below represents 2,6-dimethylphenol, which is the monomer from which poly(phenylene oxide) is made. What is
Look around you and identify several objects that you think are probably made from polymers.
Which one element forms the backbone of nearly all common polymers? Which other elements are also found in conductive polyacetylene?
What are the systematic names of the following covalent compounds?(a) N2O5, (b) PCl3, (c) P4O6
The fact that a polymer’s physical properties depend on its atomic composition is very important in making these materials so useful. Why do you think this would be so?
Most polymers have densities slightly less than 1 g/cm3. How does this compare to the densities of metals as shown in Figure 2.11? What does this comparison imply for devices in which conducting polymers might replace metal wires or other components?Figure 2.11 Density
Determine the name of the following ionic compounds: (a) Fe2O3, (b) Na2O, (c) Ca (NO3)2 Strategy We must determine the names of the constituent ions first. The anions will provide a hint about the cation charges if we need it.
One application of conductive polymers is in photovoltaic solar cells. Such devices have traditionally been silicon based. What possible advantages might conduct polymers offer?
In a typical illustration of the atom such as Figure 2.3, which features lead to misunderstandings about the structure of atoms? Which ones give important insight?Figure 2.3 Orbit Electron Nucleus Nocleta (ptons and neutrons) Electron cloud
Why is the number of protons called the atomic number?
Which isotope in each pair contains more neutrons?(a) 35Cl or 33S, (b) 19F or 19Ne,(c) 63Cu or 65Zn,(d) 126I or 127Te
Define the term isotope.
How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are there in each of the following atoms? (a) 24Mg, (b) 119Sn,(c) 232Th, (d) 13C, (e) 63Cu, (f) 205Bi
Consider the following nuclear symbols. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does each element have? What elements do R, T, and X represent?(a) 3014R (b) 8939T (c) 13355 X
The element gallium, used in gallium arsenide semiconductors, has an atomic weight of 69.72 amu. There are only two isotopes of gallium, 69Ga with a mass of 68.9257 amu and 71Ga with a mass of 70.9249 amu. What are the isotopic abundances of gallium? ⒸCengage Learning/Charles D. Winters Gallium
Mercury is 16.716 times more massive than 12C. What is the atomic weight of mercury? Remember to express your answer with the correct number of significant figures.
The following table presents the abundances and masses of the isotopes of zinc. What is the atomic weight of zinc? Isotope 64Zn 66Zn 67 Zn 68Zn 70Zn Abundance 48.6% 27.9% 4.10% 18.8% 0.60% Mass 63.9291 amu 65.9260 amu 66.9271 amu 67.9249 amu 69.9253 amu
The atomic weight of copper is 63.55 amu. There are only two isotopes of copper, 63Cu with a mass of 62.93 amu and 65Cu with a mass of 64.93 amu. What is the percentage abundance of each of these two isotopes?
Naturally occurring uranium consists of two isotopes, whose masses and abundances are shown below.Only 235U can be used as fuel in a nuclear reactor, so uranium for use in the nuclear industry must be enriched in this isotope. If a sample of enriched uranium has an atomic weight of 235.684 amu,
Define the term ion in your own words.
What is the difference between cations and anions?
Provide the symbol of the following monatomic ions, given the number of protons and electrons in each.(a) 8 protons, 10 electrons, (b) 20 protons, 18 electrons,(c) 53 protons, 54 electrons,(d) 26 protons, 24 electrons
How many protons and electrons are in each of the following ions?(a) Na+, (b) Al3+, (c) S2-, (d) Br-
Identify each of the following species as an anion, a cation, or a molecule.(a) CO3 2-, (b) CO2,(c) NH4 +,(d) N3-, (e) CH3COO-
Write the atomic symbol for the element whose ion has a 2–charge, has 20 more neutrons than electrons, and has a mass number of 126.
In what region of the periodic table are you likely to find elements that form more than one stable ion?
An engineer is designing a water-softening unit based on ion exchange. Use the web to learn what ions typically are “exchanged” in such a system. Given that the ion exchanger cannot build up a large positive charge, what can you conclude about the relative numbers of the various ions involved?
Use the web to find a catalyst for a polymerization reaction that uses an ion. What are the apparent advantages of using this catalyst for creating the polymer?
Using Coulomb’s law, explain how the difference between attractive and repulsive interactions between ions is expressed mathematically.
How many atoms of each element are represented in the formula Ba(OH)2?
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