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chemistry principles and practice
Chemistry Principles And Practice 3rd Edition Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball - Solutions
Write the formula for each of the following compounds.(a) Sodium selenide(b) Nickel(II) bromide(c) Dinitrogen pentoxide(d) Copper(II) sulfate(e) Ammonium sulfite
Th e relative abundance of 6Li is known to only three significant figures (7.42%). How can the atomic mass of lithium have four significant figures?
An atom contains 38 protons and 40 neutrons.(a) Write the symbol for this atom.(b) In which group of the periodic table is this element located?(c) What is the charge of the monatomic ion this element forms?(d) What is the symbol of an atom in the same group that contains 12 neutrons?
The accepted atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.0067 u. Approximately 99.632% of natural nitrogen is 14N, which has an isotopic mass of 14.0031 u. Th e remaining nitrogen is 15N. What is the isotopic mass of 15N in atomic mass units?
Th ere are two stable isotopes of carbon. If natural carbon consists of 98.938% 12C and the accepted atomic mass of carbon is 12.0107 u, what is the isotopic mass of a 13C atom? Diamond is made of pure carbon and has excellent mechanical, electrical, and light transmission properties. Recently,
A solid with an irregular shape and a mass of 11.33 g is added to a graduated cylinder filled with water (d = 1.00 g/mL) to the 35.0-mL mark. After the solid sinks to the bottom, the water level is read to be at the 42.3-mL mark. What is the density of the solid?
Write two conversion factors between milliliters (mL) and kiloliters (kL).
Wine is sold in 750-mL bottles. How many quarts of wine are in a case of 12 bottles? MAIT AINE LEFLAIVE NY MONTRACHET
The speed limit on limited-access roads in Canada is 100 km/h. How fast is this in miles per hour? In meters per second?
Many soft drinks are sold in 2.00-L containers. How many fluid ounces is this?
Define science in your own words. List three fields that are science and three fields that are not science.
Draw a diagram similar to Figure 1.1 that places the following words in the proper relationships: theory, hypothesis, model, data, guess, and law.Figure 1.1 Geology Geochemistry (chemistry of the earth) Agriculture (soil and crop chemistry) Chemical Engineering (design of processes to manufacture
Compare the uses of the words theory and hypothesis by scientists and by the general public.
Explain how the coach of an athletic team might use scientific methods to enhance the team’s performance.
Some scientists think the extinction of the dinosaurs was due to a collision with a large comet or meteor. Is this statement a hypothesis or a theory? Justify your answer.
List three intensive and three extensive properties of air.
Define matter, mass, and weight.
Matter occupies space and has mass. Are the astronauts in a space shuttle composed of matter while they are weightless? Explain your answer.
Give three examples of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
A solution made by dissolving sugar in water is homogeneous because the composition is the same everywhere. But if you could look with very high magnification, you would see locations with water particles and other locations with particles of sugar. How can we say that a sugar solution is
Do you think it is easier to separate a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture, or would both be equally difficult? Explain your answer.
Is the light from an electric bulb an intensive or extensive property?
Are all alloys homogeneous solutions? Explain your answer.
Explain the differences between substances, compounds, and elements.
Football referees mark the ball from its position when the player is down or steps out of bounds. A cumbersome but accurate chain is used to determine whether the ball has advanced 10 yards. Given the high accuracy of the measurement chain, why do many fans and players question the officials when
Explain the differences between accuracy and precision, and the relationship between the number of significant digits and the precision of a measurement.
Describe a computation in which your calculator does not display the correct number of significant digits.
Draw a block diagram that illustrates the processes used to convert km/hr to m/s.
Give examples of two numbers, one that is exact (no uncertainty) and one that is not, by using them in a sentence.
If you repeat the same measurement many times, will you always obtain exactly the same result? Why or why not? What factors influence the repeatability of a measurement?
Propose the appropriate SI units and prefixes to express the following values:(a) Diameter of a human hair(b) Distance between New York City and Auckland, New Zealand(c) Mass of water in Lake Michigan(d) Volume of 5 lb table salt(e) Mass of the average house
For centuries, a foot was designated as literally a foot—the length of the king’s foot. What are the disadvantages of such a measurement system? Are there any advantages?
Give an example of a conversion factor that,(a) Can convert between SI units,(b) Can convert between units of the SI and English system.
With some simple research, determine what experimental phenomena provide the basis for the standards for six base units. Is there a commonality between any of these phenomena?
Each of the following parts contains an underlined property. Classify the property as intensive or extensive and as chemical or physical.(a) Bromine is a reddish liquid.(b) A ball is a spherical object.(c) Sodium and chlorine react to form table salt.(d) A sample of water has a mass of 45g.(e) The
Each of the following parts contains an underlined property. Classify the property as intensive or extensive and as chemical or physical.(a) A lemon is yellow.(b) Sulfuric acid converts sugar to carbon and steam.(c) The sample has a mass of 1 kg.(d) Sand is insoluble in water.(e) Wood burns in air,
Classify each of the following processes as a chemical change or a physical change.(a) Water boiling(b) Glass breaking(c) Leaves changing color(d) Iron rusting
Classify each of the following processes as a chemical change or a physical change.(a) Tea leaves soaking in warm water(b) A firecracker exploding(c) Magnetization of an iron nail(d) A cake baking
Which of the following processes describe physical changes, and which describe chemical changes?(a) Milk souring(b) Water evaporating(c) The forming of copper wire from a bar of copper(d) An egg frying
Which of the following processes describe physical changes, and which describe chemical changes?(a) A seed growing into a plant(b) Distillation of alcohol(c) Mixing an Alka-Seltzer tablet with water(d) Hammering iron into a horseshoe
Which of the following processes describe physical changes, and which describe chemical changes?(a) Alcohol burns(b) Sugar crystallizes(c) Gas bubbles rise out of a glass of soda(d) A tomato ripens
Which of the following processes describe physical changes, and which describe chemical changes?(a) Meat cooks(b) A candle burns(c) Wood is attached with nails(d) Newspaper yellows with age
In the following description of the element fluorine, identify which of the properties are chemical and which are physical. “Fluorine is a pale-yellow corrosive gas that reacts with practically all substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a
In the following description of the element iron, identify which of the properties are chemical and which are physical.“Iron is rarely found as the free element in nature.Mostly it is found combined with oxygen in an ore. Th e metal itself can be obtained by reacting the ore with carbon,
In the following description of the element sodium, identify which of the properties are chemical and which are physical. “Sodium is a soft, silver-colored metal that reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It is stored under oil because it reacts with air. Sodium melts at 98
In the following description of the element bromine, identify which of the properties are chemical and which are physical. “Bromine is one of the few elements that is a liquid at room temperature. It is an acrid-smelling substance that reacts readily with most metals. It evaporates easily, so
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture. Identify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.(a) Air(b) Sugar(c) Cough syrup(d) Cadmium
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture. Identify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.(a) Water(b) Window cleaner(c) 14-karat gold(d) Copper
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture. Identify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.(a) Helium(b) A muddy river(c) Window glass(d) Paint
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture.(a) Gold(b) Milk(c) Sugar(d) Vinaigrette dressing with herbs
Which of the following mixtures is a solution?(a) Wood(b) Champagne(c) Salt water(d) Cloudy tea HAMPAGNE
Which of the following mixtures is a solution?(a) Air(b) A printed page(c) Milk of magnesia(d) Clear tea
A sample’s true mass is 2.54g. For each set of measurements, characterize the set as accurate, precise, both, or neither.(a) 2.50, 2.55, 2.59, 2.60(b) 2.53, 2.54, 2.54, 2.55(c) 2.49, 2.51, 2.53, 2.63(d) 2.44, 2.44, 2.45, 2.47
A measurement’s true value is 17.3 g. For each set of measurements, characterize the set as accurate, precise, both, or neither.(a) 17.2, 17.2, 17.3, 17.3 g(b) 16.9, 17.3, 17.5, 17.9 g(c) 16.9, 17.2, 17.9, 18.8 g(d) 17.8, 17.8, 17.9, 18.0 g
How many significant figures are in each value?(a) 1.5003(b) 0.007(c) 5.70(d) 2.00 × 107
How many significant figures are in each measurement?(a) 5 × 103 m(b) 5.0005 g/mL(c) 22.9898 g(d) 0.0040 V
Look at the photographs and measure the volume of solution shown in Figure 1.7a, the temperature in Figure 1.7b, and the pressure shown in Figure 1.7c. Estimate the amounts as accurately as possible and express them to the appropriate number of significant digits. (a) (b) (c) Cengage
How many significant figures are in each measurement?(a) 3.1416 degrees(b) 0.00314 K(c) 1.0079 s(d) 6.022 × 1023 particles
Express the measurements to the requested number of significant figures.(a) 96,485 J/C to three significant figures(b) 2.9979 g/cm3 to three significant figures(c) 0.0597 mL to one significant figure(d) 6.626 × 10-34 kg to two significant figures
Look at the photographs and measure the temperature shown in Figure 1.8a, the volume of solution in Figure 1.8b, and the elapsed time shown in Figure 1.8c. Estimate the amounts as accurately as possible and express them to the appropriate number of significant digits. 4 96 98 (a) bathala 1001 102
Express the measurements to the requested number of significant figures.(a) 0.08205 kg to three significant figures(b) 1.00795 m to three significant figures(c) 18.9984032 g to five significant figures(d) 18.9984032 g to four significant figures
Th e following expressions involve multiplication/division and addition/subtraction operations of measured values in the same problem. Evaluate each, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures.a.b.(c) (0.921 × 27.977) + (0.470 × 28.976) + (3.09 × 29.974) (25.12-1.75) x
Perform the indicated calculations, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. Use scientific notation where appropriate.(a) 17.2 × 12.55(b) 1.4 × 1.11/42.33(c) 18.33 × 0.0122(d) 25.7 × 25.25
Perform the indicated calculations, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. Use scientific notation where appropriate.(a) 19.5 + 2.35 + 0.037(b) 2.00 × 103 - 1.7 × 101(c) 15/25.69(d) 45.2 - 37.25
Perform the indicated calculations, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. Use scientific notation where appropriate.(a) 1.88 × 36.305(b) 1.04 × 3.114/42(c) 28.5 + 4.43 + 0.073(d) 3.10 × 102 - 5.1 × 101
Calculate the result of the following equation, and use the convention of significant figures to express the answer correctly. x = 10121 10-121 -X 1.01
Calculate the result of the following equation, and use the convention of significant figures to express the uncertainty in the answer. x= 2.05 x 10-65 3.4 x 1051 +1.9 × 10-3
What base SI unit is used to express each of the following quantities?(a) The mass of a person(b) The distance from London to New York City(c) The boiling point of water(d) The duration of a movie
What base SI unit is used to express each of the following quantities?(a) The mass of a bag of flour(b) The distance from the Earth to the Sun(c) The temperature of a sunny August day(d) The time it takes to run a marathon.
Write two conversion factors between micrometers (μm) and meters (m).
Write two conversion factors between grams (g) and megagrams (Mg).
Write two conversion factors between nanoseconds (ns) and milliseconds (ms).
What is the conversion factor that will convert, in one calculation, from km/hr to ft/s.
What is the conversion factor that will convert, in one calculation, from g/L to lb/ft3.
Th e speed of sound in air at sea level is 340 m/s. Express this speed in miles per hour.
(a) A light-year, the distance light travels in 1 year, is a unit used by astronomers to measure the great distances between stars. Calculate the distance, in miles, represented by 1 light-year. Assume that the length of a year is 365.25 days, and that light travels at a rate of 3.00 × 108 m/s.(b)
Perform the conversions needed to fill in the blanks. Use scientific notation where appropriate. Do the operations first without a calculator or spreadsheet, to check your understanding of SI prefixes.(a) 6.39 cm _____ m _____ mm _____ nm(b) 55.0 cm3 ____ dm3 ____ mL ____ L ____ m3(c) 23.1
Perform the conversions needed to fill in the blanks. Use scientific notation where appropriate. Do the operations first without a calculator or spreadsheet, to check your understanding of SI prefixes.(a) 45 s _____ ms _____ minutes(b) 550 nm _____ cm _____ m(c) 4 °C _____ K _____ °F(d)
Th e 1500-m race is sometimes called the metric mile. Express this distance in miles.
A standard sheet of paper in the United States is 8.5 × 11 inches. Express the area of this sheet of paper in square centimeters.
Wine sold in Europe has its volume labeled in centiliters (cL). If wine is sold in 750-mL bottles, how many centiliters is this?
Derive an equation, including units, to make conversions from kelvins to degrees Fahrenheit.
Derive an equation, including units, to make conversions from degrees Fahrenheit to kelvins.
(a) Helium has the lowest boiling point of any substance; it boils at 4.21k. Express this temperature in degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit.(b) The oven temperature for a roast is 400 °F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.
(a) The boiling point of octane is 126 °C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and in kelvins?(b) Potatoes are cooked in oil at a temperature of 350 °F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.
The melting point of sodium chloride, table salt, is 801 °C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and in kelvins?
At what temperature does a Celsius thermometer give the same numerical reading as a Fahrenheit thermometer?
Th e density of benzene at 25.0 °C is 0.879 g/cm3. What is the volume, in liters, of 2.50 kg benzene?
Ethyl acetate, one of the compounds in nail polish remover, has a density of 0.9006 g/cm3. Calculate the volume of 25.0 g ethyl acetate.
Lead has a density of 11.4 g/cm3. What is the mass, in kilograms, of a lead brick measuring 8.50 × 5.10 × 3.20 cm?
What is the radius, r, of a copper sphere (density = 8.92 g/cm3) whose mass is 3.75 × 103 g? Th e volume, V, of a sphere is given by the equation V = (4/3) πr3.
An irregularly shaped piece of metal with a mass of 147.8 g is placed in a graduated cylinder containing 30.0 mL water. Th e water level rises to 48.5 mL. What is the density of the metal in g/cm3?
How many square meters will 4.0 L (about 1 gal) of paint cover if it is applied to a uniform thickness of 8.00 × 10-2 mm (volume = thickness × area)?
A package of aluminum foil with an area of 75 ft2 weighs 12 ounces avdp. Use the density of aluminum, 2.70 g/cm3, to find the average thickness of this foil, in nanometers (volume = thickness × area).
To determine the density of a material, a scientist first weighs it. She would then add it to a graduated cylinder that contains some water and record the mass, volume of water, and volume of water plus the metal in her notebook. Use the photographs as the source of the data to calculate the
In describing the phase of a substance, is it possible that a substance can have two phases at the same time, say, solid and liquid phase? Give examples or circumstances to support your answer.
Gold leaf, which is used for many decorative purposes, is made by hammering pure gold into very thin sheets. Assuming that a sheet of gold leaf is 1.27 × 10-5 cm thick, how many square feet of gold leaf could be obtained from 28.35 g gold? The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3.
Th e speed of light is 3.00 × 108 m/s. Assuming that the distance from the Earth to the Sun is 93,000,000 miles,(a) How many light-years is this?(b) How many minutes does it take for light to reach the Earth from the Sun?
A student puts a pulsed laser and detector in the hall of the chemistry building. She places a mirror at the other end of the building and measures the roundtrip distance at 312 ft 6 in. She calibrates a time-measuring device called an oscilloscope, which records the amplitude of the laser signal
Th e mass of a piece of metal is 134.412g. It is placed in a graduated cylinder that contains 12.35 mL water. The volume of the metal and water in the cylinder is found to be 19.40 mL. Calculate the density of the metal.
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