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chemistry principles and practice
Chemistry Principles And Practice 3rd Edition Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball - Solutions
Calculate the formula mass for each of the following compounds.(a) K2SO4(b) AgNO3(c) NH4Cl
Calculate the formula mass for each of the following compounds.(a) NaOH(b) K2CO3(c) Ca3(PO4)2
Write the name of each of the following ionic compounds.(a) LiI(b) Mg3N2(c) Na3PO4(d) Ba(ClO4)2
Write the name of each of the following ionic compounds.(a) NH4Br(b) BaCl2(c) K2O(d) Sr(NO3)2
Write the modern name of each of the following transition-metal compounds.(a) CoCl3(b) FeSO4(c) CuO
Write the modern name of each of the following transition-metal compounds.(a) RhBr2(b) CuCN(c) V(NO3)3
Write the formula of(a) Manganese(III) sulfide.(b) Iron(II) cyanide.(c) Potassium sulfide.(d) Mercury(II) chloride.
Write the formula of(a) Calcium nitride.(b) Chromium(III) perchlorate.(c) Tin(II) fluoride.(d) Potassium permanganate.
Write the formula and name of the acid related to the following ions.(a) Chloride(b) Nitrite(c) Perchlorate
Write the formula and name of the acid related to the following ions.(a) Cyanide(b) Nitrate(c) Phosphate
What is the name of each of the following acids?(a) H3PO4(b) H2SO3(c) H2Te
What is the name of each of the following acids?(a) H2COX(b) HBr(c) HNO2
Some people who have hypertension or heart problems use potassium chloride as a substitute for sodium chloride. What is the formula of potassium chloride?
The compound MnO is added to glass during manufacture to improve its clarity. Write the name of MnO.
Write the formula for each of the following molecular compounds.(a) Sulfur tetrafluoride(b) Nitrogen trichloride(c) Dinitrogen pentoxide(d) Chlorine trifluoride
Write the formula for each of the following molecular compounds.(a) Sulfur difluoride(b) Silicon tetrachloride(c) Gallium trichloride(d) Dinitrogen trioxide
Write the name of each of the following molecular compounds.(a) PBr5(b) SeO2(c) B2Cl4(d) S2Cl2
Write the name of each of the following molecular compounds.(a) HI(b) NF3(c) SO2(d) N2Cl4
Write the name of the organic compounds pictured below. (a) CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂CH3 (b) CH,CH,CHCH,CH,CH3 CH₂CH3
Identify the following types of matter as elements, compounds, heterogeneous mixtures, or homogeneous mixtures.(a) Sodium chloride(b) Stainless steel (an alloy of iron, carbon, and other elements)(c) Chlorine(d) SoilStrategyFigure 1.4 outlines the steps needed to classify matter as substances or
Classify each underlined property or change as either intensive or extensive, and either chemical or physical.(a) The color of mercury is silvery.(b) The sample of iron rusts by reaction with oxygen.(c) The heat released by burning coal can power a city.(d) Water boils at 100 °C.(e) A new pencil
How many significant figures are there in the following values?(a) 57.8(b) 57.80(c) 0.00271(d) 96,500
How many significant figures are present in each of the following measured quantities, and what is the uncertainty based on the convention of significant figures?(a) A package of candy has a mass of 103.42 g.(b) The mass of a milliliter of a gas is 0.003 g.(c) The volume of a solution is 0.2500
Express the result of each calculation to the correct number of signifi cant fi gures. In some, you may have to remember the correct order of operations.(a) (0.082 × 25.32)/27.41(b) 55.8752 × 56.533(c) 0.198 × 10.012937 + 0.8021 × 11.009305(d) 2.334 × 10-2 - 3.1 × 10-3(e) (25.7 - 25.2) ×
How many millimeters are there in 17.43 km?.StrategyConversions often take two steps. Convert from the given unit to the base unit, then from the base unit to the wanted unit. You can estimate the result to confirm your calculation.
Express a volume of 322 mL in units of:(a) Liters(b) cm3(c) m3StrategyA flow diagram helps explain the process. Quantities in the flow diagrams are in colored boxes, and processes appear above arrows. The process in this problem is a unit conversion, so the appropriate unit conversion factor is
Express a density of 8.4 g/cm3 in terms of the SI base units of kg/m3.StrategyThe factors needed to convert g to kg and cm3 to m3 have already been derived. In separate steps, our flow diagram is: Density (g/cm³) Density (kg/cm³) g-to-kg conversion factor cm³-to-m³ conversion
Perform the following conversions.(a) Express the mass of 12.2 ounces of ground beef in kilograms.(b) A soft drink contains 355 mL . What is this volume in quarts?StrategyLook at Table 1.7 for the relationships between English and metric quantities; then convert the metric quantities to the desired
Perform the indicated calculations, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. Use scientific notation where appropriate.(a) 13.51 + 0.0459(b) 16.45/32.0 + 10(c) 3.14 × 104 - 15.0(d) 7.18 × 103 ÷ 1.51 × 105
We usually measure the densities of solids and liquids at a temperature of 25 °C. Express this temperature on the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales.StrategyThere are 1.8 °F for every 1.0 °C. The scales do not begin at the same point, however, so you will have to add or subtract the starting
What is the volume occupied by 25.0 g aluminum? The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3.StrategyBecause the mass of this sample is known and we want to find the volume, we multiply the mass by a conversion factor that has units of grams in the denominator and volume units in the numerator.
Write the symbol for the atom with 19 protons and 20 neutrons.
How does Dalton’s atomic theory explain each of the following facts?(a) A sample of pure NaCl (table salt) obtained from a mine in the United States contains sodium and chlorine in the same ratio as NaCl obtained from a mine in France.(b) The mass of the hydrogen peroxide molecule, H2O2, equals
Write the symbol for the atom with:(a) 6 protons and 6 neutrons(b) 13 protons and 14 neutrons StrategyUse the atomic number (equal to the number of protons), to locate the symbol for the element in the periodic table on the inside front cover of this textbook; and sum the number of protons and
Write the symbol for an ion that contains 23 protons, 28 neutrons, and 20 electrons.
State how Dalton’s atomic theory explains(a) The law of conservation of mass.(b) The law of constant composition.
(a) Write the symbol for an ion with 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons.(b) Write the symbol for an ion with 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons.StrategyDetermine the identity of the atom from the number of protons and sum the number of protons and neutrons to get the mass number. Th e
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 39K+?
State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons present, and identify each of the following ions as a cation or anion:StrategyThe element symbol and the atomic number located in the bottom left of each give the number of protons. Th e mass number located in the top left is the sum of the
Compare and contrast the terms atom, element, molecule, and compound. Give an example of each. Some of your examples will fit more than one term, so clarify which term fits each example.
Write the symbol for the ion that has a mass number of 79, an atomic number of 34, and contains 36 electrons.
Compare the masses and charges of the three major particles that make up atoms.
Boron has two stable isotopes: 10B, with a natural abundance of 19.9% and an atomic mass of 10.01 u, and 11B, with a natural abundance of 80.1% and an atomic mass of 11.01 u. Calculate the atomic mass of boron.
Describe the experimental setup and results of the Rutherford experiment.
Chlorine has two stable isotopes: 35Cl, with a natural abundance of 75.77% and a mass of 34.97 u , and 37Cl, with a natural abundance of 24.23% and an atomic mass of 36.97 u. Calculate the atomic mass of chlorine.StrategyAtomic mass is a weighted average of each isotope of the element.
Identify the alkali metal in the fifth period.
How does the nuclear model of the atom explain the results of the Rutherford experiment?
What is the formula of the molecule pictured below? Carbon Hydrogen
Identify an element that fits the following criteria:(a) What element in the fourth period is an alkaline earth metal?(b) What element in the second period is a halogen?StrategyUse the periodic table to locate the element using the group name to fi nd the column and the period number to locate
Write the molecular formulas of the substances described or pictured.(a) The element nitrogen exists as diatomic molecules.(b) A sulfur dioxide molecule contains one sulfur and two oxygen atoms (symbol for sulfur is written first).(c)StrategyWrite the symbol for each element in the molecule with a
If aluminum foil had been used in the Rutherford experiment in place of gold foil, how might the outcome have differed?
What is the molecular mass of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4?
Hydrazine, N2H4, is a fuel that has been used as a rocket propellant. What is the molecular mass of hydrazine?StrategyCalculate the molecular mass using the atomic masses given on the periodic table, taking into account the subscripts in the molecular formula. The flow diagram is: Subscripts
Describe the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
What is the empirical formula of the compound made from sodium cations and Se anions?
Define the following terms.(a) Atomic number(b) Mass number(c) Isotope
Write the empirical formula of the compound made from(a) Calcium cations and Br anions.(b) Magnesium cations and S anions.(c) Potassium cations and O anions.StrategyDetermine the charge of the species from their group number on the periodic table. Balance the overall charge of the compound with
Write the formula for the compound made from ammonium cations and sulfate anions.
What is the relationship between each of the following quantities and the numbers of the subatomic particles found in an atom?(a) Atomic number(b) Mass number(c) Symbol for element
Write the formula for the compound made up of(a) Barium cations and nitrate anions.(b) Sodium cations and hydroxide anions.(c) Potassium cations and dichromate anions.StrategyTreat the polyatomic anions as a single-charged group and balance the overall charge of the compound with the appropriate
Calculate the formula mass of Na2O.
A mass spectrometer determines isotopic masses to eight or nine significant digits. What limits the atomic mass of carbon to only five significant digits?
Calculate the formula mass of the ionic compound barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2.StrategyThe formula mass is calculated the same way as the molecular mass using the atomic masses given on the periodic table, taking into account the subscripts in the empirical formula.
Name the compound CaCl2 and write the formula of lithium oxide.
(a) Name the compounds.1. BaI22. MgO(b) Write the formula of the compounds1. Sodium sulfide2. Potassium fluorideStrategyFor part a, write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion as it appears in Table 2.3; then reverse that strategy for part b, being careful to balance the charges
Explain the difference in the meanings of 4 P and P4.
Write the formulas for sodium carbonate and strontium phosphate.
Explain the difference in the meanings of 8S and S8.
Write the formula for each of the following compounds.(a) Ammonium chromate(b) Barium perchlorate(c) Sodium hydrogen sulfateStrategyThe polyatomic ions are treated as a single group with the formulas and charges listed in Table 2.2. Subscripts of the anions and cations are adjusted so that the
Write the modern name of Co(CH3CO2)2.
Write the modern name of each of the following compounds.(a) CoBr2(b) Cr2(SO4)3(c) Fe(OH)3StrategyDetermine the charge on the transition metal from the charges of the anions and subscripts, and indicate that charge with a Roman numeral after the name of the metal. TABLE 2.4 Naming Metal
Methane, CH4, is the principal component of natural gas. Interpret the molecular formula of this compound in words.
Write the formula for sulfur tetrachloride.
Dinitrogen tetroxide is a component of smog. Give the molecular formula of this gaseous compound, and interpret the formula in words.
Write the formula for each of the following compounds.(a) Selenium trioxide(b) Dinitrogen tetroxideStrategyUse the prefixes to determine the number of each atom type.
Give the name for the compound IF3.
Carbon monoxide, CO, is a molecular compound, whereas cesium bromide, CsBr, is ionic. Explain the difference in the meanings of these two formulas.
Give the systematic names for each of the following compounds.(a) N2O5(b) AsI3(c) XeF6StrategyUse the appropriate prefixes to indicate the number of each atom type, remembering to leave off mono- for the first element in the name.
Write the name of the organic compounds pictured below. (a) Η Η \/ H C/ H-C `C-H H C-H H¬C, / C Η / \ Η Η Η (b) CH,CHCH,CH,CH, Br
Write the name of the organic compounds pictured below. (a) CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH3 (b) CH₂CH₂CHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂ Cl
Write the name of the organic compounds pictured below. (a) CH3CHCH₂CH₂CH3 (b) CH3CHCH₂CH3 Br I
Of the two compounds, LiCl and CO2, which one do you predict will dissolve in water and which one will be a gas? Explain your answer.
Which beaker below best pictures sodium sulfite in water solution? Explain your answer. (a) (c) (b)
Of the two compounds, Na2CO3 and Cl2, which one do you predict will dissolve in water and which one will be a gas? Explain your answer.
Which beaker in problem 2.115 best pictures lithium sulfide in water solution? Explain your answer.Problem 2.115Which beaker below best pictures sodium sulfite in water solution? Explain your answer. (a) (c) (b)
Which of the following substances conducts an electrical current when dissolved in water? Identify the formulas and charges of the ions present in the conducting solutions.(a) FeCl3(b) CO(NH2)2 (urea)(c) NH4Br(d) NaClO4(e) C2H5OH
Which of the following substances conducts an electrical current when dissolved in water? Identify the formulas and charges of the ions present in the conducting solutions.(a) AlBr3(b) C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol)(c) Ca(NO3)2(d) (NH4)2SO4(e) K2Cr2O7
Predict the formula of an ionic compound formed from calcium and nitrogen.
Write the formula of iron(III) sulfate.
Th e common name for a slurry of Mg(OH)2 in water is Milk of Magnesia. Give the proper name of this compound.
Write the formula of potassium nitrate and ammonium carbonate.
Write the symbol, including atomic number, mass number, and charge, for each of the following species.(a) A halogen with a mass number of 35 and a 1- charge(b) An alkali metal with 18 electrons, 20 neutrons, and a 1+ charge
Write the symbol, including atomic number, mass number, and charge, for each of the following species.(a) A neutral noble-gas element with 21 neutrons in its nucleus(b) An alkaline earth metal with a mass number of 40 and a 2+ charge
Name each of the following compounds, and indicate whether each is ionic or molecular.(a) NO(b) Y2(SO4)3(c) Na2O(d) NBr3
Partial information is given in each column in the following table. Fill in the blank spaces. Symbol Atomic number Mass number Charge Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons. 70 31 28 | || 103 3+ - - - 49 1+ 65 28Si²-
Write the formula of each of the following compounds, and indicate whether each is ionic or molecular.(a) Calcium phosphate(b) Germanium dioxide(c) Iron(III) sulfate(d) Phosphorus tribromide
Plutonium was first isolated by Glenn Seaborg and coworkers in the early 1940s as the 239Pu isotope; they made it by a nuclear reaction of deuterium with uranium. Give the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of this isotope of plutonium.
From the list of elements Li, Ca, Fe, Al, Cl, O, C, and N, write the formula and name of a compound that fits each of the following descriptions.(a) An ionic compound with the formula MX2, where M is an alkaline earth metal and X is a nonmetal(b) A molecular substance with the formula AB2, where
Describe the compositions of the three isotopes of hydrogen. Write the symbol and give the name of each isotope.
Write the symbol for each of the following species.(a) A cation with a mass number of 23, an atomic number of 11, and a charge of 1+(b) A member of the nitrogen group (Group 5A) that has a 3+ charge, 48 electrons, and 70 neutrons(c) A noble gas with no charge and 48 neutrons
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