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introductory chemistry concepts

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Concepts

Which type of natural radiation corresponds to each of the following descriptions?(a) Stopped by human skin and requires heavy cloth shielding(b) Penetrates human skin and requires aluminum
Which type of radiation is identical to a helium nucleus and is deflected toward the negative electrode as it passes between electrically charged plates?
What is the approximate mass and relative charge of gamma radiation? (a) 4 amu and 2+(b) 1 amu and 1+(c) 1 amu and 0(d) 0 amu and 0(e) 0 amu and 1–.
Iodine-131, in a sodium iodide tablet, is used to measure the activity of the thyroid gland. If a tablet initially contains 88 mg of I-131, what is the mass of the nuclide that remains after 24 days?
Iodine-128, in a potassium iodide solution, is used to treat a thyroid condition. If the initial activity is 10,000 dpm and the activity drops to 1250 dpm after 75 minutes, what is the halflife of
When 500 mg of technetium-99 is administered for medical diagnosis, how much of the radionuclide remains after 24 hours? (t1/2 = 6 hours).
Which type of radiation cannot penetrate human skin and requires heavy clothing as minimum protective shielding?
What particle is emitted when an Ar-39 nucleus decays to K-39?(a) Alpha(b) Beta(c) Neutron(d) Positron(e) Proton.
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the following nuclear reaction induced by an iron nuclide. Bi-209 + Fe–? → Mt-266 + 1 neutron
Write a balanced nuclear equation for the following nuclear synthesis reaction. Cf-249 + O-18 → Sg-? + 4 neutrons
In 1994, physicists in Darmstadt, Germany, synthesized element 110. If Ds-269 and a neutron were produced by firing a projectile into Pb-208, what was the projectile nuclide?
Which type of radiation is identical to an electron and is deflected toward the positive electrode as it passes between electrically charged plates?
What nuclide is produced when Ar-39 decays by beta and gamma emission?(a) 3917Cl(b) 4017Cl(c) 4018Ar(d) 3919K(e) 4019K.
Which type of radiation can penetrate about 1 cm of human flesh and requires wood or aluminum as minimum protective shielding?
In the final step of the uranium-235 decay series, the parent nuclide decays to a lead-207 nuclide and a beta particle. What is the parent
Which type of radiation is powerful radiant energy that is not deflected as it passes between electrically charged plates?
If an iron-59 sample has an initial activity of 160 dpm, how much time is required for the activity to drop to 20 dpm? (t1/2 = 45 days)(a) 45 days(b) 90 days(c) 135 days(d) 180 days(e) 210 days.
Which type of radiation can pass through the human body and requires thick lead or concrete as minimum protective shielding?
What is the approximate mass for each of the following?(a) Alpha particle(b) Beta particle(c) Gamma ray(d) Positron(e) Neutron(f) Proton.
What is the principle assumption for radiocarbon dating to be reliable?(a) The amount of nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere has remained constant.(b) The amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere has
What is the relative charge for each of the following?(a) α(b) β– (c) ɣ(d) β+(e) n0(f) p+.
In 1919 Rutherford performed the first transmutation of an element. He bombarded N-14 with an alpha particle and obtained a proton and what
How many neutrons are produced from the following fission reaction? (a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4(e) None of the above. 2352U 92 + n ↑ 1411 + 36¹ + on
Write an equation for each of the following natural radioactive decay processes.(a) U-238 decays by alpha emission(b) Al-28 decays by beta emission(c) O-15 decays by positron emission(d) Fe-55
Write an equation for each of the following natural radioactive decay processes.(a) W-160 decays by alpha emission(b) P-32 decays by beta emission(c) Co-55 decays by positron emission(d) Ti-44
The nuclear fusion of a helium-3 nucleus and nuclide X releases an alpha particle and a positron. What is nuclide X?(a) Deuterium(b) Tritium(c) Neutron(d) Positron(e) Proton.
Identify X, an unknown radioactive nuclide, given the following information.(a) Nuclide X decays by alpha emission to give 217Rn.(b) Nuclide X decays by beta emission to give 43Ca.(c) Nuclide X
Write a nuclear equation for each of the following natural decay reactions.(a) U-238 decays by alpha emission(b) U-239 decays by beta emission(c) K-40 decays by positron emission(d) K-40 decays
Identify X, an unknown radioactive nuclide, given the following information.(a) Nuclide X decays by alpha emission to give 218Ra.(b) Nuclide X decays by beta emission to give 56Fe.(c) Nuclide X
The uranium-238 decay series begins with the emission of an alpha particle. The daughter product emits a beta particle to give which nuclide
In the final step of the uranium-238 disintegration series, the parent nuclide decays into lead-206 and an alpha particle. Identify the parent nuclide
The uranium-235 decay series begins with the emission of an alpha particle. The daughter product emits a beta particle to give which nuclide?
In the final step of the uranium-235 disintegration series, the parent nuclide decays into lead-207 and a beta particle. Identify the parent nuclide.
Supply each of the following emission particles in the 10-step decay series for radioactive thorium-232. 228 214Po (f) 2161 84 282 Pb (8) (h) 212 Bi_ (i) 88 Ra 86 Rn (e) 212 Po 84 20 Pb
Supply each of the following decaying nuclides in the 11-step decay series for radioactive neptunium-237. (h) α B α (1) B -(g) (i) 209 Bi 83 α (d) (a). -(f) * - (c) ام واك (e) α 237 93 B
What percentage of U-238 radionuclides in a sample remain after two half-lives?
What percentage of U-238 radionuclides in a sample remain after three half-lives?
If the carbon-14 reading of a fossil bone is 60 dpm, and a recent bone is 240 dpm, what is the estimated age of the fossil? (t1/2 = 5730 years).
If the carbon-14 radioactivity of an ancient wooden artifact is 6.25% that of a reference sample, what is the estimated age of the artifact? (t1/2 = 5730 years).
Sodium-24 in the form of NaCl is given as an injection to measure the sodium electrolyte balance. If 80 mg of the medical radionuclide is injected, how much Na-24 remains after 60 hours? (t1/2 = 15
If 160 mg of technetium-99 is administered for a medical diagnosis, how much of the nuclide remains after 24 hours? (t1/2 = 6 hours).
What radionuclide technique can be used to estimate the age of fossils up to 50,000 years old?
What radionuclide technique can be used to estimate the age of geological events up to a few billion years?
What radionuclide can be used to irradiate food and destroy microorganisms?
What radionuclide can be used to sterilize male insects and control pests?
What ɣ-emitting radionuclide can be used to diagnose and locate brain tumors?
What ɣ-emitting radionuclide can be used to treat breast cancer?
Bombarding Na-23 with a proton gives a radioactive nuclide and a neutron. Identify the radionuclide.
Bombarding Li-6 with a neutron produces a radioactive nuclide and an alpha particle. Identify the radionuclide.
Bombarding Br-81 with gamma rays gives a radioactive nuclide and a neutron. Identify the radionuclide.
In 1967, a Russian team smashed a neon nucleus into an americium target and claimed it had synthesized a new element, X. Given the equation for the reaction, what nuclide did the team create? 243
Bombarding U-238 with a hydrogen-2 nucleus produces a radioactive nuclide, a beta particle, and two neutrons. Identify the radionuclide.
In 1970, a group at the University of California at Berkeley fired a nitrogen nucleus into a californium target and claimed it had synthesized a new element, X. Given the equation for the reaction,
In 1974, a team of Russian physicists smashed a chromium-54 nucleus into a lead-207 target. If a new element, X, and one neutron were produced from the collision, what nuclide did the team create?
In 1976, a team of German physicists smashed a chromium-54 nucleus into a bismuth-209 target. If a new element, X, and one neutron were produced from the collision, what nuclide did the team create?
If a neutron causes a fission reaction that releases two neutrons, how many neutrons have been produced from the third fission step? (Assume each step in the fission process releases two neutrons.)
If a neutron causes a fission reaction that releases three neutrons, how many neutrons have been produced from the third fission step? (Assume each step in the fission process releases three
Why must uranium ore be enriched in U-235 before it can be used in the fuel rods of a nuclear reactor?
How many neutrons are produced from the following fission reaction? 235U + + n ↑ 144 + 90c 38 Sr + on
The fission of uranium-235 produces 2.4 neutrons per nucleus. Why is there a fractional value for the number of neutrons released?
How many neutrons are produced from the following fission reaction? 2351 295U + on ↑ 142 56 Ba + Kr + on
What nuclide undergoes nuclear fission to give barium-143, krypton-88, and three neutrons?
What nuclide undergoes nuclear fission to give xenon-142, strontium-90, and two neutrons?
The nuclear fusion of two deuterium nuclei gives a tritium nucleus, a positron, and particle X. Identify particle X.
The nuclear fusion of two helium-3 nuclei gives two protons and particle X. Identify particle X.
The nuclear fusion of a helium-3 nucleus and particle X releases an alpha particle and a positron. Identify particle X.
The nuclear fusion of a lithium-7 nucleus and particle X releases two alpha particles and a neutron. Identify particle X.
The nuclear fusion of two identical nuclides produces an alpha particle and a gamma ray. Identify the fusion nuclide.
The nuclear fusion of two identical nuclides produces a deuterium nucleus and a positron. Identify the fusion nuclide.
Crater Lake in Oregon was formed by volcanic explosion. If a tree charred by the explosion gave an activity of ∼7.7 dpm and the half-life of C-14 is 5730 years, what is the approximate age of
Uranium-lead dating of lunar rock samples gave a U-238 to Pb-206 ratio of ∼1.0. If the half-life of U-238 is 4.5 billion years, what is the approximate age of the lunar rocks?
A radionuclide ionizes the air in a smoke detector, which in turn allows the flow of electricity. When smoke particles enter the detector, they disrupt the electric current and set off an alarm. What
A PET scan is a medical imaging technique for the circulatory system. First, a radionuclide is injected that decays by positron emission. When the positron is emitted, it strikes an electron,
The nuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium releases an alpha particle, energy, and nuclide X. Identify nuclide X.
The nuclear fission of lithium-6 by a neutron releases an alpha particle, energy, and nuclide X. Identify nuclide X.
Which of the following compounds is an example of an alkane: decane (C10H22), decene (C10H20), decyne (C10H18), or naphthalene (C10H8)?
Give the IUPAC name for the following structure: CH3 CH3-CH-CH₂-C-CH₂-CH3 CH3 CH3
Which class of hydrocarbon is saturated?
Which of the following hydrocarbons is saturated?(a) Alkanes(b) Alkenes(c) Alkynes(d) Arenes(e) None of the above.
Which of the following compounds is an example of an alkene: decane (C10H22), decene (C10H20), decyne (C10H18), or naphthalene (C10H8)?
Give the IUPAC name for the following structure: CH3 CH3-C-CH₂-C=CH-CH3 CH3 CH3
Which classes of hydrocarbon are unsaturated?
What is the IUPAC name for CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3?(a) Decane(b) Heptane(c) Hexane(d) Octane(e) None of the above.
Draw the condensed structural formula for 2-methyl-2-pentene.
Which of the following compounds is an example of an alkyne: decane (C10H22), decene (C10H20), decyne (C10H18), or naphthalene (C10H8)?
Write the IUPAC name for the following structure: CH3 -CH-C=CH CH3
Which class of hydrocarbon has single bonds?
What is the product from the reaction of one mole of acetylene and two moles of hydrogen gas using platinum catalyst?(a) Ethane(b) Ethene(c) Propane(d) Propene(e) None of the above.
Draw the condensed structural formula for 1-pentyne.
Which of the following compounds is an example of an arene: decane (C10H22), decene (C10H20), decyne (C10H18), or naphthalene (C10H8)?
Which class of hydrocarbon has double bonds?
Draw the structural formula for meta-dimethylbenzene.
How many structures of benzene, C6H6, are represented by the Kekulé model? (a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4(e) None of the above.
Give the systematic IUPAC name for the following: F- -I
Is it possible to distinguish an alkene from an arene based on the hydrocarbon suffix?
Which class of hydrocarbon has triple bonds?
Identify each of the following compounds as an alkane, alkene, or alkyne based on the name of the hydrocarbon.(a) Cyclopropane(b) Methylpropyne.
Identify each of the following compounds as an alkane, alkene, or alkyne based on the name of the hydrocarbon.(a) Cyclohexene(b) Ethylpentyne.
Which classes of hydrocarbon derivatives contain a carbonyl group? Which classes of hydrocarbon derivatives do not contain a carbonyl group?
Indicate the class of hydrocarbon derivative for each of the following compounds: (a) CH3-Br (c) CH3-C-H (b) CH3—CH,—NH, (d) O -C-OH

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