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introductory chemistry concepts

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Concepts

Identify the type of biological compound having each of the following structures. (a) (b) Amino acid 010 || -C-NH– Sugar -O- Sugar Amino acid
What physical property distinguishes a lipid from a protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid?
Which of the following types of linkage is found in a protein? (a) Peptide linkage(b) Glycoside linkage(c) Ester linkage(d) Phosphate linkage(e) None of the above.
Identify the amino acids in the following dipeptide. O || || H₂N-CH-C-NH-CH—C—OH NIECH H CH₂-OH
Classify glycine and serine as neutral, acidic, or basic amino acids.
The structure of a protein is described as a helix of amino acids in a spiral protein chain. Does this description correspond to the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure of a protein molecule?
Identify the type of biological compound having each of the following structures. (a) (b) glycerol --Sugar Base O || -0-C -0-C- 310 -0-0 carboxylic acid carboxylic acid carboxylic
What type of bonds shape the secondary structure of a protein? (a) Amide bonds(b) Ester bonds(c) Hydrogen bonds(d) Ionic bonds(e) None of the above.
Identify the type of linkage that joins repeating units in each of the following.(a) Protein(b) Two sugars in a carbohydrate.
How many possible tripeptides contain glycine (Gly), valine (Val), and proline (Pro) amino acids? (a) 1(b) 3(c) 6(d) 9(e) None of the above.
Identify the type of linkage that joins each of the following.(a) Glycerol and a carboxylic acid in a lipid(b) Nucleic acid.
An enzyme is an example of which type of biological compound? (a) Protein(b) Carbohydrate(c) Lipid(d) Nucleic acid(e) None of the above.
What type of bonds are responsible for the primary structure of a protein?
Which of the following functional groups are found in an aldose sugar?(a) Alcohol and aldehyde(b) Alcohol and ketone(c) Aldehyde and ketone(d) Aldehyde and phenol(e) None of the above.
What type of bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of a protein?
Which monosaccharides are produced from the hydrolysis of lactose? (a) Glucose and fructose(b) Glucose and galactose(c) Glucose and ribose(d) Glucose and threose(e) None of the above.
Explain the difference between the primary and secondary structure of a protein.
Which of the following is characteristic of a lipid oil? (a) Animal source(b) Saturated fatty acids(c) Semisolid(d) Water insoluble(e) All of the above.
Explain the difference between the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein.
Which of the following is found in a lipid wax?(a) Ester linkage(b) Glycerol(c) Long-chain alcohol(d) Saturated fatty acid(e) Unsaturated fatty acid.
Draw the structure of the dipeptide formed by two molecules of the amino acid alanine. Circle the peptide linkage.
Which of the following is found in a DNA nucleotide?(a) Deoxyribose sugar(b) Nitrogen base(c) Phosphoric acid(d) All of the above(e) None of the above.
Draw the structure of the dipeptide formed by two molecules of the amino acid cysteine. Circle the peptide linkage.
Which of the following bases is not found in a DNA nucleotide?(a) Adenine(b) Cytosine(c) Guanine(d) Thymine(e) Uracil.
Draw the structure of the dipeptide seryltyrosine (Ser—Tyr).
Draw the structure for the dipeptide glycylvaline (Gly-Val).
Draw the structure of the dipeptide tyrosylserine (Tyr—Ser).
Complete the following reaction for the acid hydrolysis of the disaccharide sucrose and label the two products. C12H22011 + sucrose H₂O water H*
Indicate all the possible sequences for a tripeptide containing alanine, glutamine, and methionine; use the standard abbreviation for each amino acid (Ala, Gln, Met).
What type of biological compound is a water-insoluble fat, oil, or wax?
Indicate all the possible sequences for a tripeptide containing glycine, histidine, and tryptophan; use the standard abbreviation for each amino acid (Gly, His, Trp).
A segment of a protein chain contains the following tripeptide. Identify the three amino acids given the structure for the tripeptide.
What type of biological compound is a polymer of a sugar attached to a base, joined together by phosphoric acid?
Complete the following reaction for the saponification of an animal fat. Label the products and identify the fatty acids in the animal fat. i CH₂-O-C-(CH2)10-CH3 O LH-0-i-(CH₂)
The artificial sweetener NutraSweet is the methyl ester of a dipeptide. Identify the two amino acids given the structure for NutraSweet. || O || H_N-CH-C-NH-CH-C-O-CH3 I CH₂ CH₂ T COOH
The hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are polypeptides with nine amino acids. Given the primary sequence for each hormone, identify the two amino acids that differ in each polypeptide.
One of the components of beeswax is an ester composed of the following fatty acid and alcohol. Draw the structure of the beeswax ester.Fatty acid: CH3—(CH2)34—COOH Alcohol: CH3—(CH2)35—OH
During DNA replication, an adenine base on the template strand will code for which base on the complementary strand?
Vasopressin raises blood pressure in humans, and oxytocin induces lactation in mammals. Suggest a reason why the biological activity of the polypeptides differs.
Identify the sugar and base in each of the following.(a) Nucleotide A(b) Nucleotide B ОН T O=P-OH 0-CH2 о N- N- нс VI CH IN нс- H C—C H T T ОН Н NH₂ N
During DNA transcription, an adenine base on the template strand will code for which base on the growing RNA strand?
In the lock-and-key model of enzyme catalysis, what does the key represent?
In the lock-and-key model of enzyme catalysis, what does the lock represent?
What do the “teeth” on the key represent in the lock-and-key model of enzyme catalysis?
What is the term for a location on an enzyme that conforms to the shape of the substrate?
What are the experimental conditions that make an enzyme inactive?
What is the term for a molecule that blocks an enzyme and makes it inactive?
How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of a pentose sugar?
How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of a hexose sugar?
What are the two types of functional groups in an aldose sugar?
What are the two types of functional groups in a ketose sugar?
What is the distinction between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?
What is the distinction between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide?
Which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycoside linkage in sucrose?
Which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycoside linkage in lactose?
State whether each of the following characteristics indicates a fat, an oil, or both.(a) Animal source(b) Plant source(c) Semisolid(d) Insoluble in water.
Identify the fatty acids in the following triglyceride fat. || CH₂-O-C-(CH2)14-CH3 || CH-O-C-(CH2)10 CH3 CH₂-0-C-(CH2)12-CH3
State whether each of the following constituents typifies a fat, an oil, or both.(a) Saturated fatty acids(b) Unsaturated fatty acids(c) Glycerol(d) Ester linkages.
Identify the fatty acids in the following triglyceride oil. || CH₂-O-C-(CH2)16-CH3 || CH-O-C−(CH2)z–CH=CH-CH-CH=CH–(CH2)4–CH3 CH,-O-C−(CH2)z-CH=CH-CH-CH=CH-CH,-CH=CH-CH,–CH3
How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?
Carnauba wax is a lipid obtained from the leaves of palm trees and used in polishes for metal and wood surfaces. If the given structure is treated with aqueous NaOH, what are the formulas of the two
What phospholipid is used to emulsify chocolate?
Lanolin is a lipid wax obtained from sheep’s wool and is used in ointments and cosmetic lotions. If lanolin is treated with aqueous NaOH, what two types of organic structures are obtained?
Draw the unique ring structure that is typical of steroid compounds.
What functional group differs in testosterone and progesterone?
What are the three general components of a DNA nucleotide?
What are the three general components of an RNA nucleotide?
What are the four bases in DNA?
What are the four bases in RNA?
How many strands of nucleotides are in a DNA molecule?
How many strands of nucleotides are in an RNA molecule?
How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine nucleotides in the DNA double helix?
How many hydrogen bonds are there between cytosine and guanine nucleotides in the DNA double helix?
During DNA replication, an adenine base (A) in the template strand codes for which base in the complementary strand?
During DNA replication, a cytosine base (C) in the template strand codes for which base in the complementary strand?
During RNA transcription, a cytosine base (C) in the template strand codes for which base on the growing strand?
During RNA transcription, an adenine base (A) in the template strand codes for which base on the growing strand?
What is the overall shape of a protein that provides strength, such as a protein in muscle tissue?
What is the overall shape of a protein that serves a metabolic role, such as a protein for oxygen transport?
What happens to a protein when it undergoes denaturation in an aqueous acid?
What happens to a polysaccharide when it undergoes hydrolysis in an aqueous acid?
Which vitamins belong to the lipid class of biological compounds?
Which vitamins are antioxidants and help eliminate free radicals?
How many codons are possible for an RNA trinucleotide having an adenine base, a cytosine base, and guanine base?
How many codons are possible for an RNA trinucleotide having an adenine base, and two cytosine bases?
Explain the difference between the terms replication and transcription.
Explain the process of transcription and how a DNA molecule synthesizes a molecule of RNA?
Explain the process of replication and how a DNA molecule synthesizes two identical molecules of DNA.
Explain the difference between the terms transcription and translation.
Estimate an approximate answer for each of the following calculations. Verify your ballpark answer using a calculator.(a)(b) 1.228 g Mg X 1 mol Mg 1 mol MgO 24.31 g Mg 1 mol Mg ? g MgO 40.31 g MgO 1
Which of the following antacid tablets neutralizes more acid: a 1.00-g NaHCO3 tablet or a 1.00-g KHCO3 tablet?
Examine the following illustrations of HCl and HF ionizing in solution. At the molecular level, explain why HCl is more highly ionized than HF.
Identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base in each of the following neutralization reactions.(a) HCO3–(aq) + OH–(aq) → CO3 2–(aq) + H2O(l)(b) NO2–(aq) + HClO4(aq) → HNO2(aq) +
Draw a concept map that relates each of the following mole quantities.(a) Molecules of sulfur dioxide gas and volume SO2 at STP(b) Volume of nitrogen gas at STP and mass N2.
What problem-solving technique converts a given value to an unknown value by applying one or more unit factors?
Draw a concept map that relates each of the following stoichiometric quantities.(a) Mass of reactant and mass of product(b) Mass of reactant and volume of gaseous product.
Draw a concept map that relates each of the following mole quantities.(a) Mass of chloroform and molecules of chloroform, CHCl3(b) Volume of hydrochloric acid and mass HCl.
What problem-solving technique requires rearranging variables in an equation to calculate an unknown quantity.
What problem-solving technique traces the relationship of chemical concepts, often shown by connected boxes?
Draw a concept map that relates each of the following stoichiometric quantities.(a) Volume of gaseous reactant and volume of gaseous product(b) Volume of gaseous product and volume of gaseous

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