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introductory chemistry concepts

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Concepts

Why does water form a concave lens in a test tube, whereas mercury forms a convex lens.
Predict which liquid in each pair has the higher viscosity:(a) CH3COOH or C2H5Cl(b) C2H5OH or CH3OCH3.
Predict which liquid in each pair has the higher surface tension:(a) CH3COOH or C2H5Cl(b) C2H5OH or CH3OCH3.
Refer to Figure 11.5 and estimate the vapor pressure of ethanol at each of the following temperatures:(a) 45 °C(b) 60 °CFigure 11.5 Vapor pressure (mm
What is the general relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and its temperature?
Refer to Figure 11.5 and estimate the vapor pressure of ether at each of the following temperatures:(a) 15 °C(b) 30 °CFigure 11.5 Vapor pressure (mm
What is the general relationship between the boiling point of a liquid and its vapor pressure?
The vapor pressure of acetone is 1 mm Hg at -59 °C, 10 mm Hg at -31 °C, 100 mm Hg at 8 °C, 400 mm Hg at 40 °C, and 760 mm Hg at 56 °C. What is the normal boiling point of acetone?
The vapor pressure of methanol is 1 atm at 65 °C, 2 atm at 84 °C, 5 atm at 112 °C, 10 atm at 138 °C, and 20 atm at 168 °C. What is the normal boiling point of methanol?
Which of the following are observed general properties of solids?(a) Fixed volume(b) Noncrystalline structure(c) Do not expand(d) Alloys mix by diffusion.
Which of the following are observed general properties of solids?(a) Fixed shape(b) Crystalline structure(c) Do not compress(d) Less dense than liquids.
Indicate the physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) for gallium given its melting point (30 °C) and boiling point (2403 °C) under the following conditions:(a) Ga in ice water(b) Ga in boiling
Indicate the physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) for mercury given its melting point (-40 °C) and boiling point (357 °C) under the following conditions:(a) Hg in ice water(b) Hg in boiling
List three examples of crystalline solids.
List three examples of noncrystalline solids.
State the type of particles that compose each of the following:(a) Ionic solid(b) Molecular solid(c) Metallic solid.
State whether the following list of properties is most descriptive of an ionic, a molecular, or a metallic solid:(a) Malleable, ductile, insoluble in water(b) High melting point, conductor of
Classify each of the following crystalline solids as ionic, molecular, or metallic.(a) Sulfur, S8(b) Sulfur dioxide, SO2(c) Copper, Cu(d) Silver nitrate, AgNO3.
Classify each of the following crystalline solids as ionic, molecular, or metallic.(a) Zinc, Zn(b) Zinc oxide, ZnO(c) Phosphorus, P4(d) Iodine monobromide, IBr.
Draw the general shape of the temperature–energy graph for the heating of ethanol from -120 °C to 120 °C. (Given: Mp = -117.3 °C; Bp = 78.5 °C).
Draw the general shape of the temperature–energy graph for the cooling of acetone from 100 °C to -100 °C. (Given: Mp = -95.4 °C; Bp = 56.2 °C).
Calculate the heat absorbed when melting 25.0 g of ice at 0 °C.
Calculate the heat released when freezing 25.0 g of water at 0 °C.
Calculate the heat required to convert 25.0 g of water at 25.0 °C to steam at 100.0 °C.
Calculate the heat released when 65.5 g of water at 55.5 °C cools to ice at 0.0 °C.
Calculate the heat required to convert 115 g of ice at 0.0 °C to steam at 100.0 °C.
Calculate the heat released when 155 g of steam at 100.0 °C cools to ice at 0.0 °C.
Calculate the heat required to convert 38.5 g of ice at -20.0 °C to steam at 100.0 °C.
Calculate the heat released when 90.5 g of steam at 110.0 °C cools to ice at 0.0 °C.
Is the vapor pressure of water unusually high or low?
Is the boiling point of water unusually high or low?
Is the viscosity of water unusually high or low?
Complete and balance the following equations.(a) Li(s) + H2O(l) S(b) Na2O(s) + H2O(l) S(c) CO2(g) + H2O(l) S
Refer to the trends in Table 11.6 and estimate a value for the physical properties of radioactive H2Po, that is, predict a value for the Mp, Bp, Hfusion, and Hvapor.Table 11.6 TABLE 11.6 Group
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of water by electrolysis.
Complete and balance the following equations.(a) Mg(s) + H2O(l) S(b) SrO(s) + H2O(l) S(c) N2O5(g) + H2O(l) S
Complete and balance the following equations. spark (a) C4H₁0(g) + O₂(g) (b) Co(C₂H3O₂)2.4 H₂O(s) (c) HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)₂(aq)
Complete and balance the following equations.(a) Ca(s) + H2O(l) →(b) BaO(s) + H2O(l) →(c) P2O5(s) + H2O(l) →
Complete and balance the following equations: (a) C3H6(g) + O₂(8) (b) Na₂Cr₂O7-2 H₂O(s) (c) HF(aq) + Ca(OH)₂(aq) spark A
Complete and balance the following equations: (a) C₂H,OH() (b) KAl(SO4)2 (c) H₂PO4(aq) spark A + O₂(8) 12 H₂O(s) + NaOH(aq)
Complete and balance the following equations. (a) C3H,OH(1) (b) Ca(NO3)2 4 H₂O(s) (c) H₂CO3(aq) + O₂(8) + KOH(aq) spark
Supply a systematic name for each of the following hydrate compounds.(a) MgCl2 · 6 H2O(b) MnSO4 · 7 H2O(c) Co(CN)3 · 3 H2O(d) Cr(NO3)3 · 9 H2O.
Supply a systematic name for each of the following hydrate compounds.(a) MgSO4 · 7 H2O(b) MnSO4 · H2O(c) Co(C2H3O2)2 · 4 H2O(d) Cr(NO3)3 · 3 H2O.
Provide the chemical formula for each of the following hydrate compounds.(a) Sodium acetate trihydrate(b) Calcium sulfate dihydrate(c) Potassium chromate tetrahydrate(d) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate.
Calculate the percentage of water in each of the following hydrates.(a) SrCl2 · 6 H2O(b) K2Cr2O7 · 2 H2O(c) Co(CN)3 · 3 H2O(d) Na2CrO4 · 4 H2O.
Refer to Figure 11.5 and determine the boiling point of ethanol at an elevation where the atmospheric pressure is 0.500 atm.Figure 11.5 Vapor pressure (mm
Refer to Figure 11.5 and determine the boiling point of water at an elevation where the atmospheric pressure is 0.500 atm.Figure 11.5 Vapor pressure (mm
Draw the electron dot formula for H2S. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a hydrogen sulfide molecule? H S Η
Provide the chemical formula for each of the following hydrate compounds.(a) Sodium carbonate decahydrate(b) Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate(c) Cobalt(III) iodide octahydrate(d) Chromium(III)
State the number of valence electrons for a sodium ion and a chloride ion in an ionic bond.
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for a chloroform molecule, CHCl3.
State the number of valence electrons for a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom.
Calculate the percentage of water in each of the following hydrates.(a) MnSO4 · H2O(b) Sr(NO3)2 · 6 H2O(c) Co(C2H3O2)2 · 4 H2O(d) Cr(NO3)3 · 9 H2O.
Which of the following statements is true regarding an ionic bond between zinc and oxygen in a ZnO formula unit? (a) Zinc atoms lose electrons and oxygen atoms gain electrons.(b) The ionic radius
Which of the following statements are true regarding a covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom in an H2O molecule?(a) Valence electrons are shared by hydrogen and oxygen
Which noble gas has an electron configuration identical to that of each of the following ions?(a) Lithium ion(b) Oxide ion(c) Calcium ion(d) Bromide ion.
State the number of valence electrons for a sodium atom and a chlorine atom.
Determine the water of hydration for the following hydrates and write the chemical formula.(a) NiCl2 · XH2O is found to contain 21.7% water.(b) Ni(NO3)2 · XH2O is found to contain 37.2%
The antifreeze in some automobiles is ethylene glycol. Calculate the heat required to vaporize 5.00 L of ethylene glycol at 25.0 °C. (Ethylene glycol: density = 1.11 g/mL; specific heat = 0.561
What is the approximate percentage of the human body that is composed of water?
Which of the following statements are true regarding an ionic bond between an iron ion and a sulfide ion in an FeS formula unit?(a) The iron atom loses electrons and the sulfur atom gains
Which noble gas is isoelectronic with a barium ion? with an iodide ion?
Venus has clouds of sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Why is it reasonable to predict that Venus “raindrops” are spheres?
Predict whether each of the following is held together by ionic or by covalent bonds:(a) Ammonia, NH3(b) Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2.
Which of the following statements are true regarding the formation of an ionic bond between a metal and a nonmetal?(a) The atomic radius of a metal atom is greater than its ionic radius.(b) The
What type of chemical bond results from the attraction between a metal cation and a nonmetal anion? between two nonmetal atoms?
What is the strongest type of intermolecular attraction that exists in each of the following liquids?(a) C5H12(b) CH3CH2CH2—Cl(c) CH3—OH(d) CH3—O—CH3.
Saturn has clouds of ammonia, NH3. Why is it reasonable to predict that Saturn “raindrops” are spheres?
Predict whether each of the following is held together by ionic or by covalent bonds:(a) Aluminum oxide, Al2O3(b) Sulfur dioxide, SO2.
Which of the following statements are true regarding a covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and a sulfur atom in an H2S molecule?(a) Valence electrons are transferred from hydrogen to
What is the strongest type of intermolecular attraction that exists in each of the following liquids?(a) C6H14(b) CH3CH2CH2—F(c) CH3—COOH(d) CH3CH2—O—CH2CH3.
What is the approximate percentage of the Earth’s surface that is covered by water?
State the number of valence electrons for a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom in a covalent bond.
The antifreeze in some automobiles is methyl alcohol. Calculate the heat required to vaporize 5.00 L of methyl alcohol at 25.0 °C. (Methyl alcohol: density = 0.792 g/mL; specific heat = 0.610 cal/(g
Determine the water of hydration for the following hydrates and write the chemical formula.(a) SrCl2 · XH2O is found to contain 18.5% water.(b) Sr(NO3)2 · XH2O is found to contain 33.8%
Which of the following statements are true regarding the formation of a covalent bond between two nonmetal atoms?(a) Bonding electrons are shared between two nonmetal atoms.(b) The bond length is
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for a molecule of SiHClBrl.
Which noble gas element has an electron configuration identical to that of each of the following ions?(a) Potassium ion(b) Nitride ion(c) Strontium ion(d) Iodide ion.
Draw the electron dot formula for hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a hydrogen peroxide molecule? (a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4(e) None of the above.
Which of the following statements are true regarding an ionic bond between a zinc ion and an oxide ion in a ZnO formula unit?(a) Zinc and oxygen form a bond by sharing electrons.(b) The oxygen atom
Predict whether each of the following is held together by ionic or covalent bonds.(a) Aluminum chloride, AlCl3(b) Water, H2O(c) Sulfur trioxide, SO3(d) Iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3.
Predict which of the following has an ionic bond.(a) CaO(b) NO(c) CO(d) All of the above(e) None of the above.
Draw the electron dot formula for the carbonate ion, CO32-. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a carbonate ion?(a) 4(b) 8(c) 12(d) 24(e) none of the above
Which of the following statements is true regarding a covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in an H2O molecule?(a) Bonding electrons are stationary between the H and O atoms.(b) The bond
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for a carbon dioxide molecule, CO2.
Draw the electron dot formula for SO2. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a sulfur dioxide molecule? S
Which of the following shows a general increasing trend for electronegativity in the periodic table?(a) Up a group of metals(b) Up a group of nonmetals(c) Across a series of metals from left to
Predict whether each of the following is held together by ionic or covalent bonds.(a) Zinc bromide, ZnBr2(b) Ammonia, NH3(c) Iodine heptafluoride, IF7(d) Lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4.
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for a molecule of SiO2.
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for an acetylene molecule, C2H2.
Given the values for H (2.1) and F (4.0), calculate the electronegativity difference in a hydrogen fluoride bond, HF.(a) -1.9(b) -6.1(c) 1.9(d) 6.1(e) None of the above.
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is a formula unit or a molecule.(a) Methanol, CH3OH(b) Potassium chlorite, KClO2(c) Manganese(II) oxide,
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for a molecule of HOCN.
Draw the electron dot formula for CO. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a carbon monoxide molecule?
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for the sulfate ion, SO42–.
Chlorine has an electronegativity value of 3.0. Given the electronegativity of C, N, and O (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5, respectively), which of the following molecules has nonpolar
Intravenous saline injections are given to restore the mineral balance in trauma patients. What is the mass of water required to dissolve 1.50 g of NaCl for a 0.90% normal IV saline solution? We
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is a formula unit or a molecule.(a) Ethanol, CH3CH2OH(b) Sodium chlorate, NaClO3(c) Nickel(II) oxide, NiO(d) Sulfuric
Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for the nitrite ion, NO2–.

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