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introductory chemistry concepts

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Concepts

What problem-solving technique helps to understand concepts that cannot be observed directly, such as the molecules in a gas?
Given that 0.0142 mol of hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in 47.5 mL of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Grams of HCl gas (STP) dissolved in the
If the unknown quantity in a unit analysis solution to a problem has compound units, for example, kg/L, what is true of the relevant given value?
Given that 0.0755 mol of ammonia gas dissolves in 0.155 L of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Grams of NH3 gas (at STP) dissolved in the solution(b) Liters
State a reference for each of the following:(a) Molar mass of a substance(b) Physical properties of a substance.
Given that 1.00 g of hydrogen fluoride dissolves in 100.0 mL of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Liters of HF gas (STP) dissolved in the
Given that 2.00 g of hydrazine, N2H4, dissolves in 0.250 L of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Liters of N2H4 gas (at STP) dissolved in the
Given that 1.00 L of carbon dioxide at STP dissolves in 500.0 mL of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) grams of CO2 gas (at STP) dissolved in the
Given that 555 mL of sulfur dioxide at STP dissolves in 0.250 L of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Grams of SO2 gas (at STP) dissolved in the
Given that 2.22 x 1022 molecules of hydrogen sulfide dissolve in 450.0 mL of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Liters of H2S gas (STP) dissolved in the
Given that 1.12 x 1023 molecules of sulfur trioxide dissolve in 0.325 L of solution, draw a mole concept map and calculate each of the following.(a) Liters of SO3 gas (STP) dissolved in the
Ammonia gas, NH3, reacts with oxygen and platinum catalyst to give 25.0 L of nitrogen monoxide gas at STP according to the chemical reaction: Draw a stoichiometry concept map and calculate:(a) The
Methane gas, CH4, reacts with oxygen to give 5.00 g of water according to the chemical reaction: CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) Draw a stoichiometry concept map and calculate:(a) The mass of
Hydrochloric acid reacts with 0.466 g aluminum metal to give hydrogen gas according to the chemical reaction: Al(s) + HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + H2(g) Draw a stoichiometry concept map and
A sample of potassium hydrogen carbonate decomposes to give 255 mL of carbon dioxide at STP according to the chemical reaction: KHCO3(s) → K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Draw a stoichiometry concept
Given that 50.0 mL of 0.100 M magnesium bromide reacts completely with 13.9 mL of silver nitrate solution according to the chemical reaction: MgBr2(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgBr(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) Draw a
Given that 24.0 mL of 0.170 M sodium iodide reacts completely with 0.209 M mercury(II) nitrate solution according to the chemical reaction: Hg(NO3)2(aq) + NaI(aq) → HgI2(s) + NaNO3(aq) Draw a
Carbon monoxide gas is used in the blast furnace process to convert iron ore to impure pig iron. Carbon dioxide is used as a fire extinguisher and to make dry ice. Starting with coal, carbon
Sulfuric acid is the single most important industrial chemical. About 40 million tons are manufactured each year. Elemental sulfur is converted to sulfuric acid by the Contact Process as
Ground water sometimes contains traces of hydrogen sulfide, which has the odor of rotten eggs. Chlorine gas is used to purify the water for drinking. The resulting sulfur reacts with fluorine gas to
Iron ore is converted to pig iron in an industrial blast furnace. The pig iron, in turn, is converted to carbon steel by high-temperature oxidation. The blast furnace process takes place in a series
Steering rockets on the Space Shuttle are powered by the reaction of hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetraoxide, N2O4. The reactions for making hydrazine and the reaction with dinitrogen tetraoxide
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is prepared industrially from the reaction of oxygen and isopropyl alcohol, C3H7OH. Hydrogen peroxide reacts explosively with hydrazine, N2H4, and is used as a rocket fuel.
Calculate the molar mass of an unknown gas if an experiment yielded a value of 1.45 g/L at 100 °C and 0.989 atm.
Calculate the mass of nitrogen dioxide gas occupying a volume of 2.50 L at 35 °C and 0.974 atm pressure.
A 34.5-g sample of calcium chloride is dissolved in 500.0 mL of solution. Find the molar concentration of the calcium ions and chloride ions in solution. (Assume the salt is 100% ionized.)
Given 6.55 g of carbon dioxide gas, calculate the volume of gas at 75 °C and 0.750 atm pressure. What is the number of gas molecules?
Mannitol is an artificial sweetener found in sugarless gum. The percentage composition is 39.6% carbon, 7.77% hydrogen, and 52.8% oxygen and the density is 1.47 g/mL. If mannitol contains 4.93 x 1021
Liquid bromine can be prepared by passing chlorine gas through an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. How many milliliters of bromine are produced from the reaction of 10.0 g of Cl2 and 10.0 g of
Heating solid sodium chlorate with manganese dioxide catalyst produces solid sodium chloride and oxygen gas. If 245 mL of wet oxygen are collected over water at 25 °C and 754 mm Hg, what mass of
Heating solid potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide catalyst produces solid potassium chloride and oxygen gas. If 455 mL of wet oxygen are collected over water at 23 °C and 766 mm Hg, what mass
How many milliliters of 0.100 M hydrochloric acid react with excess zinc metal in order to collect 50.0 mL of hydrogen gas over water at STP?
What volume of 0.150 M hydrochloric acid reacts with excess lead(II) nitrate solution in order to yield 1.88 g of lead(II) chloride precipitate?
Given 0.150 L of nitrous oxide at 25 °C and 749 mm Hg pressure, calculate the number of N2O molecules. What is the mass of the gas?
A saturated solution of magnesium hydroxide dissociates according to the following equation: Mg(OH)2(s) ⇌ Mg2+ (aq) + 2 OH–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the
Does the following reaction profile represent an exothermic or endothermic reaction? Energy Progress of reaction
Boron trifluoride is used in the electronics industry to manufacture computer chips. Draw the energy profile for the following reaction. 2 B(s) + 3 F2(g) ⇄ 2 BF3(g) + heat
Draw the energy profile for the following exothermic reaction: H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2 HCl(g) Label the axes Energy and Progress of reaction and indicate the reactants, products, transition state,
What is the equilibrium constant expression for the oxygen/ozone reaction? 3 O2(g) ⇄ 2 O3(g)
Draw the energy profile for the following endothermic reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g) Label the axes Energy and Progress of reaction and indicate the reactants, products, transition state,
Calculate the oxidation number for sulfur in the following polyatomic ions.(a) SO32– (b) HSO4–(c) HS–(d) S2O8 2–.
Supply the term that corresponds to each of the following.(a) A redox process characterized by electron gain(b) A substance undergoing reduction in a redox reaction.
Iron can react with an aqueous tin(II) nitrate solution, according to the following ionic equation: Fe(s) + Sn2+(aq) → Sn(s) + Fe2+(aq) An Fe electrode is placed in a compartment with 1.00 M
A liquid in a sealed beaker begins to evaporate as shown in (a). When the volume above the liquid becomes saturated with vapor, the vapor begins to condense to a liquid as shown in (b). What is true
Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the following reversible reactions:(a) H2(g) + F2(g) ⇄ 2 HF(g) (b) 4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g) ⇄ 4 NO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) (c) ZnCO3(s) ⇄ ZnO(s) +
What is the direction of equilibrium shift after heating the reaction? 3 O2(g) ⇄ 2 O3(g)
State the effect of a catalyst on the heat of reaction, ∆H.
Given the equilibrium concentrations for each gas at 500 °C, calculate the value of Keq for the manufacture of ammonia. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇄ 2 NH3(g)0.400 M 1.20 M 0.195 M
Which of the following statements is true regarding the general equilibrium expression?(a) Keq can be determined experimentally.(b) Keq can be determined theoretically.
What is the direction of equilibrium shift after adding a catalyst? 3 O2(g) ⇄ 2 O3(g)
State the effect of a catalyst on the energy of activation, Eact.
Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the following reversible reactions:(a) H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇄ 2 HBr(g) (b) 4 HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(g) (c) CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇄
Which of the following statements is true regarding the general equilibrium expression?(a) Keq for gaseous equilibria does not depend on temperature.(b) Keq for gaseous equilibria does not include
Given the equilibrium concentrations for each gas at 850 °C, calculate the value of Keq for the manufacture of sulfur trioxide. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g) 1.75 M 1.50 M 2.25 M
What is the direction of equilibrium shift after reducing the volume? 3 O2(g) ⇄ 2 O3(g)
The conditions for producing ammonia industrially are 500 °C and 300 atm. What happens to the ammonia concentration if(a) The temperature increases and(b) The pressure increases? N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
Weather conditions affect the smog equilibrium in the atmosphere. What happens to the nitrogen dioxide concentration on(a) Hot, sunny days and(b) Cool, overcast days?N2O4(g) + heat ⇄ 2 NO2(g)
The industrial process for producing hydrogen gas involves reacting methane and steam at a high temperature. CH4(g) + H2O(g) + heat ⇄ CO(g) + 3 H2(g) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift
Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the following weak acids: (a) HCHO₂(aq) → H(aq) + CHO₂ (aq) (b) H,C,O4(aq)≥H*(aq) + HC,O4 (aq) (c) H₂C6H5O7(aq) H*(aq) +
Smog contains formaldehyde that is responsible for an eye burning sensation. Formaldehyde, CH2O, is produced from the reaction of ozone and atmospheric ethylene, C2H4, as follows. 2 C2H4(g) + 2
Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the following weak bases: (a) NH₂OH(aq) (b) CáH5NH₂(aq) (c) (CH3)2NH(aq) + H₂O(1) + H₂O(1) + NH3OH*(aq) + OH-(aq) CáH5NH3(aq) +
Nitrous acid, HNO2, is used in the synthesis of organic dye compounds. If the hydrogen ion concentration of a 0.125 M solution is 7.5 x 10-3 M, what is the ionization constant for the acid?
Aqueous ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, is used as a household cleaning solution. If the hydroxide ion concentration of a 0.245 M solution is 2.1 x 10-3 M, what is the ionization constant for the base?
Hydrofluoric acid, HF, is used in the manufacture of silicon computer chips. If the pH of a 0.139 M solution is 2.00, what is the ionization constant of the acid?
Hydrazine, N2H4, is a weak base and is used as fuel in the space shuttle. If the pH of a 0.139 M solution is 11.00, what is the ionization constant of the base? N2H4(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ N2H5 +(aq) +
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + F–(aq)Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Increase
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of nitrous acid HNO2(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + NO2–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Decrease
Write the solubility product expression for each of the following slightly soluble ionic compounds in a saturated aqueous solution: (a) Agl(s) Ag+ (aq) + (aq) (b) Ag₂CrO4(s) (c) Ag3PO4(s) 2 Ag+
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of acetic acid HC2H3O2(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Increase
Write the solubility product expression for each of the following slightly soluble ionic compounds in a saturated aqueous solution: (a) Cu₂CO3(s) 2 Cut(aq) + CO2 (aq) (b) ZnCO3(s)Zn²+ (aq) +
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of ammonium hydroxide NH4OH(aq) ⇄ NH4 +(aq) + OH–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Increase
The cobalt(II) ion concentration in a saturated solution of cobalt(II) sulfide, CoS, is 7.7 x 10-11 M. Calculate the value for the equilibrium constant.
The fluoride ion concentration in a saturated solution of magnesium fluoride, MgF2, is 2.3 x 10-3 M. Calculate the value for the equilibrium constant.
Teeth and bones are composed mainly of calcium phosphate, which dissociates slightly in an aqueous solution as follows: Ca3(PO4)2(s) ⇄ 3 Ca2+ (aq) + 2 PO43–(aq) Predict the direction of
Strontium carbonate dissociates slightly in an aqueous solution as follows: SrCO3(s) ⇄ Sr2 + (aq) + CO3 2–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following
The N2O4–NO2 reversible reaction is found to have the following equilibrium concentrations at 100°C. Calculate Keq for the reaction. N2O4 (8) 4.5 × 10–5 M TV 2 NO2 (g) 3.0 × 103 M
Cupric hydroxide dissociates slightly in an aqueous solution as follows: Cu(OH)2(s) ⇄ Cu2+ (aq) + 2 OH–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following
The N2O4–NO2 reversible reaction is found to have the following equilibrium partial pressures at 100°C. Calculate Ksp for the reaction. N₂O4(8) 0.0014 atm 11 2 NO₂(g) 0.092 atm
Cadmium sulfide dissociates slightly in an aqueous solution as follows: CdS(s) ⇄ Cd2+ (aq) + S2–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Increase
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of water: H2O(l) ⇄ H+(aq) + OH–(aq)Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Increase [H+](b) Decrease
Given the chemical equation for the ionization of water: H2O(l) ⇄ H+(aq) + OH–(aq) Predict the direction of equilibrium shift for each of the following stresses:(a) Add gaseous HCl(b) Add
A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, has a pH of 12.35. Find the hydroxide ion concentration and calculate the equilibrium constant.
A saturated solution of zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2, has a pH of 8.44. Find the hydroxide ion concentration and calculate the equilibrium constant.
Calculate the oxidation number for carbon in each of the following compounds:(a) Diamond, C(b) Dry ice, CO2(c) Marble, CaCO3(d) Baking soda, NaHCO3.
Calculate the oxidation number for nonmetal X in each of the following compounds:(a) X2(b) X2O(c) CaX2(d) HXO4.
What is the oxidation number of Zn in zinc metal?(a) 0(b) -1(c) -2(d) -3(e) None of the above.
State the oxidation number for each of the following elements in the free state.(a) Ag(b) Mg(c) S(d) F2.
Calculate the oxidation number for iodine in each of the following compounds:(a) Iodine, I2(b) Potassium iodide, KI(c) Silver periodate, AgIO4(d) Zinc iodate, Zn(IO3)2.
Calculate the oxidation number for sulfur in each of the following ions:(a) Sulfide ion, S2–(b) Sulfite ion, SO32– (c) Sulfate ion, SO42– (d) Thiosulfate ion, S2O32–.
Calculate the oxidation number for nonmetal X in each of the following ions:(a) X–(b) XO–(c) XO2–(d) XO3–.
What substance is oxidized in the following redox reaction? Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)(a) Zn(b) Cu2+(c) Zn2+(d) Cu(e) None of the above.
State the oxidation number for each of the following elements in the free state.(a) Au(b) Mn(c) P(d) O2.
An oxidation–reduction reaction occurs when a stream of hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) sulfide. Indicate each of the following for the above redox reaction:(a) Substance
Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine in each of the following ions:(a) Hypochlorite ion, ClO–(b) Chlorite ion, ClO2–(c) Chlorate ion, ClO3–(d) Perchlorate ion, ClO4–.
Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the following redox reaction: M(s) + 2 HX(aq) → MX2(aq) + H2(g)
A redox reaction occurs when molten aluminum reacts with iron(III) oxide. Indicate each of the following for the above redox reaction:(a) Substance oxidized(b) Substance reduced(c) Oxidizing
What is the coefficient of Co after balancing the following redox reaction using the oxidation number method? Co2O3(s) + CO(g) → Co(s) + CO2(g) (a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 6(e) None of the above.
State the oxidation number for each of the following monoatomic ions.(a) Ag+(b) Mg2+(c) S2–(d) F–.
Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the following redox reaction: Y2(g) + 2 X–(aq) → 2 Y–(aq) + X2(g)
The amount of iodine in a solution can be determined by a redox method using a sulfite solution. I2(s) + SO3 2–(aq) + H2O(l) → 2 I–(aq) + SO4 2–(aq) + 2 H+(aq) Indicate each of the

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