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introductory chemistry concepts

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Concepts

Draw the electron dot formula for the polyatomic sulfite ion, SO3 2 -. How many nonbonding electron pairs are in a sulfite ion?
Predict which element in each of the following pairs is more electronegative according to the general electronegativity trends in the periodic table:(a) N or O(b) Br or Se(c) F or Cl(d) Si or C.
What is the electron pair geometry for a molecule of H2S?(a) Bent(b) Linear(c) Tetrahedral(d) Trigonal pyramidal(e) None of the above.
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is an atom, a formula unit, or a molecule.(a) Propane, C3H8(b) Chromium, Cr(c) Hematite, Fe2O3(d) Sulfur, S8.
Predict which element in each of the following pairs is more electronegative according to the general trends in the periodic table:(a) H or Cl(b) Br or I(c) P or S(d) As or Sb.
Calculate the electronegativity difference and apply delta notation to the bond between carbon and oxygen, C¬O.
Refer to the electronegativity values in Figure 12.9 and predict which of the following bonds is most polar: H—N, H—O, or H—F.Figure 12.9 1 -A 2 IA 3 3 32 283
What is the molecular shape for a molecule of H2S? (a) Bent(b) Linear(c) Tetrahedral(d) Trigonal pyramidal(e) None of the above.
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is an atom, a formula unit, or a molecule.(a) Acetone, C3H6O(b) Cobalt, Co(c) Magnetite, Fe3O4(d) Phosphorus, P4.
Use the periodic table to predict an ionic charge for each of the following metal ions.(a) Li ion(b) Mg ion(c) Al ion(d) Sn ion.Periodic Table
From the trends in the periodic table, apply delta notation and label each atom in the following polar covalent bonds:(a) N¬O(b) Br¬F.
Classify each of the following as a polar or a nonpolar bond:(a) Cl—Cl(b) Cl—N(c) Cl—Br(d) Cl—H.
Refer to the electronegativity values in Figure 12.9 and predict which of the following bonds is least polar: C—N, C—O, or C—I.Figure 12.9
Classify each of the following diagrams as illustrating a substance composed of atoms, formula units, or molecules.
Classify each of the following as a polar or a nonpolar bond:(a) C—C(b) C—O(c) C—S(d) C—H.
Use the periodic table to predict an ionic charge for each of the following metal ions.(a) Na ion(b) Ba ion(c) Ga ion(d) Pb ion.Periodic Table
Burning yellow sulfur powder produces sulfur dioxide, SO2. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a suffocating odor. It is used to kill insect larvae and produces the odor released when a match is
Use the periodic table to predict the ionic charge for each of the following nonmetal ions.(a) F ion(b) Br ion(c) S ion(d) N ion.Periodic Table
Based on electronegativity trends in the periodic table, which of the following molecules is most polar: HF, HCl, HBr, HI?
Use the periodic table to predict the ionic charge for each of the following nonmetal ions.(a) Cl ion(b) I ion(c) Se ion(d) P ion.Periodic Table
Draw the electron dot formula for HClO and determine if the molecule contains a coordinate covalent bond.
Given a H2O molecule, how many additional H2O molecules can attach directly to the given water molecule by hydrogen bonds?
Using VSEPR theory, predict the electron pair geometry and molecular shape for a chloroform molecule, CHCl3.
“Acid rain” can originate from the sulfur dioxide produced from burning coal. Draw the structural formulas for two resonance structures of SO2 . Which of the two bonds in an SO2 molecule is
Write out the electron configuration for each of the following metal ions.(a) Na+(b) Mg2+(c) Al3+(d) V4+.
“Acid rain” can originate from the sulfur trioxide produced from burning coal. Draw the structural formulas for two resonance structures of SO3 . Which of the three bonds in an SO3 molecule is
Write out the electron configuration for each of the following metal ions.(a) K+(b) Ca2+(c) Sc3+(d) Ti4+.
Using VSEPR theory, contrast the molecular shape of a water molecule, H2O, with that of a hydronium ion, H3O+.
Write out the electron configuration for each of the following nonmetal ions.(a) F– (b) O2–(c) N3–(d) C4–.
Refer to the periodic table and state the noble gas with an electron configuration identical to each of the following ions.(a) S2–(b) Cl–(c) K+(d) Ca2+.Periodic Table
Refer to the periodic table and state the noble gas with an electron configuration identical to each of the following ions?(a) Se2–(b) Br–(c) Rb+(d) Sr2+.Periodic Table
Using VSEPR theory, contrast the molecular shape of an ammonia molecule, NH3 , with that of an ammonium ion, NH4+.
Write out the electron configuration for each of the following nonmetal ions.(a) Cl–(b) S2–(c) P3–(d) Si4–.
Which noble gas is isoelectronic with each of the following metal ions?(a) Li+(b) Al3+(c) Ca2+(d) Mg2+.
Which noble gas is isoelectronic with each of the following metal ions?(a) Sc3+(b) K+(c) Ti4+(d) Ba2+.
Which noble gas is isoelectronic with each of the following nonmetal ions?(a) Cl–(b) I–(c) S2–(d) P3–.
Which noble gas is isoelectronic with each of the following nonmetal ions?(a) Br–(b) O2–(c) Se2–(d) N3–.
In each of the following pairs, which has the larger radius?(a) Li atom or Li ion(b) Mg atom or Mg ion(c) F atom or F ion(d) O atom or O ion.
In each of the following pairs, which has the larger radius?(a) Al atom or Al ion(b) Pb atom or Pb ion(c) Se atom or Se ion(d) N atom or N ion.
Which of the following statements are true regarding an ionic bond between calcium and oxygen in an CaO formula unit?(a) Calcium ions and oxide ions bond by covalent attraction.(b) Calcium atoms
Which of the following statements are true regarding an ionic bond between cobalt and sulfur in a CoS formula unit?(a) Cobalt ions and sulfide ions bond by electrostatic attraction.(b) Cobalt atoms
Which of the following is less?(a) The sum of the H and Cl atomic radii, or the bond length in H – Cl(b) The sum of the O and O atomic radii, or the bond length in O = O.
Which of the following is less?(a) The sum of the H and Br atomic radii, or the bond length in H – Br(b) The sum of the S and O atomic radii, or the bond length in S = O.
Which of the following statements are true regarding a covalent bond between nitrogen and oxygen atoms in a nitric oxide, NO, molecule?(a) Valence electrons are shared between nitrogen and oxygen
Which of the following statements are true regarding a covalent bond between carbon and oxygen atoms in a carbon monoxide, CO, molecule?(a) Valence electrons are transferred from carbon to oxygen
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) H2(b) F2(c) HBr(d) NH3.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) Cl2(b) O2(c) HI(d) PH3.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) N2(b) PI3(c) HONO(d) C2H4.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) HOCl(b) SO2(c) CS2(d) C2H2.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) CH4(b) OF2(c) H2O2(d) NF3.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following molecules.(a) CCl4(b) HONO2(c) CH3OH(d) HOCN.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) IO–(b) IO2–(c) IO3–(d) IO4–.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) BrO–(b) BrO2–(c) BrO3–(d) BrO4–.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) SO42–(b) HSO4–(c) SO32–(d) HSO3–.
What is the general trend in electronegativity within a period of elements in the periodic table?Periodic Table
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) PO43–(b) HPO42–(c) PO33–(d) HPO32–.
What is the general trend in electronegativity within a group of elements in the periodic table? Periodic Table
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) H3O+(b) OH–(c) HS–(d) CN–.
Write the electron dot formula and draw the structural formula for each of the following polyatomic ions.(a) PH4+(b) SeO32–(c) CO32–(d) BO33–
Predict which element in each of the following pairs is more electronegative according to the general trends in the periodic table.(a) Br or Cl(b) O or S(c) Se or As(d) N or F.Periodic Table
Predict which element in each of the following pairs is more electronegative according to the general trends in the periodic table.(a) Se or Br(b) C or B(c) Te or S(d) Ba or Be.Periodic Table
Which elements are more electronegative: semimetals or nonmetals?
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in each of the following bonds.(a) H—Cl(b) H—Br(c) N—O(d) C—O.Figure 12.9
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in each of the following bonds.(a) Br—Cl(b) Br—F(c) I—Cl(d) I—Br.Figure 12.9
Refer to Figure 12.9 and label each atom in the following polar covalent bonds using delta notation (δ+ and δ–).(a) C—H(b) Se—O(c) P—I(d) H—Br.Figure 12.9
Refer to Figure 12.9 and label each atom in the following polar covalent bonds using delta notation (δ+ and δ–).(a) H—S(b) O—S(c) N—F(d) S—Cl.Figure 12.9
Refer to Figure 12.9 and indicate which of the following are nonpolar covalent bonds.(a) Cl—Cl(b) Cl—N(c) N—H(d) H—P.Figure 12.9
Refer to Figure 12.9 and indicate which of the following are nonpolar covalent bonds.(a) I—C(b) C—S(c) S—H(d) H—Br.Figure 12.9
Which of the following elements occur naturally as diatomic molecules: H, N, Cl, Br, Ar?
Which of the following elements occur naturally as diatomic molecules: He, O, F, I, Ne?
An oxygen atom can bond to a hydrogen bromide molecule to give HBrO. Draw the electron dot formula for HBrO and label a coordinate covalent bond.
An oxygen atom can bond to a hydrogen iodide molecule to give HIO. Draw the electron dot formula for HIO and label a coordinate covalent bond.
An oxygen atom can bond to a HBrO molecule to give HBrO2 . Draw the electron dot formula for HBrO2 and label a coordinate covalent bond.
An oxygen atom can bond to a HIO molecule to give HIO2. Draw the electron dot formula for HIO2 and label a coordinate covalent bond.
A hydrogen ion can bond to an ammonia molecule, NH3, forming NH4+. Draw the electron dot formula for NH4+ and label a coordinate covalent bond.
A hydrogen ion can bond to a phosphine molecule, PH3 , forming PH4 +. Draw the electron dot formula for PH4 + and label a coordinate covalent bond.
A nitrite ion, NO2 –, can bond to an oxygen atom to form the nitrate ion. Draw the electron dot formula for NO3 – and label a coordinate covalent bond.
A phosphite ion, PO3 3–, can bond to an oxygen atom to form the phosphate ion. Draw the electron dot formula for PO4 3– and label a coordinate covalent bond.
Diagram and label the hydrogen bond between two molecules of hydrogen fluoride, HF.
Diagram and label the hydrogen bond between two molecules of ammonia, NH3 .
Which is greater, the energy to break a hydrogen bond or a polar covalent bond?
Which is longer, the length of a hydrogen bond or a polar covalent bond?
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a silane molecule, SiH4, using VSEPR theory.
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a carbon tetrabromide molecule, CBr4 , using VSEPR theory
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a nitrogen triiodide molecule, NI3, using VSEPR theory.
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a phosphine molecule, PH3 , using VSEPR theory.
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a hydrogen sulfide molecule, H2S, using VSEPR theory.
Predict the electron pair geometry, the molecular shape, and the bond angle for a dichlorine monoxide molecule, Cl2O, using VSEPR theory.
Apply VSEPR theory to explain why CF4 is a nonpolar molecule even though it has four polar bonds.
Apply VSEPR theory to explain why SiF4 is a nonpolar molecule even though it has four polar bonds.
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is an atom, a molecule, or a formula unit.(a) Uranium, U(b) Fluorine, F2(c) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6(d) Hydrogen
State whether the representative particle in each of the following substances is an atom, a molecule, or a formula unit.(a) Plutonium, Pu(b) Oxygen, O2(c) Plutonium(III) oxide, Pu2O3(d) Hydrogen
Write formula units by combining the cations and anions in each of the following pairs.(a) Sr2+ and As 3–(b) Ra2+ and O2–(c) Al3+ and CO3 2–(d) Cd2+ and OH–.
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in a B—Cl bond.Figure 12.9
Write formula units by combining the cations and anions in each of the following pairs.(a) Sc3+ and N3–(b) Ti4+ and O2–(c) NH4+ and CO3 2–(d) Hg22+ and PO4 3–.
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in a Sb—Cl bond.Figure 12.9
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in a H—P bond.Figure 12.9
Explain why the radius of a sodium ion (95 pm) is about half that of a sodium atom (186 pm).
Explain why the radius of a chloride ion (181 pm) is about twice that of a chlorine atom (99 pm).
Refer to the values in Figure 12.9 and calculate the electronegativity difference in a S—I bond.Figure 12.9

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