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social science
psychology 2e
Essentials Of Understanding Psychology 13th International Edition Robert Feldman - Solutions
____________________refers to the phenomenon in which young children omit nonessential portions of sentences.
A child knows that adding -ed to certain words puts the words in the past tense. As a result, instead of saying “He came,” the child says “He comed.” This is an example of __________.
__________theory assumes that language acquisition is based on principles of conditioning and shaping.
In his theory of language acquisition, Chomsky argues that language acquisition is an innate ability tied to the structure of the brain. True or false?
__________is a measure of intelligence that takes into account a person’s chronological and mental ages.
Some psychologists make the distinction between __________intelligence, which reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, and solve problems, and __________intelligence, which is the accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and
__________ __________ __________is the most common biological cause of intellectual disability.
People with high intelligence are generally shy and socially withdrawn. True or false?
A(n) __________test tries to use only questions appropriate to all the people taking the test.
How might the availability heuristic contribute to prejudices based on race, age, and gender? Can awareness of this heuristic prevent this from happening?
Why do you think people use algorithms and heuristics? How can we avoid coming to poor solutions based on their use?
Do people who use two languages, one at home and one at school, automatically have two cultures?Why might people who speak two languages have cognitive advantages over those who speak only one?
Why is overgeneralization seen as an argument against a strict learning-theory approach to explaining language acquisition?
What is the role of emotional intelligence in the classroom? How might emotional intelligence be tested? Should emotional intelligence be a factor in determining academic promotion to the next grade?
Why might a test that identifies a disproportionate number of minority group members for special educational services and remedial assistance be considered potentially biased? Isn’t the purpose of the test to help persons at risk of falling behind academically? How can a test created for a good
How does motivation direct and energize behavior?
What biological and social factors underlie hunger?
What are the varieties of sexual behavior?
How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?
What are emotions, and how do we experience them?
What are the functions of emotions?
What are the explanations for emotions?
How does nonverbal behavior relate to the expression of emotions?
__________are forces that guide a person’s behavior in a certain direction.
Biologically determined, inborn patterns of behavior are known as __________.
Your psychology professor tells you, “Explaining behavior is easy! When we lack something, we are motivated to get it.” Which approach to motivation does your professor subscribe to?
By drinking water after running a marathon, a runner tries to keep his or her body at an optimal level of functioning. This process is called __________.
I help an elderly person cross the street because doing a good deed makes me feel good. What type of motivation is at work here? What type of motivation would be at work if I were to help an elderly man across the street because he paid me $20?
The __________ ___________ __________ is the specific level of weight the body strives to maintain.
__________is the rate at which the body produces and expends energy.
Although the incidence of masturbation among young adults is high, once men and women become involved in intimate relationships, they typically cease masturbating. True or false?
The increase in premarital sex in recent years has been greater for women than for men. True or false?
Julio is the type of person who constantly strives for excellence. He feels intense satisfaction when he is able to master a new task. Julio most likely has a high need for __________.
Debbie’s Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) story depicts a young girl who is rejected by one of her peers and seeks to regain her friendship. What major type of motivation is Debbie displaying in her story?a. Need for achievementb. Need for motivationc. Need for affiliationd. Need for power
Which approaches to motivation are more commonly used in the workplace? How might each approach be used to design employment policies that can sustain or increase motivation?
A writer who works all day composing copy for an advertising firm has a hard time keeping her mind on her work and continually watches the clock. After work she turns to a collection of stories she is creating and writes long into the night, completely forgetful of the clock. What ideas from your
In what ways do societal expectations, expressed by television shows and commercials, contribute to both obesity and excessive concern about weight loss? How could television contribute to better eating habits and attitudes toward weight? Should it be required to do so?
Why do discussions of sexual behavior, which is such a necessary part of human life, have so many negative connotations in Western society?
If researchers learned how to control emotional responses so that targeted emotions could be caused or prevented, what ethical concerns m.ight arise? Under what circumstances, if any, should such techniques be used?
Many people enjoy watching movies, sporting events, and music performances in crowded theaters and arenas more than they like watching them at home alone. Which theory of emotions may help explain this? How?
How do psychologists study the degree to which development is an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors?
What is the nature of development before birth?
What factors affect a child during the mother’s pregnancy?
What are the major competencies of newborns?
What are the milestones of physical and social development during childhood?
How does cognitive development proceed during childhood?
What major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence?
What are the principal kinds of physical, social, and intellectual changes that occur in early and middle adulthood, and what are their causes?
How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes about that period?
How can we adjust to death?
Developmental psychologists are interested in the effects of both __________and __________on development.
Environment and heredity both influence development with genetic potentials generally establishing limits on environmental influences. True or false?
By observing genetically similar animals in differing environments, we can increase our understanding of the influences of hereditary and environmental factors in humans. True or false?
__________research studies the same individuals over a period of time, whereas __________-__________research studies people of different ages at the same time.
Match each of the following terms with its definition: 1. Zygote 2. Gene 3. Chromosome a. Smallest unit through which genetic information is passed. b. Fertilized egg Rod-shaped structure containing genetic information C.
Specific kinds of growth must take place during a __________period if the embryo is to develop normally.
Researchers studying newborns use __________, or the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus, as an indicator of a baby’s interest.
The emotional bond that develops between a child and its caregiver is known as __________.
Match the parenting style with its definition: 1. Permissive 2. Authoritative 3. Authoritarian 4. Uninvolved a. Rigid; highly punitive; demanding obedience b. Gives little direction; lax on obedience C. Firm but fair; tries to explain parental decisions Emotionally detached and unloving
Erikson’s theory of __________development involves a series of eight stages, each of which must be resolved for a person to develop optimally.
Match the stage of development with the thinking style characteristic of that stage: 1. Egocentric thought a. Sensorimotor 2. Object permanence b. Formal operational 3. Abstract reasoning C. Preoperational 4. Conservation d. Concrete operational
__________- __________theories of development suggest that the way in which a child handles information is critical to his or her development.
According to Vygotsky, information that is within a child’s __________ __________ __________ __________is most likely to result in cognitive development.
__________is the period during which the sexual organs begin to mature.
Delayed maturation typically provides both males and females with a social advantage. True or false?
__________proposed a set of three levels of moral development ranging from reasoning based on rewards and punishments to abstract thinking involving concepts of justice.
Erikson believed that during adolescence, people must search for __________, whereas during the early adulthood, the major task is __________.
When researchers find similarities in development between very different cultures, what implications might such findings have for the nature–nurture issue?
Consider the factors that might determine when a child learns to walk. What kinds of environmental influences might be involved? What kinds of genetic influences might be involved?
Do you think the widespread use of IQ testing in the United States contributes to parents’ views that their children’s academic success is due largely to the children’s innate intelligence? Why?Would it be possible (or desirable) to change this view?
In what ways might the infant’s major reflexes—the rooting, sucking, gagging, and Babinski reflexes—have had survival value, from an evolutionary perspective? Does the infant’s ability to mimic the facial expressions of adults have a similar value?
In what ways do school cultures help or hurt teenage students who are going through adolescence?What school policies might benefit early-maturing girls and late-maturing boys? Explain how same-sex schools could help students going through adolescence, as some have argued.
Many cultures have “rites of passage” through which young people are officially recognized as adults. Do you think such rites can be beneficial? Does the United States have any such rites?Would setting up an official designation that one has achieved “adult” status have benefits?
Is the possibility that life may be extended for several decades a mixed blessing? What societal consequences might an extended life span bring about?
Does the finding that people in late adulthood require intellectual stimulation have implications for the societies in which older people live? In what way might stereotypes about older individuals contribute to their isolation and lack of intellectual stimulation?
How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality?
What do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality?
What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality?
How can we most accurately assess personality?
What are the major types of personality measures?
__________approaches state that behavior is motivated primarily by unconscious forces.
Match each section of the personality (according to Freud) with its description: 1. Ego 2. Id 3. Superego a. Determines right from wrong on the basis of cultural standards b. Operates according to the "reality principle"; energy is redirected to integrate the person into society C. Seeks to reduce
Which of the following represents the proper order of personality development, according to Freud?a. Oral, phallic, latency, anal, genitalb. Anal, oral, phallic, genital, latencyc. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitald. Latency, phallic, anal, genital, oral
__________ __________is the term Freud used to describe unconscious strategies used to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.
Carl’s determination to succeed is the dominant force in all his activities and relationships.According to Allport’s theory, this is an example of a __________trait. In contrast, Cindy’s fondness for old western movies is an example of a __________trait.
Eysenck might describe a person who enjoys activities such as parties and hang gliding as high on what trait?
Proponents of which approach to personality would be most likely to agree with the statement,“Personality can be thought of as learned responses to a person’s upbringing and environment”?a. Humanisticb. Biological and evolutionaryc. Learningd. Trait
Bandura would rate a person who would make the statement, “I know I can’t do it” as low on ___________ _________.
Which approach to personality emphasizes the innate goodness of people and their desire to grow?a. Humanisticb. Psychodynamicc. Learningd. Biological and evolutionary
__________is the consistency of a personality test; __________is the ability of a test to actually measure what it is designed to measure.
__________ __________are standards used to compare scores of different people taking the same test.
Tests such as the MMPI-2-RF, in which a small sample of behavior is assessed to determine larger patterns, are examples of which of the following?a. Cross-sectional testsb. Projective testsc. Achievement testsd. Self-report tests
A person shown a picture and asked to make up a story about it would be taking a __________personality test.
Can you think of ways in which Freud’s theories of unconscious motivations are commonly used in popular culture? How accurately do you think such popular uses of Freudian theories reflect Freud’s ideas?
What are some examples of archetypes in addition to those mentioned in this module? In what ways are archetypes similar to and different from stereotypes?
If personality traits are merely descriptive and not explanatory, what use are they? Can assigning a trait to a person be harmful—or helpful? Why or why not?
In what ways are Cattell’s 16 source traits, Eysenck’s three dimensions, and the “Big Five” factors similar, and in what ways are they different? Which traits seem to appear in all three schemes(under one name or another), and which are unique to one scheme? Why is this significant?
Should personality tests be used for personnel decisions? Should they be used for other social purposes, such as identifying individuals at risk for certain types of personality disorders?
What do you think are some of the problems that developers and interpreters of self-report personality tests must deal with in their effort to provide useful information about test-takers? Why is a “lie scale” included on such measures?
How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology?
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