Ethics Theory and Contemporary Issues 8th edition Barbara MacKinnon, Andrew Fiala - Solutions

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1. Is there a difference between aggressive accounting and earnings management? Would the motivation for using the techniques described in this case influence whether they should be labeled as aggressive accounting or earnings management? Incorporate ethical considerations in your answer.2. How did
1. One of the red flags identified in the case was that operating cash flow increases did not seem to match the level of increase in net income. Explain the relationship between these two measures and why it raised questions about the quality of earnings at Diamond Foods. 2. Why were the actions of
1. A variety of definitions of earnings management are given in this chapter. Discuss the accounting techniques used by North Face by evaluating whether and why earnings management exist educing the definitions provided by: Schipper, Healy &Wahlen, Dechow & Skinner, and McKee.2. An important issue
1. Why do financial analysts look at measures such as EBITDA and operating free cash flow to evaluate financial results? How do these measures differ from accrual earnings? Do you believe auditors should be held responsible for auditing such information?2. Given the major stakeholders mentioned
In this chapter we discuss problems encountered by the PCAOB in gaining access to inspect work papers of audits by U.S. international accounting firms of Chinese companies. Explain why these problems exist including cultural, legal, and ethical considerations.
What are the costs and benefits of establishing one set of accounting standards (i.e., IFRS) around the world? How do cultural factors, legal systems, and ethics influence your answer? Apply a utilitarian approach in making the analysis.
What are the fundamental principles of professional ethics for professional accountants identified by the IESBA and included in the IFAC Code of Ethics? How do these principles relate to the proposed standards for responding to suspected illegal acts in the IESBA exposure draft with respect to
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) has adopted a code of ethics based on the IFAC Code. In commenting on the principles-based approach used in these codes, the ICAEW states that a principles approach “focuses on the spirit of the guidance and encourage
Consider the practice of making “facilitating payments” to foreign officials and others as part of doing business abroad in the context of the following statement:International companies are confronted with a variety of decisions that create ethical dilemmas for the decision makers. “Right-
Do you believe that “one size fits all” with respect to corporate governance provisions in different countries around the world? Why or why not? How do legal and cultural factors influence corporate governance provisions in the U.S., Germany, China, and India?
Describe the different kinds of reserves that can be recorded. How do the reserves relate to the discretionary accruals discussed in Chapter 7? Can the accounting for reserves lead to a manipulation of earnings? Do you believe it would be more or less prevalent under IFRS or GAAP?
Critics of the IFRS argue that the more principles-based IFRS is not as precise and therefore is easier to manipulate than the more rules-based U.S. GAAP. The reason being is that IFRS requires more professional judgment from both auditors and corporate accountants with regard to the practical
What is the difference between legal and ethical compliance with corporate governance provisions? Discuss what might be the ethical compliance mechanisms from a virtue ethics perspective.
What is the purpose of having a two-tier system of boards of directors in countries such as Germany? How does the dual board approach ameliorate the potential conflicts in the principal-agent relationship between investor and manager?
What is meant by the “true and fair view” override? When might it be applied? Do you think the application of this principle leads to more useful financial statements from a representational faithfulness perspective? Why or why not?
One provision of the UK Bribery Act is that it applies to bribes that occur anywhere in the world by non-UK companies that conduct any part of their business in the United Kingdom. For example, the Bribery Act would cover a company that has a few employees working in the United Kingdom or that
What is the “comply or explain” principle an ethical approach to corporate governance? Why or why not?
What is the purpose of having a Global Code of Ethics? Do you think a Global Code is necessary given that codes of ethics already exist for public companies in virtually all countries?
IFRS for SMEs has been referred to as “IFRS lite.” One of the differences between full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs is that full IFRS allows for judgment in making choices about proper accounting, whereas IFRS for SMEs is much more rigid. From a stakeholder perspective, do you think there should be a
How do Gray’s accounting values establish a basis for financial reporting in countries with different cultural systems?
How might earnings management practices serve to project the managerial style of firms in managing the earnings of the firms? Explain how cultural variables, such as those identified by Gray and discussed in this chapter, might impact managerial style and earnings management techniques.
Ernst & Young released its 2011 European Fraud survey that includes a warning against the manipulation of asset impairment write downs due to the subjective factors used and judgment needed to draw conclusions about the proper amount of write downs. The PCAOB found 123 audit deficiencies
The 2011 Bribe Payers Index by Transparency International€™s (TI) ranks the world€™s largest economies according to the likelihood of firms from these countries to bribe when doing business abroad. TI asked 3,016 senior business executives in 28 countries around the world for
The issue of responsibility is foundational to understanding organizational ethics. Explain what this means in a global context.
1. Evaluate the ethics of the actions taken by Siemens with respect to Josephson’s Six Pillars of Character and virtue decision making, as discussed in Chapter 1.2. Under the German Criminal Code, much like the U.K. Bribery Act, all bribes are prohibited including facilitating payments. The
1. In the case, Judge Kaplan dismissed Parmalat’s lawsuit against Deloitte stating that Parmalat “did not show that poor auditing of Parmalat USA was equivalent to fraud.” Comment on the judge’s decision from the perspective of the auditor’s obligation to identify fraud in the financial
1. Madan Bahsin concludes in her research paper that examined the fraud at Satyam that "the scandal brought to light the importance of ethics and its relevance to corporate culture." Explain what you believe Bahsin meant by linking the ethical reasoning methods discussed in the text to corporate
1. Use ethical reasoning to evaluate the actions of Shell management in this case with respect to accounting for and disclosing information about proved reserves.2. In chapter 7 we discussed aggressive accounting and earnings management techniques. Apply your knowledge from that chapter to the
1. What is meant by “earnings management” and how does it relate to the accounting techniques followed by Autonomy?2. In an analysis by the Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists (ACFCS) about the Autonomy merger with HP, the following statement is made: “The scandal is
1. In the Olympus case, Michael Woodford was abruptly fired on October 14, 2011, by the company’s executive board because of what the board cited as “management culture clash.” Explain what you think this statement means in the context of the facts of the case and our discussion about the
Determine whether the following statements about the nature of ethics are true or false. Explain your answers.a. Ethics is the study of why people act in certain ways.b. The solution to moral conflicts and ethical disputes is to accurately describe the way the world actually is.c. The statement
Label the following statements as either normative (N) or descriptive (D). If normative, label each as ethics (E), aesthetics (A), law (L), religion (R), or custom (C).a. One ought to respect one’s elders because it is one of God’s commandments.b. Twice as many people today, as compared to ten
Discuss the differences between the ideas that ethics is subjective and that it is objective.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic explanations in ethics.
As they occur in the following statements, label the reasons for the conclusion as appeals to the motive (M), the act (A), or the consequences (C).a. Although you intended well, what you did was bad because it caused more harm than good.b. We ought always to tell the truth to others because they
Explain emotivism and intuitionism in ethical theory.
1. Does Hume think that moral knowledge can be established with certainty?2. How does Hume employ the fact of animal incest to advance his argument that morality does not consist merely of “matters of fact” and that morality is not merely an “object of reason?”3. Why does Hume think that
1. What does Stevenson think about the usefulness of “science” in resolving ethical disputes?2. How are ethical claims used to “create an influence?”3. What does Stevenson mean when he says that ethical terms are not (or not simply) descriptive?4. How does the example of stealing illustrate
Describe the challenge of developing a global ethical perspective in light of religious and national differences.
What is the history of the idea of universal human rights? And how is this history susceptible to the charge that it is Eurocentric?
If we could develop a global ethic, what would its basic values be?
What does Socrates mean when he says in Euthyphro that the holy or pious is holy or pious because it is loved by the gods? Do you agree with his argument?
Are you optimistic about our ability to develop a global ethical consensus across our national and religious differences? Why or why not?
Explain arguments in favor of the divine command theory of ethics, as well as arguments against that theory. Is it true that if there were no God, then everything would be permitted?
Is the humanistic or secular approach to ethics better or worse than religious approaches to ethics? Is the humanistic or secular approach antagonistic to religion?
1. What does Euthyphro first propose as a definition of piety?2. What about the gods? Do they have different conceptions about what is good and evil, just and unjust? Why does this pose a problem for Euthyphro’s first definition of piety (or goodness)?3. To respond to Socrates, Euthyphro amends
1. How does Gandhi describe “the religion that underlies all religions”?2. What is Gandhi’s argument for his belief in the goodness of God? Is his argument persuasive?3. What does Gandhi mean when he says that to see the spirit of truth; one must be able to love the meanest creation as
1. How, according to Ignatieff, is the conversation about global ethics different today—as opposed to the old days of colonialism and decolonization?2. Why does Ignatieff think that the idea of a global ethic (in the singular) is as “old as philosophy itself?”3. How does Ignatieff propose
Explain the definition of ethical relativism given in the text: “the view that there is no objective standard of right and wrong, even in principle.”
What are the differences among the three reasons for supporting ethical relativism given in this chapter? In particular, what is the basic difference between the first and second? Between the first and third?
What is the difference between individual and social or cultural relativism?
What is the difference between the descriptive claim that people do differ in their moral beliefs and the metaethical theory of relativism?
How would you know whether a moral disagreement was based on a basic difference in moral values or facts? As an example, use differences about the moral justifiability of torture.
What is moral realism? How does your understanding about the reality of the external world differ from your intuitions about morality?
1. How does Pojman link ethnocentrism to relativism?2. How does Pojman explain the way that the diversity thesis and the dependency thesis lead to relativism?3. According to Pojman, what sorts of “absurd consequences” follow from subjectivism?4. How does Pojman explain the connection (or lack
1. Why does Rorty suggest that the discussion of relativism is too important to be left to philosophy professors?2. What does Rorty mean when he says that the Kantian or Enlightenment focus on “reason” is like trying to keep God alive?3. Explain Rorty’s “pragmatist” idea that principles
Give two different formulations or versions of psychological egoism and ethical egoism.
How is psychological egoism supposed to provide support for an argument for ethical egoism? What is one problem for this argument?
Summarize the arguments regarding the consistency or inconsistency of ethical egoism.
In what sense does the argument for ethical egoism based on economics support not egoism but utilitarianism? In other words, the view that we ought to do what is in the best interest of all or the greatest number?
What is meant by taking the “moral point of view?”
How does the example of the “ring of Gyges” illustrate the question “Why be moral?”
1. What view of the nature and origin of justice does Glaucon describe?2. What does he try to show with the story of the ring of Gyges?3. What does he want to demonstrate by imagining two people with such magic rings?4. How does he attempt to show that a life of injustice is better than a life of
1. What are the two sorts of motion of which the body of animals, including humans, are capable, according to Hobbes?2. What kinds of motions are appetite and aversion? How are these related to love and hate?3. How are good and evil related to these bodily motions, according to Hobbes?4. In what
1. Why might Darwinian evolution incline us toward the idea that competition makes nature “red in tooth and claw?”2. How are “nepotistic altruism” and “reciprocal altruism” explained in evolutionary terms?3. How does Pinker explain the difference between human psychology and the
State and explain the basic idea of the principle of utility or the greatest happiness principle.
What is the difference between intrinsic and instrumental good? Give examples of each.
Which of the following statements exemplify consequentialist reasoning? Can all of them be given consequentialist interpretations if expanded? Explain your answers.a. Honesty is the best policy.b. Sue has the right to know the truth.c. What good is going to come from giving money to a homeless
Using utilitarian calculation, which choice in each of the following pairs is better, X or Y?a. X makes four people happy and me unhappy. Y makes me and one other person happy and three people unhappy.b. X makes twenty people happy and five unhappy. Y makes ten people happy and no one unhappy.c. X
What is Mill’s argument for the difference in value between intellectual and sensual pleasures?
Which of the following is an example of act utilitarian reasoning and which is an example of rule utilitarian reasoning? Explain your answers.a. If I do not go to the meeting, then others will not go either. If that happens, then there would not be a quorum for the important vote, which would be
Give one of Kant’s reasons for his opposition to locating an action’s moral worth in its consequences.
What is the basic difference between a categorical and a hypothetical imperative? In the following examples, which are hypothetical and which are categorical imperatives? Explain your answers.a. If you want others to be honest with you, then you ought to be honest with them.b. Whether or not you
Explain Kant’s use of the first form of the categorical imperative to argue that it is wrong to make a false promise. (Make sure that you do not appeal to the bad consequences as the basis of judging it wrong.)
According to the second form of Kant’s categorical imperative, would it be morally permissible for me to agree to be someone’s slave? Explain.
What is the practical difference between a perfect and an imperfect duty?
When Kant refers to “a good will” or “good intention,” does he mean wishing others well? Explain.
What does Kant mean by “acting out of duty?” How does the shopkeeper exemplify this?
How does the character of moral obligation lead to Kant’s basic moral principle, the categorical imperative?
1. What is meant by a “good will,” and why is it the only thing good “without qualification?”2. Out of what motives other than duty do people act?3. If we do the right thing, such as not overcharging customers or preserving our life, do these actions always have full moral worth, according
Give a basic definition of natural law theory.
What is the difference between Aristotle and Aquinas on the theistic basis of natural law?
Describe the basis of rights according to natural rights theorists.
Explain the criticism of natural law from the perspective of those who deny the idea of “human nature.”
What specific natural or human species capacities are singled out by natural law theorists? How do these determine what we ought to do, according to the theory?
Explain one area of concern or criticism of natural law theory.
1. What is the chief characteristic of first principles, both of demonstration and of practical reason?2. What is the difference between something being self-evident in itself and self-evident to us?3. What is the first principle of demonstration and on what is it founded?4. What is the first thing
1. What two things characterize human beings in their natural state, according to Locke?2. Why does Locke hold that human beings are equal?3. Why is the natural state of human liberty not a state of license, according to Locke? What does he mean by that?4. How does the “state of nature” provide
Explain the problem of determining whether virtues are human perfections or excellences, or socially valuable traits.
Explain the problem raised by Philippa Foot as to who most exemplifies the virtue of courage—the person who finds it difficult or easy to be courageous.
1. According to Aristotle, what is meant by the “good?”2. What is the function of a person?3. What is virtue and how do we acquire it?4. How is virtue a mean? Explain this by using some of Aristotle’s examples.5. Why is it so difficult to be virtuous?
1. What does Foot mean by saying that one cannot get on well without the virtues?2. What is meant by saying that virtue is perfection of the will rather than of body or mind?3. What is the problem in attempting to decide whether virtue is a matter of intention rather than performance, or attitudes
Identify and explain the supposed differences between male and female ethical perspectives.
Contrast the research findings of Carol Gilligan and Lawrence Kohlberg on male and female moral development.
What are the basic features of the ethics of care?
How does Gilligan’s duck and rabbit example help explain the difference between the two moral perspectives?
How has the difference been explained in terms of “maternal thinking”?
Describe the basic issues involved in trying to decide whether one type of moral perspective is better than another.
Describe some of the history and characteristics of feminist thought, including the so called “waves” of feminism.
1. What kind of language has been the language of ethics, according to Noddings?2. Is the approach she wants to describe one for women only?3. How does she describe the “odd” approach of women to a moral question?4. What is a “relation?” What are the two parties to the relation of

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