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Ethics Theory and Contemporary Issues 8th edition Barbara MacKinnon, Andrew Fiala - Solutions
1. Who are the challengers to the supremacy of justice as a social virtue, and why does Baier suggest that this is surprising?2. What kind of ethic or perspective (influenced by the work of Carol Gilligan) is contrasted with the ethics of justice?3. According to Gilligan, what two evils of
What is the difference between “whole brain death” and “persistent vegetative state?”
If a person has whole brain death, then what kind of euthanasia is possible? Explain.
List the consequentialist concerns that could be given in arguing about whether the actions proposed in three of the scenarios in Question 6 are justified.
What is the difference between active and passive euthanasia? Is physician-assisted suicide more like active or passive euthanasia? How so?
Where do advance directives such as living wills and durable powers of attorney fit into the distinction between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia?
What is the difference between ordinary and extraordinary measures of life support? If some measure of life support were common and inexpensive, would this necessarily make it an ordinary means of life support? Explain.
Label the following as examples of voluntary or non-voluntary and active or passive euthanasia; if passive, are the measures described more likely to be considered ordinary or extraordinary measures of life support?a. A person who is dying asks to be given a fatal drug dose to bring about his
1. What is Gay-Williams’s definition of euthanasia? Why does he believe that it is misleading to speak of “passive euthanasia?”2. How does he believe that euthanasia acts against our nature?3. In what ways does he believe that euthanasia is not in our best interest?4. How could euthanasia
1. What is the position of the American Medical Association on euthanasia, as stated in its 1973 set of principles?2. Why does Rachels believe that sometimes letting a person die is worse than bringing about the person’s death, such as through a lethal injection?3. Why does he believe that
Explain the conclusions of Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
Give a utilitarian argument for abortion. Give one against abortion. Are these act or rule utilitarian arguments? Explain.
Describe how Thomson uses the violinist analogy to make an argument about the moral permissibility of abortion.
Use Method I to make one argument for and one against abortion.
Which of the positions under Method II does each of the following statements exemplify?a. Because this fetus has all the potential to develop the abilities of a person, it has all the rights of a person.b. Only when a being can think and communicate does it have full moral status. Because a fetus
1. What starting point for consideration of abortion does Thomson accept? Why?2. Describe the violinist example. What argument could be made for keeping the violinist “plugged in?”3. What is the so-called extreme position? How does it distinguish between directly killing and letting die?4. How
1. On what major assumptions is the argument by Marquis based?2. What basic principles of abortion opponents and abortion rights supporters does Marquis cite?3. How do advocates on both sides of the issue attempt to refine their positions? How do these reflect different definitions of human being
Distinguish conceptual from factual matters with regard to sexual morality. What is the difference between them?
According to a Kantian type of morality, we ought to treat persons as persons. Deceit and coercion violate this requirement. In this view, what kinds of things regarding sexual morality would be morally objectionable?
How would a natural law theory be used to judge sexual behavior? Explain.
What is meant by the term perversion? How would this notion be used to determine whether there was something called “sexual perversion?”
Is the move toward the legalization of gay marriage in some countries and states in the United States a good thing or a bad thing? Justify your response with specific references to the moral theories discussed in this chapter.
1. What are the three fundamental theses in Finnis’s reconstruction of the view of homosexuality among philosophers in the ancient Western tradition?2. Why does Finnis condemn all non-marital intercourse, including homosexual relations, masturbation, and prostitution?3. How does Finnis explain
1. What is Corvino’s criticism of the term “unnatural”?2. What does Corvino think about Aquinas’ evaluation of adultery, rape, and masturbation?3. What does Corvino think about celibacy of Aquinas and Kant?4. How does Corvino use the “sterile couples’s objection” to respond to the new
Summarize the history of civil rights law, including recent affirmative action decisions. Have we made progress in actualizing the principle of equality in the law? Why or why not?
Evaluate the ethics of racial profiling and hate crime legislation. Are these useful legal tools?
Should racial, gender, or other differences ever be relevant to making decisions about qualified candidates for jobs or educational opportunities? Please support your answer with reference to concepts discussed in the chapter.
What is “affirmative action,” and why does it have this name? Explain different types of affirmative action. Which of them involve or may involve giving preferential treatment?
Summarize the consequentialist arguments for and against affirmative action.
Summarize the non-consequentialist arguments for and against affirmative action.
Explain the principle of equality. How is this principle related to other moral principles we’ve discussed in other chapters?
1. Explain Appiah’s distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic racism.2. How does the denial of racialism lead to an argument against racism?3. What does Appiah mean when he says that racists have a cognitive incapacity, suffer from false consciousness, and are afflicted by distorted or
1. Describe Allen’s personal experience of affirmative action. Was it positive, negative, or something in between?2. Summarize the different forms of affirmative action that Allen outlines. 3. How does Allen explain the experience of African Americans who are recruited for diversity purposes but
Consider the morality of the sorts of economic inequalities discussed in this chapter; are they justifiable?
What is the difference between a process view of distributive justice and an end-state view?
What is Rawls’s original position, and what role does it play in his derivation of principles of justice?
What is Rawls’s “maximin” principle, and how is it related to his second principle of justice?
Discuss the meaning and problems associated with using the end-state view criteria of merit, achievement, effort, and contribution.
What is the literal meaning of equal opportunity? What criterion does James Fishkin use for judging whether it exists? What is Bernard Williams’s “starting-gate theory” of equal opportunity?
Describe some problems raised by philosophers Frankfurt and Schaar regarding equal opportunity.
1. What does Rawls mean when he states that justice is the first virtue of social institutions?2. How does he describe what he calls “the original position” and the “veil of ignorance,” from behind which people in the original position must choose?3. How is the original position supposed
1. According to Nozick, why can the term distributive justice be misleading? What term does Nozick propose to use instead?2. What does Nozick mean by the principle of justice in acquisition? In addition to the acquisition of holdings, how can one also transfer holdings?3. According to Nozick, under
If legal punishment works as a deterrent, then how does it work? For whom would it work? For whom would it likely not work?
How do the retributivist arguments differ from the deterrence arguments?
Explain the idea of restorative justice and the possibility of alternatives to incarceration.
What is the lex talionis view of punishment? How does it differ from the proportional view?
Discuss the arguments for and against the identification of retributivism with revenge.
Why is the notion of responsibility critical to the retributivist view of legal punishment? How does the insanity defense fit in here?
Discuss the use of deterrence arguments for the death penalty. Also summarize opponents’ criticisms of these arguments.
Discuss the use of retributivist arguments for the death penalty. Also summarize opponents’ criticisms of these arguments.
What is the difference between the mechanisms of deterrence and prevention? Given their meanings, does the death penalty prevent murders? Deter would-be killers? How?
Discuss the idea that even if the death penalty can be justified, the current system of execution may not live up to the standards of the theory of justified execution.
1. Explain how Davis suggests that the development of prisons represents a humane and progressive step, and how the next step in humane punishment may be beyond incarceration.2. How does Davis explain the different ways that society has viewed and evaluated imprisonment and the use of solitary
1. What is the basic natural law assumption that guides Steffen’s discussion of the death penalty?2. Why does Steffen view the death penalty as an exception and where does Steffen place the burden of proof for making that exception?3. How does Steffen explain the fact that we execute so few
Why is the notion of value problematic when discussing environmental ethics?
What is anthropocentrism? How is it different from ecocentrism?
Summarize the different ecofeminist views described in this chapter.
What is the problem of the tragedy of the commons and how is it connected to capitalism and the idea of property rights?
What are the differences among intrinsic, instrumental, and prima facie values? Give an example of each.
Explain how the concept of environmental justice can be used to provide a critical analysis of the impact of pollution.
Describe two different types of ecocentrism.
How do cost–benefit analyses function in environmental arguments? Give an example of an environmental problem today and how a cost–benefit analysis could be used to analyze it.
1. Why does Baxter believe that we should have clear goals in mind in order to answer moral questions about the environment and about pollution in particular?2. What are the four criteria or goals that he suggests? In what ways are these people-oriented criteria?3. Does he believe that
1. How do Devall and Sessions describe mainstream environmentalism?2. How do the authors describe the alternative presented by deep ecology?3. What do they mean by the term ecological consciousness?4. How is this exemplified in Taoism, according to the authors?5. What was the origin of the term
1. What four characteristics of deep ecology does Guha list?2. What are his criticisms of the four?3. Why does he think the emphasis on wilderness preservation is harmful? 4. What problems does he have with the invocation of Eastern religions?5. How is deep ecology related to consumerism?6. How do
Evaluate moral arguments in defense of vegetarianism. Are these arguments persuasive?
Describe the issues involved in the debate over whether nonhuman animals’ interests ought to be treated equally with those of humans.
List some anthropocentric reasons for preserving animal species.
What is the meaning of the term rights? Does it make sense to apply this term to animals? Why or why not?
For a being to be the kind of being that can have rights, is it necessary that it be able to claim them? That it be a moral agent? Why or why not? What about infants and cognitively disabled humans?
What problems does the meaning of the term species raise for deciding whether animal species have moral standing of some sort?
What reasons do supporters give for using nonhuman animals in experimental research? What objections to this practice do their opponents raise? Be sure your answer makes reference to issues such as the extent and purpose of pain.
1. What argument against women’s rights did Thomas Taylor make?2. Why does Singer believe that the response to this argument, which stresses the similarity between women and men, does not go far enough?3. Does equal consideration imply identical treatment? Why or why not, according to Singer?4.
1. What is the basic question that the moral philosopher asks about how we treat members of species other than our own?2. Distinguish racism and sexism from speciesism. Do they have any common characteristics?3. Why does Bernard Williams believe that all persons should be treated equally? Is this
How do bioengineering and biotechnology provide opportunities for the disabled? How might these techniques point toward a posthuman future?
How does your thinking about animal ethics, the ethics of abortion, and even sexual ethics connect with your thinking about the ethics of biotechnologies? What concepts overlap among these issues?
Summarize the arguments regarding human cloning related to exploitation, confusion of families, and the “yuck” factor.
Summarize arguments for and against genetic screening and genetic engineering of offspring.
Discuss the value of privacy and how it relates to genetic and other types of screening.
Summarize the arguments for and against cloning and other reproductive technologies based on the idea that it would be “playing God” and would undermine human dignity.
Summarize the idea that cloning might pose a threat to the clone’s individuality.
What ethical issues have been raised regarding the production and use of genetically modified plants and crops?
1. Why does Kass suggest that the concern for biotechnological enhancement may be “a touch self-indulgent?”2. How does Kass call into question the distinction between therapy and enhancement?3. What are the obvious risks of biotechnologies that Kass identifies?4. What sorts of things stimulate
1. How does Bostrom explain the ideas of morphological freedom and reproductive freedom? How are they different?2. How does Bostrom characterize the concerns of bioconservatives? 3. Explain why Bostrom says that “nature’s gifts are sometimes poisoned?”4. How does Bostrom respond to the fears
Explain realism and how it is related to consequentialist concerns.
What is just war theory, and how did it come to be developed?
What counts as a “war crime” or a “crime against humanity”?
Explain pacifism and how it is related to deontological concerns.
List and explain the basic principles of jus ad bellum and jus in bello.
What are the challenges for thinking about the application of just war principles in the contemporary world?
What is a weapon of mass destruction?
How does the principle of double effect apply in just war thinking?
1. How does King explain the connection between racial and economic injustice?2. How are King’s ideas based in Christianity?3. What did King learn from Gandhi? 4. What does King mean when he says “true pacifism is not nonresistance to evil, but nonviolent resistance to evil”?5. What does
1. What was the original function of just war theory with which Walzer agrees?2. In what sense was the theory “an argument of the religious center,” according to Walzer, and how did the faculty of the University of Salamanca in 1520 exemplify this position?3. What role did “the national
Explain how the history of colonialism might be connected to current inequalities. Explain a criticism of this idea.
What self-interested reasons can be given for doing something to remedy the situation of poor countries?
What is justice, and what role does it play in determining what ought to be done about global poverty?
Why is cultural relativism a concern when thinking about global justice?
Contrast Singer’s and Hardin’s views on how we ought to deal with famine.
Summarize different meanings of globalization given in the text.
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