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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

(a) Making use of Eqs. (11.15) and (11.16), written for excess properties, show for a binary system that:Where M ‰¡ ME / x1x2 (b) Plot on a single graph the values of HE/x1x2, HE1, and
Develop Eq. (12.35) for ∆Sid by appropriate application of Eqs. (5.41) and (5.42) to a mixing process.
Binary VLE data are commonly measured at constant T or at constant P. Isothermal data are much preferred for determination of a correlation for GE for the liquid phase. Why?
A breathalyzer measures volume-% ethanol in gases exhaled from the lungs. Calibration relates it to volume-% ethanol in the bloodstream. Use VLE concepts to develop an approximate relation between
For a binary system derive the expression for HE implied by the Wilson equation for GE/RT. Show that the implied excess heat capacity CEP is necessarily positive. Recall that the Wilson parameters
The following reaction reaches equilibrium at 500°C and 2 bar: 4HCl(g) + O2O?) → 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2O(g) If the system initially contains 5 mol HCI for each mole of oxygen, what is the com-position of
The following reaction reaches equilibrium at 650oC and atmospheric pressure: N2(S) + C2H2(g) 2HCN(g) If the system initially is an equimolar mixture of nitrogen and acetylene, what is the
The following reaction reaches equilibrium at 350°C and 3 bar: CH3CHO(g) + H2(g) → C2H5OH(g) If the system initially contains 1.5 mol H2 for each mole of acetaldehyde, what is the composition of
The following reaction reaches equilibrium at 650°C and atmospheric pressure: C6H5CH : CH2 (g) + H2 (g) → C6H5 . C2H5 (g) If the system initially contains 1.5 mol H2 for each mole of styrene what
The gas stream from a sulfur burner is composed of 15-mol-% SO2, 20-mol-% 02, and 65-mol-% N2. This gas stream at 1 bar and 480°C enters a catalytic converter, where the SO2 is further oxidized to
For the cracking reaction, C3H8(g) → C2H4(g) + CH4(g) The equilibrium conversion is negligible at 300 K, but becomes appreciable at temperatures above 500 K. For a pressure of 1 bar, determine: (a)
The production of 1,3-butadiene can be carried out by the dehydrogenation of 1- butene: C2H5CH:CH2(g) → CH2:CHCH:CH2(g) + H2(g) Side reactions are suppressed by the introduction of steam. If
The production of 1,3-butadiene can be carried out by the dehydrogenation of n- butane: C4H 10(g) → CH2 : CHCH : CH2(g) + 2H2(g) Side reactions are suppressed by the introduction of steam. If
Limestone (CaCO3) decomposes upon heating to yield quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide. At what temperature is the decomposition pressure of limestone l(atm)?
Ammonium chloride [NH4Cl(s)] decomposes upon heating to yield a gas mixture of ammonia and hydrochloric acid. At what temperature does ammonium chloride exert a decomposition pressure of 1.5 bar? For
The relative compositions of the pollutants NO and NO2 in air are governed by the reaction, NO + 1/2O2 → NO2 For air containing 21-mol-% O2 at 25°C and 1.0133 bar, what is the concentration of NO
Oil refineries frequently have both H2S and SO2 to dispose of. The following reaction suggests a means of getting rid of both at once: 2H2S(g) + SO2O(g) → 3S(s) + 2H2O(g) For reactants in the
Species N2O4 and NO2 as gases come to equilibrium by the reaction: N2O4 → 2NO2. (a) For T = 350 K and P = 5 bar, calculate the mole fractions of these species in the equilibrium mixture. Assume
The following isomerization reaction occurs in the liquid phase: A → B, where A and B are miscible liquids for which: GE/RT = 0.1 xAxB- If ΔGo298 = -1,000 J, what is the equilibrium composition of
Set up the equations required for solution of Ex. 13.14 by the method of equilibrium constants. Verify that your equations yield the same equilibrium compositions as given in the example. In Exercise
Ethylene oxide as a vapor and water as liquid, both at 25°C and 101.33 kPa, react to form a liquid solution containing ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol) at the same conditions: ((CH2)2O + H2O →
Consider the water-gas-shift reaction:H2(g) + CO2(g) †’ H2O(g) + CO(g)At high temperatures and low to moderate pressures the reacting species form an ideal- gas mixture. By Eq. (11.27):When
A good source for formation data for compounds is the NIST Chemistry Web Book site. Values of ΔH°f, but not of ΔG°f are reported. Instead, values of absolute standard entropies S° are listed for
Cracking propane is a route to light olefin production. Suppose that two cracking reactions occur in a steady-flow reactor: C3H8 (g) → C3H6(g) + H2(g) (I) C3H8(g) → C2H4(g) + CH4(g)
Rework Pb. 13.4 for a temperature of:(a) 1,100 K;(b) 1,200 K;(c) 1,300 K.Problem 13.4Consider the water-gas-shift reaction:H2(g) + CO2(g) †’ H2O(g) + CO(g)At high temperatures and low to
Use the method of equilibrium constants to verify the value off found as an answer in one of the following: (a) Pb. 13.4; (b) Pb. 13.5(a); (c) Pb. 13.5(b); (d) Pb. 13.5(c).
The excess Gibbs energy for the system chloroform (1) / ethanol (2) at 55°C is well represented by the Margules equation, written: GE / RT = (1.42x1 + 0.59 x2)x1x2 The vapor pressures of chloroform
A binary liquid system exhibits LLE at 25°C. Determine from each of the following sets of miscibility data estimates for parameters A12 and A21 in the Margules equation at 25CC: (a) x1a = 0.10, x1β
Work Pb. 14.15 for the van Laar equation. In Problem 14.15 A binary liquid system exhibits LLE at 25°C. Determine from each of the following sets of miscibility data estimates for parameters a12 and
Pure liquid species 2 and 3 are for practical purposes immiscible in one another. Liquid species 1 is soluble in both liquid 2 and liquid 3. One mole each of liquids 1, 2, and 3 are shaken together
Vapor sulfur hexafluoride SF6 at pressures of about 1,600 kPa is used as a dielectric in large primary circuit breakers for electric transmission systems. As liquids, SF6 and H2O are essentially
Toluene (l) and water(2) are essentially immiscible as liquids. Determine the dew point temperatures and the compositions of the first drops of liquid formed when vapor mixtures of these species with
n-Heplane (1) and water(2) are essentially immiscible as liquids. A vapor mixture containing 65-mol-% water at 100°C and 101.33 kPa is cooled slowly at constant pressure until condensation is
A system formed of methane(l) and a light oil(2) at 200 K and 30 bar consists of a vapor phase containing 95 mol-% methane and a liquid phase containing oil and dissolved methane. The fugacity of the
A liquid-process feed stream F contains 99 mol-% of species 1 and 1 mol-% of impurity, species 2. The impurity level is to be reduced to 0.1 mol-% by contacting the feed stream with a stream S of
At 25°C the solubility of n-hexane in water is 2 ppm (molar basis), and the solubility of water in n-hexane is 520 ppm. Estimate the activity coefficients for the two species in the two phases.
What are the relative contributions of the various terms in the gamma/phi expression for VLE? One way to address the question is through calculation of the activity coefficients for a single binary
The spinodal curve for a binary liquid system is the locus of states for whichThus it separates regions of stability from instability with respect to liquid/liquid phase splitting. For a given T,
A plant takes in water at 70(°F), cools it to 32(°F), and freezes it at this temperature, producing l(lbm)(s)-1 of ice. Heat rejection is at 70(°F). The heat of fusion of water is
Consider a steady-flow process in which the following gas-phase reaction takes place: CO + 1/2O2 → C02. The surroundings are at 300 K. (a) What is Wideal when the reactants enter the process as
The following rectilinear potential is an augmentation of the square-well potential [See Eq. (16.11)]:Here, quantities k, l, á¼‘, and e are positive constants, with k
The heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point is an approximate measure of the strength of intermolecular forces in the liquid phase. Why? The compounds methane and water have similar molar
The molar heat capacity of a liquid is normally greater than its vapor-phase heat capacity at modest pressure and the same temperature. Why?
Use classical arguments to estimate the average separation (in m) between ideal-gas particles at 300 K and 1 bar. Discuss.
Naive numerology suggests that there should be 23 = 8 possible combinations of sign for GE, HE, and SE. Table 16.6 shows only six. Why?In Table 16.626A. Z. Panagiotopoulos, Molecular Physics, vol.
Listed below are excess-enthalpy data at 25°C for two series of equimolar binary liquid mixtures. Explain why the mixture containing benzene is the "outlier" in each series.
The quantity (ij = 2Bij - Bij - Bjj plays a role in the thermodynamics of gas mixtures at low pressures: see, e.g., Eq. (14.4) for ϕi. This quantity can be positive or negative, depending on the
Table 10.1 includes Henry's constants for three C2 hydrocarbon gases dissolved in water at 25°C. Explain the observed trend, viz.,In Table 10.1
Interpreting entropy as a qualitative measure of the "structure" or "order" of a phase, suggest why the latent heats ∆Hsl, ∆Hlv, and ∆Hsv are positive.
Using dimensional equations, convert(a) 2 wk to microseconds.(b) 38.1 ft/s to kilometers/h.(c) 554 m4/ (day kg) to ft4/ (min lbm).
Using dimensional equations, convert(a) 2 wk to microseconds.(b) 38.1 ft/s to kilometers/h.(c) 554 m4/ (day kg) to ft4/ (min lbm). Discuss.
A waste treatment pond is 50mlong and 25mwide, and has an average depth of 2 m. The density of the waste is 75.3 lbm/ft3. Calculate the weight of the pond contents in lbf, using a single dimensional
The daily production of carbon dioxide from an 880MW coal-fired power plant is estimated to be 31,000 tons. A proposal has been made to capture and sequester the CO2 at approximately 300K and 140
The cost of a single solar panel lies in the range of $200 to $400, depending on the power output of the panel and the material it is made from. Before investing in equipping your home with solar
According to Archimedes' principle, the mass of a floating object equals the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. Use this principle to solve the following problems. (a) A wooden cylinder 30.0
A poundal is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 lbm at a rate of 1 ft/s2, and a slug is the mass of an object that will accelerate at a rate of 1 ft/s2 when subjected to a force of 1
During the early part of the 20th century, sulfanilamide (an antibacterial drug) was only administered by injection or in a solid pill. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company decided to market a liquid
The following table is a summary of data taken on the growth of yeast cells in a bioreactor:Time, t(h) _____________________ Yeast Concentration, X(g/L)0
You arrive at your lab at 8 A.M. and add an indeterminate quantity of bacterial cells to a flask. At 11 A.M. you measure the number of cells using a spectrophotometer (the absorbance of light is
Bacteria can serve as catalysts for the conversoin of low-cost chemicals, such as glucose, into higher value compounds, including commodity chemicals (with large production rates) and high-value
The following reactions take place in a batch reactor:A + B ( C (desired product)B + C ( D (hazardous product)As the reaction proceeds, D builds up in the reactor and could cause an explosion if its
L-Serine is an amino acid important for its roles in synthesizing other amino acids and for its use in intravenous feeding solutions. It is often synthesized commercially by fermentation, and
On a website devoted to answering engineering questions, viewers were invited to determine how much power a 100-MW power plant generates annually. The answer declared to be best was submitted by a
Since the 1960s, the Free Expression Tunnel at North Carolina State University has been the University's way to combat graffiti on campus. The tunnel is painted almost daily by various student groups
In April 2010, the worst oil spill ever recorded occurred when an explosion and fire on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil-drilling rig left 11 workers dead and began releasing oil into the Gulf of
The following data have been obtained for the effect of solvent composition on the solubility of a serine, an amino acid, at 10.0°C:The data were obtained by mixing known volumes of methanol and
A mixture of methanol and propyl acetate contains 25.0 wt% methanol. (a) Using a single dimensional equation, determine the g-moles of methanol in 200.0 kg of the mixture. (b) The flow rate of propyl
As described in Problem 3.16, a drilling mud is slurry pumped into oil wells being drilled. The mud has several functions: It floats rock cuttings to the top of the well where they can easily be
A mixture is 10.0 mole% methyl alcohol, 75.0 mole% methyl acetate (C3H6O2), and 15.0 mole% acetic acid. Calculate the mass fractions of each compound. What is the average molecular weight of the
Coal being used in a power plant at a rate of 8000 lbm/min has the following composition:Component ________________ Weight % (dry basis)Ash .............................................7.2Sulfur
Drop-on-demand (DoD) technology is an emerging form of drug delivery in which a reservoir is filled with a solution of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolved in a volatile liquid, and a
In the manufacture of paper, logs are cut into small chips, which are stirred into an alkaline solution that dissolves several of the chemical constituents of wood but not cellulose. The slurry of
Concerns regarding emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere have increased substantially since an article on combustion of forests and grasslands was published in 1990. Data in the table below show
You notice that the water in your friend's swimming pool is cloudy and that the pool walls are discolored at the water line. A quick analysis reveals that the pH of the water is 8.0 when it should be
In September 2014 the average price of gasoline in France was 1.54 euro/liter, and the exchange rate was $1.29 per euro (€). How much would you have paid, in dollars, for 50.0 kg of gasoline in
In the movie, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, Augustus Gloop leans over the chocolate river to get a drink and falls in. He is sucked through the pipe leading to the fudge room where he is
A student goes to the laboratory supply room and obtains five feet of clear plastic tubing with an outer diameter of 1/2 inch and a wall thickness of 1/16 inch. She bends the tube into a U shape with
You purchase six oranges that weigh a total of 2 lbf and 13 ounces. After cutting them open and squeezing all the juice your strength allows into a large measuring cup, you weigh the remaining pulp
As will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5, the ideal-gas equation of state relates absolute pressure, P(atm); gas volume, V(liters); number of moles of gas, n(mol); and absolute temperature,
A small family home in Tucson, Arizona, has a rooftop area of 1967 square feet, and it is possible to capture rain falling on about 56% of the roof. A typical annual rainfall is about 14 inches. If
Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is commonly used in the construction of roadways in the United States at a rate estimated to be 500,000,000 tons/year. A typical upper layer (there may be as many as 5 layers of
You have been sent by the Environmental Protection Agency to measure SO2 emissions from a small industrial power plant. You withdraw and analyze a gas sample from the boiler stack and obtain the
A process is carried out in which a mixture containing 25.0 wt% methanol, 42.5% ethanol, and the balance water is separated into two fractions. A technician draws and analyzes samples of both product
Two streams flow into a 500-gallon tank. The first stream is 10.0 wt% ethanol and 90.0% hexane (the mixture density, (ρ1, is 0.68 g/cm3) and the second is 90.0 wt% ethanol, 10.0% hexane (ρ2. = 0.78
L-Serine is an amino acid that often is provided when intravenous feeding solutions are used to maintain the health of a patient. It has a molecular weight of 105, is produced by fermentation and
Rain is falling on a poorly designed 150-m2 flat roof of a contemporary home. The design flaw requires the water level on the roof to reach approximately 5 cm above the plane of the roof before the
A 100 kmol/h stream that is 97 mole% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 3% carbon disulfide (CS2) is to be recovered from the bottom of a distillation column. The feed to the column is 16 mole% CS2 and
A liquid mixture containing ethanol (55.0 wt%) and the balance water enters a separation process unit at a rate of 90.5 kg/s. A technician draws samples of the two product streams leaving the
A stream of humid air containing 1.50 mole% H2O(v) and the balance dry air is to be humidified to a water content of 10.0 mole% H2O. For this purpose, liquid water is fed through a flowmeter and
Certain vegetables and fruits contain plant pigments called carotenoids that are metabolized in the body to produce Vitamin A. Lack of Vitamin A causes an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 children
In the commercial production of sugar (sucrose), the product crystals are washed and centrifuged to partial dryness. The crystals are then sent through a rotary dryer where they are contacted with a
A garment to protect the wearer from toxic agents may be made of a fabric that contains an adsorbent, such as activated carbon. In a test of such a fabric, a gas stream containing 7.76 mg/L of carbon
The hormone estrogen is produced in the ovaries of females and elsewhere in the body in men and postmenopausal women, and it is also administered in estrogen replacement therapy, a common treatment
A stream consisting of 44.6 mole% benzene and 55.4% toluene is fed at a constant rate to a process unit that produces two product streams, one a vapor and the other a liquid. The vapor flow rate is
The popularity of orange juice, especially as a breakfast drink, makes this beverage an important factor in the economy of orange-growing regions. Most marketed juice is concentrated and frozen and
Boilers are used in most chemical plants to generate steam for various purposes, such as to preheat process streams fed to reactors and separation units. In one such process, steam and a cold process
Ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide in the following reaction:4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O(a) Calculate the ratio (lb-mole O2 react/lb-mole NO formed).(b) If ammonia is fed to a continuous reactor at a
The respiratory process involves hemoglobin (Hgb), an iron-containing compound found in red blood cells. In the process, carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells as molecular CO2, while O2
A liquid mixture of acetone and water contains 35 mole% acetone. The mixture is to be partially evaporated to produce a vapor that is 75 mole% acetone and leave a residual liquid that is 18.7 mole%
Oxygen consumed by a living organism in aerobic reactions is used in adding mass to the organism and/or the production of chemicals and carbon dioxide. Since we may not know the molecular

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