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engineering
mechanical engineering
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 6th Edition Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine - Solutions
A 2-mm-thick layer of water on an electrically heated plate is maintained at a temperature of Tw = 340 K, as dry air at T∞ = 300 K flows over the surface of the water (case A). The arrangement is in large surroundings that are also at 300 K.(a) If the evaporative flux from the surface of the
A disk of 20-mm diameter is covered with a water film. Under steady-state conditions, a heater power of 200 m W is required to maintain the disk-water film a 305 K in dry air at 295 K and the observed evaporation rate is 2.55 x 10-4 kg/h.(a) Calculate the average mass transfer convection
An experiment is conducted to determine the average mass transfer convection coefficient of a small droplet using a heater controlled to operate at a constant temperature. The power history required to completely evaporate the droplet at a temperature of 37°C is shown in the sketch. It was
It is desired to develop a simple model for predicting the temperature-time history of a plate during the drying cycle in a dishwasher. Following the wash cycle the plate is at Tp(t) = Tp(0) = 65°C and the air in the dishwasher is completely saturated (ϕ∞ = 1.0) at T∞ = 55°C. The values of
Consider the following fluids at a film temperature of 300 K in parallel flow over a flat plate with velocity of 1 m/s: atmospheric air, water, engine oil, and mercury.(a) For each fluid, determine the velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses at a distance of 40 mm from the leading edge.(b)
Engine oil at 100°C and a velocity of 0.1 m/s flows over both surfaces of a 1-m-long flat plate maintained at 20°C. Determine:(a) The velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses at the trailing edge.(b) The local heat flux and surface shear stress at the trailing edge.(c) The total drag force
Consider steady, parallel flow of atmospheric air over a flat plate. The air has a temperature and free stream velocity of 300 K 25 m/s?(a) Evaluate the boundary layer thickness at distances of x = 1, 10, and 100 mm from the leading edge. If a second plate were installed parallel to and at a
Consider a liquid metal (Pr << 1) with free stream conditions u∞ and T∞, in parallel flow over an isothermal flat plate at Ts- Assuming that u = U throughout the thermal boundary layer, write the corresponding form of the boundary layer energy equation. Applying appropriate initial (x =
Consider the velocity boundary layer profile for flow over a flat plate to be of the form u = C1 + C2y. Applying appropriate boundary conditions, obtain an expression for the velocity profile in terms of the boundary layer thickness 8 and the free stream velocity ux. Using the integral form of the
Consider a steady, turbulent boundary layer on an isothermal flat plate of temperature Ts- The boundary layer is "tripped" at the leading edge x = 0 by a fine wire. Assume constant physical properties and velocity and temperature profiles of the form
Consider flow over a flat plate for which it is desired to determine the average heat transfer coefficient over the short span x1 to x2, h1 – 2 where (x2 – x1)Provide three different expressions that can be used to evaluate hl - 2 in terms of(a) The local coefficient at x = (x1 +
A flat plate of width 1 m is maintained at a uniform surface temperature of Ts = 150°C by using independently controlled, heat-generating rectangular modules of thickness a = 10 mm and length b = 50 mm. Each module is insulated from its neighbors, as well as on its back side. Atmospheric air at
An electric air heater consists of a horizontal array of thin metal strips that are each 10 mm long in the direction of an airstream that is in parallel flow over the top of the strips. Each strip is 0.2 m wide, and 25 strips are arranged side by side, forming a continuous and smooth surface over
Consider atmospheric air at 25°C and a velocity of 25 m/s flowing over both surfaces of a 1-m-long flat plate that is maintained at 125°e. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit width from the plate for value of the critical Reynolds number corresponding to 105, 5 x 105, and 106.
Consider a flat plate subject to parallel flow (top and bottom) characterized by U∞ = 5 m/s, T∞ = 20°C.(a) Determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer rate, and drag force associated with a L = 2 m long. w = 2 m wide flat plate for air flow and surface
Consider water at 27°C in parallel flow over an isothermal, 1-m-long flat plate with a velocity of 2 m/s.(a) Plot the variation of the local heat transfer coefficient, hx(x), with distance along the plate for three flow conditions corresponding to transition Reynolds numbers of (i) 5 x 105 , (ii)
Explain under what conditions the total rate of heat transfer from an isothermal flat plate of dimensions L by 2L would be the same, independent of whether parallel flow over the plate is directed along the side of length L or 2L. With a critical Reynolds number of 5 x 105, for what values of Re L
In fuel cell stacks, it is desirable to operate under conditions that promote uniform surface temperatures for the electrolytic membranes. This is especially true in high temperature fuel cells where the membrane is constructed of a brittle ceramic material. Electrochemical reactions in the
Air at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 50°C is in parallel flow over the top surface of a flat plate that is heated to a uniform temperature of 100°C. The plate has a length of 0.20 m (in the flow direction) and a width of 0.10 m. The Reynolds number based on the plate length is 40,000.
Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motorcycle engine. The fin is 0.15 m long and at a temperature of 250°C, while the motorcycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27°C. The air is in parallel flow over both surfaces of the fin, and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist
The Weather channel reports that it is a hot, muggy day with an air temperature of 90°F, a 10 mph breeze out of the southwest and bright sunshine with a solar insulation of 400 W/m2. Consider the wall of a metal building over which the prevailing wind blows. The length of the wall in the wind
A photovoltaic solar panel consists of a sandwich of (top to bottom) a 3-mm-thick ceria-doped glass (kg = 1.4 W/m ∙ K), a 0.1-mm-thick optical grade adhesive (ka = 145 W/m ∙ K), a very thin silicon semiconducting material, a 0.1-mm-thick solder layer (ks = 50 W/m ∙ K) and a 2-mm-thick
Concentration of sunlight onto photo voltaic cells is desired since the concentrating mirrors and lenses are less expensive than the photovoltaic material. Consider the solar photovoltaic cell of Problem 7.18. A 100 mm x 100 mm photovoltaic cell is irradiated with concentrated solar energy. Since
The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a layer of foamed urethane insulation (t2 = 50 mm, ki = 0.026 W/m ∙ K sandwiched between aluminum alloy panels (11 = 5 mm, kp = 180 W/m ∙ K). The length and width of the roof are L = 10 m and W = 3.5 m,
The top surface of a heated compartment consists of very smooth (A) and highly roughened (B) portions, and the surface is placed in an atmospheric airstream. In the interest of minimizing total convection heat transfer from the surface, which orientation, (1) or (2), is preferred? If Ts = 100°C,
Consider weather conditions for which the prevailing wind blows past the penthouse tower on a tall building. The tower length in the wind direction is 10m and there are 10 window panels.(a) Calculate the average convection coefficient for the first, third, and tenth window panels when the wind
The proposed design for an anemometer to determine the velocity of an airstream in a wind tunnel is comprised of a thin metallic strip whose ends are supported by stiff rods serving as electrodes for passage of current used to heat the strip. A fine-wire thermocouple is attached to the trailing
In the production of sheet metals or plastics, it is customary to cool the material before it leaves the production process for storage or shipment to the customer. Typically, the process is continuous, with a sheet of thickness δ and width W cooled as it transits the distance L between two
In the production of sheet metals or plastics, it is customary to cool the material before it leaves the production process for storage or shipment to the customer. Typically, the process is continuous, with a sheet of thickness 8 and width W cooled as it transits the distance L between two rollers
A steel strip emerges from the hot roll section of a steel mill at a speed of 20 m/s and a temperature of 1200 K. Its length and thickness are L = 100 m and 8 = 0.003 m. respectively, and its density and specific heat are 7900 kg/m 3 and 640 J/kg' K, respectively.Accounting for heat transfer from
In Problem 7.23, an anemometer design was explored, and the assumption was made that the strip temperature was uniform. This is a good assumption when the heat transfer coefficient is low or the strip thermal conductivity high, because then conduction within the strip redistributes the generated
An array of electronic chips is mounted within a sealed rectangular enclosure, and cooling is implemented by attaching an aluminum heat sink (k = 180 W/m ∙ K). The base of the heat sink has dimensions of w1 = w2 = 100 mm, while the 6 fins are of thickness t = 10 mm and pitch S = 18 mm. The fin
The heat sink of Problem 7.29 is considered for an application in which the power dissipation is only 70 W, and the engineer proposes to use air at T∞ = 20°C for cooling. If the base temperature Tb, must remain below 70°C, what air velocity is required? Properties of the air may be approximated
Consider the concentrating photovoltaic apparatus of Problem 7.19. The apparatus is to be installed in a desert environment, so the space between the concentrating lens and top of the photovoltaic cell is enclosed to protect the cell from sand abrasion in windy conditions. Since convection cooling
One hundred electrical components each dissipating 25 W, are attached to one surface of a square (0.2 m x 0.2 m) copper plate, and all the dissipated energy is transferred to water in parallel flow over the opposite surface. A protuberance at the leading edge of the plate acts to trip the boundary
Air at 27°C with a free stream velocity of 10 m/s is used to cool electronic devices mounted on a printed circuit board. Each device, 4 mm by 4 mm, dissipates 40 mW, which is removed from the top surface. A tabulator is located at the leading edge of the board, causing the boundary layer to be
Forced air at 25°C and 10 m/s is used to cool electronic elements mounted on a circuit board. Consider a chip of length 4 mm and width 4 mm located 120 mm from the leading edge. Because the board surface is irregular, the flow is disturbed and the appropriate convection correlation is of the
Air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 25°C is in parallel flow at a velocity of 5 m/s over a 1 -m-long flat plate that is heated with a uniform heat flux of 1250 W/m2 . Assume the flow is fully turbulent over the length of the plate.(a) Calculate the plate surface temperature, Ts(L),
Consider atmospheric air at u∞ = 2 m/s and T∞ = 300K in parallel flow over an isothermal flat plate of length L = 1 m and temperature Ts = 350 K.(a) Compute the local convection coefficient at the leading and trailing edges of the heated plate with and without an unheated starting length of ϵ
The cover plate of a flat-plate solar collector is at 15°C, while ambient air at 10°C is in parallel flow over the plate, with U∞ = 2 m/s.(a) What is the rate of convective heat loss from the plate?(b) If the plate is installed 2 m from the leading edge of a roof and flushes with the roof
An array of 10 silicon chips, each of length L = 10 mm on a side, is insulated on one surface and cooled on the opposite surface by atmospheric air in parallel flow with T∞ = 24°C and U∞ = 40 m/s. When in use, the same electrical power is dissipated in each chip, maintaining a uniform heat
A square (10 mm x 10 mm) silicon chip is insulated on one side and cooled on the opposite side by atmospheric air in parallel flow at U∞ = 20 m/s and T∞ = 24°C. When in use, electrical power dissipation within the chip maintains a uniform heat flux at the cooled surface. If the chip
Working in groups of two, our students design and perform experiments on forced convection phenomena using the general arrangement shown schematically. The air box consists of two muffin fans, a plenum chamber, and flow strengtheners discharging a nearly uniform airstream over the flat test-plate.
Consider the following fluids, each with a velocity of V = 5 m/s and a temperature of Try; = 20°C, in cross flow over a 10-mm diameter cylinder maintained at 50°C: atmospheric air, saturated water, and engine oil.(a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit length, q', using the
A circular pipe of 25-mm outside diameter is placed in an airstream at 25°C and l-atm pressure. The air moves in cross flow over the pipe at 15 m/s, while the outer surface of the pipe is maintained at 100°C. What is the drag force exerted on the pipe per unit length? What is the rate of heat
A long, cylindrical, electrical heating element of diameter D = 10 mm, thermal conductivity k = 240 W/m ∙ K, density p = 2700 kg/m3, and specific heat cp = 900 J/kg ∙ K is installed in a duct for which air moves in cross flow over the heater at a temperature and velocity of 27°C and 10 m/s,
Consider the conditions of Problem 7.43, but now allow for radiation exchange between the surface of the heating element (δ = 0.8) and the walls of the duct, which form a large enclosure at 27°C.(a) Evaluate the steady-state surface temperature.(b) If the heater is activated from an initial
A pin fin of 10-mm diameter dissipates 30 W by forced convection to air in cross flow with a Reynolds number of 4000. If the diameter of the fin is doubled and all other conditions remain the same, estimate the fin heat rate. Assume the pin to be infinitely long.
Air at 27°C and a velocity of 5 m/s passes over the small region As (20 mm x 20 mm) on a large surface, which is maintained at Ts = 127°C. For these conditions, 0.5 W is removed from the surface As. In order to increase the heat removal rate, a stainless steel (AISI 304) pin fin of diameter 5 mm
To enhance heat transfer from a silicon chip of width W = 4 mm on a side, a copper pin fin is brazed to the surface of the chip. The pin length and diameter are L = 12 mm and D = 2 mm, respectively, and atmospheric air at V = 10 m/s and T∞ = 300 K is in cross flow over the pin. The surface of the
Consider the Nichrome wire (D = 1 mm. Pe = 10-6 Ω ∙ m, k = 25 W/m ∙ K, ϵ = 0.20) used to fabricate the air heater of Problem 3.86, but now under conditions for which the convection heat transfer coefficient must be determined.(a) For atmospheric air at 50°C and a cross-flow velocity of 5
A one wire of diameter D is positioned across a passage to determine flow velocity from heat transfer characteristics. Current is passed through the wire to heat it, and the heat is dissipated to the flowing fluid by convection. The resistance of the wire is determined from electrical measurements,
To determine air velocity changes, it is proposed to measure the electric current required to maintain a platinum wire of 0.5-mm diameter at a constant temperature of 77°C in a stream of air at 27°C.(a) Assuming Reynolds numbers in the range 40 < ReD < 1000, develop a relationship between
A computer code is being developed to analyze a temperature sensor of 12.5-mm diameter experiencing cross flow of water with a free stream temperature of 80°C and variable velocity. Derive an expression for the convection heat transfer coefficient as a function of the sensor surface temperature
A 25-mm-diameter, high-tension line has an electrical resistance of 10-4 n/m and is transmitting a current of 1000 A.(a) If ambient air at 10°C and 5 m/s is in cross flow over the line, what is its surface temperature?(b) If the line may be approximated as a solid copper rod, what is its
An aluminum transmission line with a diameter of 20 mm has an electrical resistance of R'elec = 2.636 x 10-4 n/m and carries a current of 700 A. The line is subjected to frequent and severe cross winds, increasing the probability of contact between adjacent lines, thereby causing sparks and
To augment heat transfer between two flowing fluids it is proposed to insert a 100-mm-long, 5-mm-diameter 2024 aluminum pin fin through the wall separating the two fluid.The pin is inserted to a depth of d into fluid 1. Fluid 1 is air with a mean temperature of 10°C and nearly uniform velocity of
Repeat Problem 7.54, except now fluid I is ethylene glycol with a mean temperature of 10°C and nearly uniform velocity of 10 m/s. Fluid 2 is water with a mean temperature of 40°C and mean velocity of 3 m/s.
Hot water at 50°C is routed from one building in which it is generated to an adjoining building in which it is used for space heating. Transfer between the buildings occurs in a steel pipe (k = 60 W /m ∙ K) of 100-mm outside diameter and 8-mm wall thickness. During the winter, representative
An uninsulated steam pipe is used to transport high-temperature steam from one building to another. The pipe is of 0.5-m diameter, has a surface temperature of 150°C, and is exposed to ambient air at -10°C. The air moves in cross flow over the pipe with a velocity of 5 m/s.(a) What is the heat
A thermocouple is inserted into a hot air duct to measure the air temperature. The thermocouple (T1) is soldered to the tip of a steel thermocouple well of length L = 0.15 m and inner and outer diameters of Di = 5 mm and Do = 10 mm. A second thermocouple (T2) is used to measure the duct wall
Consider conditions for which a mercury-in-glass thermometer of 4-mm diameter is inserted to a length L through the wall of a duct in which air at 77°C is flowing. If the stem of the thermometer at the duct wall is at the wall temperature Tw = 15°C, conduction heat transfer through the glass
Fluid velocities can be measured using hot-film sensors, and a common design is one for which the sensing element forms a thin film about the circumference of a quartz rod. The film is typically comprised of a thin (-100 nm) layer of platinum, whose electrical resistance is proportional to its
Consider use of the hot-film sensor described in Problem 7.60 to determine the velocity of water entering the cooling system of an electric power plant from an adjoining lake. The sensor is mounted within an intake pipe, and its controls are set to maintain an average hot- film temperature that is
In a manufacturing process, a long coated plastic rod (p = 2200 kg/m J ∙ c = 800 J/kg ∙ K, k =1 W/m ∙ K) of diameter D = 20 mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 25°C and is suddenly exposed to a cross flow of air at T∞ = 350°C and V = 50 m/s.(a) How long will it take for the
In an extrusion process, copper wire emerges from the extruder at a velocity V e and is cooled by convection heat transfer to air in cross flow over the wire, as well as by radiation to the surroundings.(a) By applying conservation of energy to a differential control surface of length dx, which
The objective of an experiment performed by our students is to determine the effect of pin fins on the thermal resistance between a flat plate and an airstream. A 25.9-mm-square polished aluminum plate is subjected to an airstream in parallel flow at T∞ = 20°C and u∞ = 6 m/s. An electrical
Consider the enclosure and heat sink of Problem 7.30. The heat sink is rotated 90° so that the air is no longer directed between the fins, but normal to one of the (L b + L f ) X W2 surfaces. Estimate the required air velocity if the height of the enclosure is Le = 10 mm. Neglect heat transfer
Air at 25°C flows over a 10-mm-diameter sphere with a velocity of 25 m/s, while the surface of the sphere is maintained at 75°C(a) What is the drag force on the sphere?(b) What is the rate of heat transfer from the sphere?(c) Generate a plot of the heat transfer from the sphere as a function of
Consider a sphere with a diameter of 20 mm and a surface temperature of 60°C that is immersed in a fluid at a temperature of 30°C and a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the drag force and the heat rate when the fluid(a) Water and(b) Air at atmospheric pressure. Explain why the results for the two
Atmospheric air at 25°C and a velocity of 0.5 m/s flows over a 50- W incandescent bulb whose surface temperature is at 140°C. The bulb may be approximated as a sphere of 50-mm diameter. What is the rate of heat loss by convection to the air?
Consider the material processing experiment of Problem 5.24, with atmospheric nitrogen used to impalement cooling by convection. However, instead of using a prescribed value of the convection coefficient, compute the coefficient from an appropriate correlation.(a) Neglecting radiation, determine
A spherical, underwater instrument pod used to make soundings and to measure conditions in the water has a diameter of 85 mm and dissipates 300 W.(a) Estimate the surface temperature of the pod when suspended in a bay where the current is 1 m/s and the water temperature is 15°C.(b) Inadvertently,
Worldwide, over a billion solder balls must be manufactured daily for assembling electronics packages. The uniform droplet spray method uses a piezoelectric device to vibrate a shaft in a pot of molten solder that, in turn, ejects small droplets of solder through a precision-machined nozzle. As
A spherical work piece of pure copper with a diameter of 15 mm and an emissivity of 0.5 is suspended in a large furnace with walls at a uniform temperature of 600°C. Air flows over the work piece at a temperature of 900°C and a velocity of 7.5 m/s.(a) Determine the steady-state temperature of the
Copper spheres of 20-mm diameter are quenched by being dropped into a tank of water that is maintained at 280 K. The spheres may be assumed to reach the terminal velocity on impact and to drop freely through the water. Estimate the terminal velocity by equating the drag and gravitational forces
For the conditions of Problem 7.73, what are the terminal velocity and the tank height if engine oil at 300 K, rather than water, is used as the coolant?
Consider the plasma spray coating process of Problem 5.25. In addition to the prescribed conditions, the argon plasma jet is known to have a mean velocity of V = 400 m/s, while the initial velocity of the injected alumina particles may be approximated as zero. The nozzle exit and the substrate are
Highly reflective aluminum coatings may be formed on the surface of a substrate by impacting the surface with molten drops of aluminum. The droplets are discharged from an injector, proceed through an inert gas (helium), and must still be in a molten state at the time of impact.Consider conditions
A spherical thermocouple junction 1.0 mm in diameter is inserted in a combustion chamber to measure the temperature T∞ of the products of combustion. The hot gases have a velocity of V = 5 m/s.(a) If the thermocouple is at room temperature, Ti, when it is inserted in the chamber, estimate the
A thermocouple junction is inserted in a large duct to measure the temperature of hot gases flowing through the duct.(a) If the duct surface temperature Ts is less than the gas temperature Tg, will the thermocouple sense a temperature that is less than, equal to. or greater than Tg? Justify your
Consider temperature measurement in a gas stream using the thermocouple junction described in Problem 7.79 (D = 2 mm, ε = 0.60). If the gas velocity and temperature are 3 m/s and 500°C, respectively, what temperature will be indicated by the thermocouple if the duct surface temperature is 200°C?
A high-temperature gas reactor (HTGR) consists of spherical, uranium oxide fuel elements in which there is uniform volumetric heating (q). Each fuel element is embedded in a graphite spherical shell which is cooled by a helium gas flow at 1 atm.Consider steady-state conditions for which radiation
A silicon chip (k = 150 W/m ∙ K, p = 2300 kg/m3, c p = 700 J/kg ∙ K), 10 mm on a side and 1 mm thick, is connected to a substrate by solder balls (k = 40 W/m ∙ K. p = 10,000 kg/m3, c p = 150 J/kg ∙ K) of I mm diameter, and during an accelerated thermal stress test, the system is exposed to
Repeat Example 7.7 for a more compact tube bank in which the longitudinal and transverse pitches are SL = ST = 20.5 mm. All other conditions remain the same.
A pre-heater involves the use of condensing steam at 100°C on the inside of a bank of tubes to heat air that enters at 1 atm and 25°C. The air moves at 5 m/s in cross flow over the tubes. Each tube is 1 m long and has an outside diameter of 10 mm. The bank consists of 196 tubes in a square,
Consider the in-line tube bank of Problem 7.84 (D = 10 mm, L = I m, and ST = SL = 15 mm), with condensing steam used to heat atmospheric air entering the tube bank at Ti = 25°C and V = 5 m/s. In this case however, the desired outlet temperature, not the number of tube rows, is known. What is the
A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 10-mm-diameter tubes with ST = SL = 20 mm. There are 10 rows of tubes with 50 tubes in each row. Consider an application for which cold water flows through the tubes, maintaining the outer surface temperature at 27°C, while flue gases at 427°C and a
An air duct heater consists of an aligned array of electrical heating elements in which the longitudinal and transverse pitches are SL = ST = 24 mm. There are 3 rows of elements in the flow direction (NL = 3) and 4 elements per row (NT = 4). Atmospheric air with an upstream velocity of 12 m/s and a
A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 30-mm-diameter tubes with ST = SL = 60 mm and a tube length of 1 m. There are 10 tube rows in the flow direction (NL = 10) and 7 tubes per row (NT = 7). Air with upstream conditions of T∞ = 27°C and V = 15 m/s is in cross flow over the tubes, while a
Electrical components mounted to each of two isothermal plates are cooled by passing atmospheric air between the plates, and an in-line array of aluminum pin fins is used to enhance heat transfer to the air.The pins are of diameter D = 2 mm, length L = 100 mm, and thermal conductivity k = 240 W/m
Consider the chip cooling scheme of Problem 3.134, but with an insulated top wall placed at the pin tips to force airflow across the pin array. Air enters the array at 20°C and with a velocity V that may be varied but cannot exceed 10 m/s due to pressure drop considerations. The pin fin geometry,
An air-cooled steam condenser is operated with air in cross flow over a square, in-line array of 400 tubes (NL = NT = 20), with an outside tube diameter of 20 mm and longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL = 60 mm and ST = 30 mm, respectively. Saturated steam at a pressure of 2.455 bars enters
A circular transistor of 10-mm diameter is cooled by impingement of an air jet exiting a 2-mm-diameter round nozzle with a velocity of 20 m/s and a temperature of 15°C. The jet exit and the exposed surface of the transistor are separated by a distance of 10 mm.If the transistor is well insulated
A long rectangular plate of AISI 304 stainless steel is initially at 1200 K and is cooled by an array of slot jets (see Figure 7.16). The nozzle width and pitch are W = 10 mm and S = 100 mm, respectively, and the nozzle-to-plate separation is H = 200 mm. The plate thickness and width are t = 8 mm
Air at 10 m/s and 15°C is used to cool a square hot molded plastic plate 0.5 m to a side having a surface temperature of 140°C. To increase the throughput of the production process, it is proposed to cool the plate using an array of slotted nozzles with width and pitch of 4 mm and 56 mm,
Consider Problem 7.94 in which the improvement in performance of slot-jet cooling over parallel-flow cooling was demonstrated. Design an optimal round nozzle array, using the same air jet velocity and temperature, 10 m/s and 15°C, respectively, and compare the cooling rates and supply air
Consider the plasma spraying process of Problems 5.25 and 7.75. For a nozzle exit diameter of D = 10 mm and a substrate radius of r = 25 mm, estimate the rate of heat transfer by convection, qconv, from the argon plasma to the substrate, if the substrate temperature is maintained at 300 K. Energy
Consider the plasma jet of Problem 7.96. When new ceramic coating materials are developed, spray trials are performed using small, circular substrates called coupons that can be coated easily and subsequently tested for the new coating material's wear or corrosion resistance. Consider a
You have been asked to determine the feasibility of using an impinging jet in a soldering operation for electronic assemblies. The schematic illustrates the use of a single, round nozzle to direct high velocity, hot air to a location where a surface mount joint is to be formedFor your study,
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