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engineering
mechanical engineering
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 6th Edition Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine - Solutions
Consider the packed bed of aluminum spheres described in Problem 5.12 under conditions for which the bed is charged by hot air with an inlet velocity of V = 1 m/s and temperature of Tg,i = 300°C, but for which the convection coefficient is not prescribed. If the porosity of the bed is £ = 0.40
The use of rock pile thermal energy storage systems has been considered for solar energy and industrial process heat applications. A particular system involves a cylindrical container, 2 m long by 1 m in diameter, in which nearly spherical rocks of 0.03-m diameter are packed. The bed has a void
The cylindrical chamber of a pebble bed nuclear reactor is of length L = 10m and diameter D = 3 m. The chamber is filled with spherical uranium oxide pellets of core diameter Dp = 50 mm. Each pellet generates thermal energy in its core at a rate of Eg and is coated with a layer of
Latent heat capsules consist of a thin-walled spherical shell within which a solid-liquid, phase-change material (PCM) of melting point T mp and latent heat of fusion hsf is enclosed. As shown schematically, the capsules may be packed in a cylindrical vessel through which there is fluid flow. If
Consider the packed bed (ε = 0.5) of latent heat capsules (Dc = 50 mm) described in Problem 7.102, but now for an application in which ambient air is to be heated by passing it through the bed. In this case the capsule contain an organic compound with a melting point of T mp = 50°C, and the air
Consider mass loss from a smooth wet flat plate due to forced convection at atmospheric pressure. The plate is 0.5 m long and 3 m wide. Dry air at 300 K and a free stream velocity of 35 m/s flows over the surface, which is also at a temperature of 300 K. Estimate the average mass transfer
Consider dry, atmospheric air in parallel flow over a 0.5-m-long plate whose surface is wetted. The air velocity is 35 m/s, and the air and water are each at a temperature of 300 K.(a) Estimate the heat loss and evaporation rate per unit width of the plate, q' and nA, respectively.(b) Assuming the
A flat plate coated with a volatile substance (species A) is exposed to dry, atmospheric air in parallel flow with T∞ = 20°C and u∞ = 8 m/s. The plate is maintained at a constant temperature of 134°C by an electrical healing element, and the substance evaporates from the surface. The plate
Dry air at atmospheric pressure and 350 K, with a free stream velocity of 25 m/s,flows over a smooth, porous plate 1 m long(a) Assuming the plate to be saturated with liquid water at 350 K, estimate the mass rate of evaporation per unit width of the plate, n'A (kg/s ∙ m).(b) For air and liquid
A scheme for dissipating heat from an array of N = 100 integrated circuits involves joining the circuits to the bottom of a plate and exposing the top of the plate to a water bath. The water container is of length L = 100 Hun on a side and is exposed to airflow at its top surface. The flow is
A series of water-filled trays, each 222 mm long, experiences an evaporative drying process. Dry air at T∞ = 300 K flows over the trays with a velocity of 15 m/s, while radiant heaters maintain the surface temperature at Ts = 330 K.(a) What is the evaporative flux (kg/s ∙ m2) at a distance 1 m
Consider the physical system of Problem 7.109 la series of water-filled trays heated radiatively), but under operating conditions for which each tray is 0.25 m long by 1 m wide and is uniformly irradiated, with G = 104 W/m2. Dry air at Too = 300 K continues to flow over the trays at a velocity of
The apparatus described in Problem 7.40 is used by our students to experimentally determine convection heat and mass transfer coefficients, to confirm the heat-mass analogy, and to compare measured results with predictions based on standard correlations. The velocity, V, of the airstream is
Dry air at 35°C and a velocity of 20 m/s flows over a wetted plate of length 500 mm and width 150 mm, an imbedded electrical heater supplies power to maintain the plate surface temperature at 20°C.(a) What is the evaporation rate (kg/h) of water from the plate? What electrical power is required
A minivan traveling 90 km/h has just passed through a thunderstorm that left a film of water 0.1 mm thick on the top of the van. The top of the van can be assumed to be a flat plate 6 m long. Assume isothermal conditions at 27°C, an ambient air relative humidity of 80%, and turbulent flow over the
Benzene, a known carcinogen, has been spilled on the laboratory floor and has spread to a length of 2 m. If a film 1 mm deep is formed, how long will it take for the benzene to completely evaporate? Ventilation in the laboratory provides for airflow parallel to the surface at 1 m/s, and the benzene
Atmospheric air of 40% relative humidity and temperature T∞ = 300 K is in parallel flow over a series of water-filled trays, with U∞ = 12 m/s.What is the rate at which energy must be supplied to ach of the first three trays to maintain the water at 300 K?
A stream of atmospheric air is used to dry a series of biological samples on plates that are each of length Li = 0.25 m in the direction of the airflow. The air is dry and at a temperature equal to that of the plates (T∞ = Ts = 50°C). The air speed is u∞ = 9.1 m/s.(a) Sketch the variation of
Condenser cooling water for a power plant is stored in a cooling pond that is 1000 m long by 500 m wide. However, because of evaporative losses, it is necessary to periodically add "makeup" water to the pond in order to maintain a suitable water level. Assuming isothermal conditions at 27°C for
Consider the plate conveyor system of Problem 7.24, but now under conditions for which the plates are being transported from a liquid bath used for surface cleaning. The initial plate temperature is Ti = 40°C and the surfaces are covered with a thin liquid film. If the air velocity and temperature
In a paper drying process, the paper moves on a conveyor belt at 0.2 m/s, while dry air from an in-line array of round jets (Figure 7.17 b) impinges normal to its surface. The nozzle diameter and pitch are D = 20 mm and S = 100 mm, respectively, and the nozzle-to-paper separation is H = 200 mm. Air
In a paper mill drying process, a sheet of paper slurry (water-fiber mixture) has a linear velocity of 5 m1s as it is rolled. Radiant heaters maintain a sheet temperature of Ts = 330 K, as evaporation occurs to dry, ambient air at 300 K above and below the sheet.(a) What is the evaporative flux at
A channel of triangular cross section, which is 25 m long and 1 m deep, is used for the storage of water.The water and the surrounding air are each at a temperature of 25°C, and the relative humidity of the air is 50%.(a) If the air moves at a velocity of 5 m/s along the length of the channel,
Mass transfer experiments have been conducted on a naphthalene cylinder of 18.4-mm diameter and 88.9-mm length subjected to a cross flow of air in a low-speed wind tunnel. After exposure for 39 min to the airstream at a temperature of 26°C and a velocity of 12 m/s, it was determined that the
Dry air at l-atm pressure and a velocity of 15 m/s is to be humidified by passing it in cross flow over a porous cylinder of diameter D = 40 mm, which is saturated with water.(a) Assuming the water and air to be at 300 K, calculate the mass rate of water evaporated under steady-state conditions
Dry air at 35°C and a velocity of 15 m/s flows over a long cylinder of 20-mm diameter, the cylinder is covered with a thin porous coating saturated with water, and an imbedded electrical heater supplies power to maintain the coating surface temperature at 20°C.(a) What is the evaporation rate of
Dry air at 20°C and a velocity of 15 m/s flows over a 20-mm-diameter rod covered with a thin porous coating that is saturated with water. The rod (k = 175 W/m ∙ K) is 250 mm long and its ends are attached to heat sinks maintained at 35°C.Perform a steady-state, finite-difference analysis of the
Approximate the human form as an unclothed vertical cylinder of O.3-m diameter and 1.75-m length with a surface temperature of 30°C.(a) Calculate the heat loss in a 10-m/s wind at 20°C.(b) What is the heat loss if the skin is covered with a thin layer of water at 30°C and the relative humidity
It has been suggested that heat transfer from a surface can be augmented by wetting it with water. As a specific example, consider a horizontal tube that is exposed to a transverse stream of dry air. You may assume that the tube, which is maintained at a temperature Ts > T∞, is completely
In the first stage of a paper drying process, a cylinder of diameter 0.15 m is covered by moisture-soaked paper. The temperature of the paper is maintained at 70°C by imbedded electrical heaters. Dry air at a velocity of 10 m/s and temperature of 20°C flows over the cylinder.(a) Calculate the
Cylindrical dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers are installed in a large-diameter duct to obtain the temperature T∞, and the relative humidity ϕx of moist air flowing through the duct at a velocity V. The dry-bulb thermometer has a bare glass surface of diameter Ddb and emissivity Bg. The
The thermal pollution problem is associated with discharging warm water from an electrical power plant or from an industrial source to a natural body of water. Methods for alleviating this problem involve cooling the warm water before allowing the discharge to occur. Two such methods, involving wet
Cranberries are harvested by flooding the bogs in which they are grown and raking them into troughs for transport. At the processing plant, the surface moisture on the berries is removed as they roll over a fine screen through which warm air is blown. The berries have an average diameter of 15 mm,
A spherical drop of water, 0.5 mm in diameter, is falling at a velocity of 2.15 m/s through dry still air at l-atm pressure. Estimate the instantaneous rate of evaporation from the drop if the drop surface is at 60°C and the air is at 100°C.
A spherical droplet of alcohol, 0.5 mm in diameter, is falling freely through quiescent air at a velocity of 1.8 m/s. The concentration of alcohol vapor at the surface of the droplet is 0.0573 kg/m3, and the diffusion coefficient for alcohol in air is 10-5 m2/s. Neglecting radiation and assuming
As described in Problem 7.77, the second step in tissue engineering is to seed the top surface of the scaffold with human cells that subsequently grow into the pores of the scaffold. A seeding method that has been proposed is to use a droplet generator similar to that of Problem 7.77 to generate Dp
Motile bacteria are equipped with flagella that are rotated by tiny, biological electrochemical engines which, in turn, propel the bacteria through a host liquid.Consider a nominally spherical Escherichia coli bacterium that is of diameter D = 2μm. The bacterium is in a water-based solution at 3rC
In a home furnace humidification system, water droplets of diameter D are discharged in a direction opposing the motion of warm air emerging from the heater. The air is humidified by evaporation from the droplets, and the excess water is collected on a splash plate from which it is routed to a
Evaporation of liquid fuel droplets is often studied in the laboratory by using a porous sphere technique in which the fuel is supplied at a rate just sufficient to maintain a completely wetted surface on the sphere.Consider the use of kerosene at 300 K with a porous sphere of I-mm diameter. At
Fully developed conditions are known to exist for water flowing through a 25-mm-diameter tube at 0.01 kg/s and 27°C. What is the maximum velocity of the water in the tube? What is the pressure gradient associated with the flow?
What is the pressure drop associated with water at 27°C flowing with a mean velocity of 0.2 m/s through a 600-m-long cast iron pipe of 0.15-m inside diameter?
Water at 27°C flows with a mean velocity of 1 m/s through a l-km-long pipe of 0.25-m inside diameter.(a) Determine the pressure drop over the pipe length and the corresponding pump power requirement, if the pipe surface is smooth.(b) If the pipe is made of cast iron and its surface is clean,
An engine oil cooler consists of a bundle of 25 smooth tubes, each of length L = 2.5 m and diameter D = 10 mm.(a) If oil at 300 K and a total flow rate of 24 kg/s is in fully developed flow through the tubes, what is the pressure drop and the pump power requirement?(b) Compute and plot the pressure
For fully developed laminar flow through a parallel-plate channel, the x-momentum equation has the form μ(d2u/dy2) = dp/dx = constant. The purpose of this problem is to develop expressions for the velocity distribution and pressure gradient analogous to those for the circular tube in Section
Consider pressurized water, engine oil (unused), and NaK (22%/78%) flowing in a 20-mm-diameter tube.(a) Determine the mean velocity, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry length for each of the fluids when the fluid temperature is 366 K and the flow rate is 0.01 kg/s.(b) Determine
Velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a tube of radius ro = 10 mm have the form u (r) = 0.1 [1 – (r/ro)2] T(r) = 344.8 + 75.0(r/ro)2 – 18.8(r/ro)4 with units of m/s and K. respectively. Determine the corresponding value of the mean (or bulk) temperature, T∞ at this axial
At a particular axial station, velocity and temperature profiles for laminar flow in a parallel plate channel have the form u(y) = 0.75[1 – (y/yo) 2] T(y) = 5.0 + 95.66(y/yo) 2 – 47.83(y/yo)4 with units of m/s and oC, respectively.Determine corresponding values of the mean velocity,
In Chapter 1, it was stated that for incompressible liquids, flow work could usually be neglected in the steady-flow energy equation (Equation 1.11d). In the trans-Alaska pipeline, the high viscosity of the oil and long distances cause significant pressure drops, and it is reasonable to question
When viscous dissipation is included, Equation 8.48 (multiplied by pcp) becomesThis problem explores the importance of viscous dissipation. The conditions under consideration are laminar, fully developed flow in a circular pipe, with u given by Equation 8.15.(a) By integrating the left-hand side
Water enters a tube at 27°C with a flow rate of 450 kg/h. The heat transfer from the tube wall to the fluid is given as q's (W/m) = ax, where the coefficient a is 20 W/m2 and x (m) is the axial distance from the tube entrance.(a) Beginning with a properly defined differential control volume in the
Consider flow in a circular tube within the test section length (between 1 and 2) a constant heat flux q"s is maintained.(a) For the following two cases, sketch the surface temperature Ts(x) and the fluid mean temperature Tm (x) as a function of distance along the test section x. In case A, flow is
Consider a cylindrical nuclear fuel rod of length Land diameter D that is encased in a concentric tube. Pressurized water flows through the annular region between the rod and the tube at a rate m, and the outer surface of the tube is well insulated. Heat generation occurs within the fuel rod and
In a particular application involving fluid flow at a rate nz through a circular tube of length L and diameter D, the surface heat flux is known to have a sinusoidal variation with x, which is of the form q"s(x) = q"s;m sin (πx/L). The maximum flux, q"s,m, is a known constant, and the fluid enters
A flat-plate solar collector is used to heat atmospheric air flowing through a rectangular channel. The bottom surface of the channel is well insulated, while the top surface is subjected to a uniform heat flux q, which is due to the net effect of solar radiation absorption, and heat exchange
Atmospheric air enters the heated section of a circular tube at a flow rate of 0.005 kg/s and a temperature of 20°C. The tube is of diameter D = 50 mm, and full developed conditions with h = 25 W/m2 ∙ K exist over the entire length of L = 3 m.(a) For the case of uniform surface heat flux at q"s
Water at 300 K and a flow rate of 5 kg/s enters a black, thin-walled tube, which passes through a large furnace whose walls and air are at a temperature of 700 K. The diameter and length of the tube are 0.25 m and 8 m, respectively. Convection coefficients associated with water flow through the
Slug flow is an idealized tube flow condition for which the velocity is assumed to be uniform over the entire tube cross section. For the case of laminar slug flow with a uniform surface heat flux, determine the form of the fully developed temperature distribution T(r) and the Nusselt number NuD.
Superimposing a control volume that is differential in x on the tube flow conditions of Figure 8.8, derive Equation 8.45a.
An experimental nuclear core simulation apparatus consists of a long thin-walled metallic tube of diameter D and length L, which is electrically heated to produce the sinusoidal heat flux distribution q"s(x) = q"o sin(πx/L) where x is the distance measured from the tube inlet. Fluid at an inlet
Water at 20°C and a flow rate of 0.1 kg/s enters a heated, thin-walled tube with a diameter of 15 mm and length of 2 m. The wall heat flux provided by the heating elements depends on the wall temperature according to the relation q"s (x) = q"x,o [1 + a(Ts - T ref)] where q"s,o = 104 W/m2, a = 0.2
Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter D = 50 mm and length L = 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150°C.(a) If the flow rate and inlet temperature of the oil are 0.5 kg/s and 20°C, what is the outlet temperatureTm,o? What is the total heat transfer rate q for
Engine oil flows through a 25-mm-diameter tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/so The oil enters the tube at a temperature of 25°C, while the tube surface temperature is maintained at 100°C.(a) Determine the oil outlet temperature for a 5-m and for a 100-m long tube. For each case, compare log mean
An oil pre-heater consists of a ingle tube of 10 mm diameter and 5m length, with its surface maintained at 175°C by swirling combustion gases. The engine oil (new) enters at 75°C. What flow rate must be supplied to maintain an oil outlet temperature of 100°C? What is the corresponding heat
Engine oil flows at a rate of I kg/s through a 5-mm-diameter straight tube. The oil has an inlet temperature of 45°C and it is desired to heat the oil to a mean temperature of 80°C at the exit of the tube. The surface of the tube is maintained at 150°C. Determine the required length of the tube.
Ethylene glycol flows at 0.0 I kg/s through a 3-mm-diameter, thin-walled tube. The tube is coiled and sub-merged in a well-stirred water bath maintained at 25°C. If the fluid enters the tube at 85°C, what heat rate and tube length are required for the fluid to leave at 35°C? Neglect heat
In the final stages of production, a pharmaceutical is sterilized by heating it from 25 to 75°C as it moves at 0.2 m/s through a straight thin-walled stainless steel tube of 12.7-mm diameter. A uniform heat flux is maintained by an electric resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the
Batch processes are often used in chemical and pharmaceutical operations to achieve a desired chemical composition for the final product. Related heat transfer processes are typically transient, involving a liquid of fixed volume that may be heated from room temperature to a desired process
The mold that is used in an injection molding process is constructed of metal (p = 7800 kg/m3, c = 450 J/kg ∙ K). The mold, to be heated to 190°C prior to injection of the thermoplastic material, must be subsequently cooled before ejection of the finished part. Pressurized water at 30°C is
The evaporator section of a heat pump is installed in a large tank of water, which is used as a heat source during the winter. As energy is extracted from the water, it begins to freeze, creating an ice/water bath at 0°C, which may be used for air conditioning during the summer. Consider summer
To cool a summer home without using a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, air is routed through a plastic pipe (k = 0.15 W/m ∙ K, Di = 0.15 m, Do = 0.17 m) that is submerged in an adjoining body of water. The water temperature is nominally at T∞ = 17°C, and a convection coefficient of ho
Water flowing at 2 kg/s through a 40-mm-diameter tube is to be heated from 25 to 75°C by maintaining the tube surface temperature at 100°C.(a) What is the required tube length for these conditions? Will In order to design a water heating system, we wish to consider using tube diameters in the
Consider the conditions associated with the hot water pipe of Problem 7.56, but now account for the convection resistance associated with water flow at a mean velocity of U m = 0.5m/s in the pipe. What is the corresponding daily cost of heat loss per meter of the uninsulated pipe?
A thick-walled, stainless steel (AISI 316) pipe of inside and outside diameters D; = 20 mm and Do = 40 mm is heated electrically to provide a uniform heat generation rate of q = 10 6 W/m3.The outer surface of the pipe is insulated, while water flows through the pipe at a rate of in = 0.1 kg/s.(a)
Consider the encased pipe of Problem 4.29, but now allow for the difference between the mean temperature of the fluid, which changes along the pipe length, and that of the pipe.(a) For the prescribed values of k, D, w, h, and T∞ and a pipe of length L = 100 m, what is the outlet temperature Tm,o
Water flows through a thick-walled tube with an inner diameter of 12 mm and a length of 8 m. The tube is immersed in a well-stirred, hot reaction tank maintained at 85°C, and the conduction resistance of the tube wall (based on the inner surface area) is R"cd = 0.002 m2 ∙ K/W. The inlet
Atmospheric air enters a100-m-long, 150-mm-diameter uninsulated heating duct at 60°C and 0.04 kg/s. The duct surface temperature is approximately constant at Ts = 15°C.(a) What are the outlet air temperature, the heat rate q, and pressure drop ∆p for these conditions?(b) To illustrate the
An air heater for an industrial application consists of an insulated, concentric tube annulus, for which air flows through a thin-walled inner tube. Saturated steam flows through the outer annulus, and condensation of the steam maintains a uniform temperature Ts on the tube surface.Consider
The products of combustion from a burner are routed to an industrial application through a thin-walled metallic duct of diameter D; = I m and length L = 100 In. The gas enters the duct at atmospheric pressure and a mean temperature and velocity of Tm.i = 1600 K and um,i; = 10m/s, respectively. It
Liquid mercury at 0.5 kg/s is to be heated from 300 to 400 K by passing it through a 50-mm-diameter tube whose surface is maintained at 450 K. Calculate the required tube length by using an appropriate liquid metal convection heat transfer correlation. Compare your result with that which would have
The surface of a 50-mm-diameter, thin-walled tube is maintained at 100°C. In one case air is in cross flow over the tube with a temperature of 25°C and a velocity of 30 m/s. In another case air is in fully developed flow through the tube with a temperature of 25°C and a mean velocity of 30 m/s
Cooling water flows through the 25.4-mm-diameter thin-walled tubes of a steam condenser at 1 m/s, and a surface temperature of 350 K is maintained by the condensing steam. The water inlet temperature is 290 K and the tubes are 5 m long.(a) What is the water outlet temperature? Evaluate water
The air passage for cooling a gas turbine vane can be approximated as a tube of 3-mm diameter and 75-mm length. The operating temperature of the vane is 650°C, and air enters the tube at 427°C.(a) For an air flow rate of 0.18 kg/h, calculate the air outlet temperature and the heat removed from
The core of a high-temperature, gas-cooled nuclear reactor has coolant tubes of 20-mm diameter and 780-mm length. Helium enters at 600 K and exits at 1000 K when the flow rate is 8 x 10-3 kg/s per tube.(a) Determine the uniform tube wall surface temperature for these conditions.(b) If the coolant
Air at 200 kPa enters a 2-m-Iong, thin-walled tube of 25-mm diameter at 150°C and 6 m/s Steam at 20 bars condenses on the outer surface.(a) Determine the outlet temperature and pressure drop of the air, as well as the rate of heat transfer to the air.(b) Calculate the parameters of part (a) if the
Heated air required for a food-drying process is generated by passing ambient air at 20°C through long, circular tubes (D = 50 mm, L = 5 m) housed in a steam condenser. Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on the outer surface of the tubes, maintaining a uniform surface temperature
Consider a horizontal, thin-walled circular tube of diameter D = 0.025 m submerged in a container of n-octadecane (paraffin), which is used to store thermal energy. As hot water flows through the tube, heat is transferred to the paraffin, converting it from the solid to liquid state at the phase
A common procedure for cooling a high-performance computer chip involves joining the chip to a heat sink within which circular micro channels are machined. During operation, the chip produces a uniform heat flux q"c at its interface with the heat sink, while a liquid coolant (water) is routed
One way to cool chips mounted on the circuit boards of a computer is to encapsulate the boards in metal frames that provide efficient pathways for conduction to supporting cold plates. Heat generated by the chips is then dissipated by transfer to water flowing through passages drilled in the plates
Refrigerant -134a is being transported at 0.1 kg/s through a Teflon tube of inside diameter D; = 25 mm and outside diameter Do = 28 mm, while atmospheric air at V = 25 m/s and 300 K is in cross flow over the tube. What is the heat transfer per unit length of tube to Refrigerant-134a at 240 K?
Oil at 150°C flows slowly through a long, thin-walled pipe of 30-mm inner diameter, the pipe suspended in a room for which the air temperature is 20°C and the convection coefficient at the outer tube surface is 11 W/m2 ∙ K. Estimate the heat loss per unit length of tube.
Exhaust gases from a wire processing oven are discharged into a tall stack, and the gas and stack surface temperatures at the outlet of the stack must be estimated. Knowledge of the outlet gas temperature Ts.o is useful for predicting the dispersion of effluents in the thermal plume, while
A hot fluid passes through a thin-walled tube of 10-mm diameter and 1-m length and a coolant at T∞ = 25°C is in cross flow over the tube. When the flow rate is m = 18 kg/h and the inlet temperature is Tm,j = 85°C, the outlet temperature is Tm,o = 78°C. Assuming fully developed flow and
Consider a thin-walled tube of 10-mm diameter and 2-m length. Water enters the tube from a large reservoir at in = 0.2 kg/s and Tm,i = 47°C.(a) If the tube surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 27°C, what is the outlet temperature of the water, Tm,o? To obtain the properties of water,
Water at a flow rate of m = 0.215 kg/s is cooled from 70°C to 30°C by passing it through a thin-walled tube of diameter D = 50 mm and maintaining a coolant at T∝ = 15°C in cross flow over the tube.(a) What is the required tube length if the coolant is air and its velocity is V = 20 m/s?(b)
Consider a thin-walled, metallic tube of length L = 1 m and inside diameter Di = 3 mm. Water enters the tube at m = 0.015 kg/s and Tm.i = 97°C.(a) What is the outlet temperature of the water if the tube surface temperature is maintained at 27°C?(b) If a 0.5-mm-thick layer of insulation of k =
A thick-walled steel pipe (k = 60 W/m ∙ K) carrying hot water is cooled externally by a cross-flow airstream at a velocity of 20 m/s and a temperature of 25°C. The inner and outer diameters of the pipe are Di = 20 mm and Do = 25 mm, respectively. At a certain location along the pipe, the mean
Heat is to be removed from a reaction vessel operating at 75°C by supplying water at 27°C and 0.12 kg/s through a thin-walled tube of 15-mm diameter. The convection coefficient between the tube outer surface and the fluid in the vessel is 3000 W/m2 ∙ K.(a) If the outlet water temperature cannot
A heating contractor must heat 0.2 kg/s of water from 15°C to 35°C using hot gases in cross flow over a thin-walled tube.Your assignment is to develop a series of design graphs that can be used to demonstrate acceptable combinations of tube dimensions (D and L) and of hot gas conditions (Toc
A thin-walled tube with a diameter of 6 mm and length of 20 m is used to carry exhaust gas from a smoke stack to the laboratory in a nearby building for analysis. The gas enters the tube at 200°C and with a mass flow rate of 0.003kg/s, autumn winds at a temperature of I5oC blow directly across the
A 50-mm-diameter, thin-walled metal pipe covered with a 25-mm-thick layer of insulation (0.085 W/m ∙ K) and carrying superheated steam at atmospheric pressure is suspended from the ceiling of a large room. The steam temperature entering the pipe is 120°C, and the air temperature is 20°e. The
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