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Elementary Statistics 8th Edition Neil A. Weiss - Solutions

From Wikipedia, we found that the law schools of the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, as of October 29, 2008, are as follows.a. Determine the mode of the data. b. Decide whether it would be appropriate to use either the mean or the median as a measure of center. Explain your answer.
The Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation publish a compilation on crime statistics for the United States in Crime in the United States. The following table provides a frequency distribution for robbery type during a one-year period. Robbery type
The Higher Education Research Institute of the University of California, Los Angeles, publishes information on characteristics of incoming college freshmen in The American Freshman. In 2000, 27.7% of incoming freshmen characterized their political views as liberal, 51.9% as moderate, and 20.4% as
The Women Physicians Congress compiles data on medical school faculty and publishes the results in AAMC Faculty Roster. The following table presents a frequency distribution of rank for medical school faculty during one year. Rank Frequency Professor ...........24,418 Associate
An American roulette wheel contains 18 red numbers, 18 black numbers, and 2 green numbers. The following table shows the frequency with which the ball landed on each color in 200 trials.a. Determine the mode of the data. b. Decide whether it would be appropriate to use either the mean or the median
The American Automobile Manufacturers Association compiles data on U.S. car sales by type of car. Results are published in the World Almanac. A random sample of last year's car sales yielded the car-type data on the WeissStats CD.The technology of your choice to obtain the measures of center that
The American Hospital Association conducts annual surveys of hospitals in the United States and publishes its findings in AHA Hospital Statistics. Data on hospital type for U.S. registered hospitals can be found on the WeissStats CD.For convenience, we use the following abbreviations:NPC:
Research by W. Clark and L. Midanik (Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems: Alcohol and Health Monograph 1. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 82-1190) examined, among other issues, alcohol consumption patterns of U.S. adults by marital status. Data for marital status and number of drinks per month, based on
In Issue 338 of the Amstat News, thenpresident of the American Statistical Association Fritz Scheuren reported the results of a survey on how members would prefer to receive ballots in annual elections. On the WeissStats CD, you will find data for preference and highest degree obtained for the 566
In an article titled "Great White, Deep Trouble" (National Geographic, Vol. 197(4), pp. 2-29), Peter Benchley-the author of JAWS-discussed various aspects of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Data on the number of pups borne in a lifetime by each of 80 Great White Shark females are
From the Recording Industry Association of AmericaWeb site, we obtained data on the number of albums sold, in millions, for the top recording artists (U.S. sales only) as of November 6, 2008. Those data are provided on the WeissStats CD. The technology of your choice to obtain the measures of
As reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in Current Population Reports, the percentage of adults in each state and the District of Columbia who have completed high school is provided on the WeissStats CD.The technology of your choice to obtain the measures of center that are appropriate from among the
The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation publishes the annual crime rates for each state and the District of Columbia in the document Crime in the United States.Those rates, given per 1000 population, are provided on the WeissStats CD.The technology of your choice to obtain the measures of center
Consider the data set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. a. Obtain the mean and median of the data. b. Replace the 9 in the data set by 99 and again compute the mean and median. Decide which measure of center works better here, and explain your answer. c. For the data set in part (b), the mean is neither
A study by researchers at the University of Maryland addressed the question of whether the mean body temperature of humans is 98.6◦F. The results of the study by P. Mackowiak et al. appeared in the article "A Critical Appraisal of 98.6◦F, the Upper Limit of the Normal Body Temperature, and
L. Petersen et al. evaluated the effects of integrated treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness in the paper "A Randomised Multicentre Trial of Integrated Versus Standard Treatment for Patients with a First Episode of Psychotic Illness" (British Medical Journal, Vol. 331,
Anthropologists are still trying to unravel the mystery of the origins of the Etruscan empire, a highly advanced Italic civilization formed around the eighth century B.C. in central Italy. Were they native to the Italian peninsula or, as many aspects of their civilization suggest, did they migrate
As you discovered earlier, ordinal data are data about order or rank given on a scale such as 1, 2, 3, . . . or A, B, C, . . . . Most statisticians recommend using the median to indicate the center of an ordinal data set, but some researchers also use the mean. In the paper "Measurement of Ethical
Some data sets contain outliers, observations that fall well outside the overall pattern of the data. (We discuss outliers in more detail in Section 3.3.) Suppose, for instance, that you are interested in the ability of high school algebra students to compute square roots. You decide to give a
Explain the difference between the quantities (Σxi)2 and Σx2i. Construct an example to show that, in general, those two quantities are unequal.
Explain the difference between the quantities Σxiyi and (Σxi)(Σyi). Provide an example to show that, in general, those two quantities are unequal.
Explain the purpose of a measure of variation.
Why is the standard deviation preferable to the range as a measure of variation?
The following dartboards represent darts thrown by two players, Tracey and Joan.For the variable €œdistance from the center,€ which player€™s board represents data with a smaller sample standard deviation? Explain your answer.
Consider the data set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.a. Use the defining formula to obtain the sample standard deviation.b. Replace the 9 in the data set by 99, and again use the defining formula to compute the sample standard deviation.c. Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b). The lack of what
Consider the following four data sets.a. Compute the mean of each data set.b. Although the four data sets have the same means, in what respect are they quite different?c. Which data set appears to have the least variation? the greatest variation?d. Compute the range of each data set.e. Use the
The U.S. Census Bureau publishes information about ages of people in the United States in Current Population Reports. A sample of five U.S. residents have the following ages, in years.21 54 9 45 51a. Determine the range of these ages.b. Find the sample standard deviation of these ages by using the
Consider the data set 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3. a. Guess the value of the sample standard deviation without calculating it. Explain your reasoning. b. Use the defining formula to calculate the sample standard deviation. c. Complete the following statement and explain your reasoning: If all observations in
4, 0, 5We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
3, 5, 7We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
1, 2, 4, 4We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
2, 5, 0, – 1 We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
1, 9, 8, 4, 3We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
4, 2, 0, 2, 2We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of variation. For each data set, determine thea. Range. b. Sample standard deviation.
In a study of the effects of radiation on amphibian embryos titled “Shedding Light on Ultraviolet Radiation and Amphibian Embryos” (BioScience, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 551–561), L. Licht recorded the time it took for a sample of seven different species of frogs’ and toads’ eggs to hatch. The
An article by D. Schaefer et al. (Journal of Tropical Ecology, Vol. 16, pp. 189€“207) reported on a longterm study of the effects of hurricanes on tropical streams of the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. The study showed that Hurricane Hugo had a significant impact on stream water
Each year, tornadoes that touchdown are recorded by the Storm Prediction Center and published in Monthly Tornado Statistics. The following table gives the number of tornadoes that touched down in the United States during each month of one year.
In oneWinter Olympics, Michelle Kwan competed in the Short Program ladies singles event. From nine judges, she received scores ranging from 1 (poor) to 6 (perfect). The following table provides the scores that the judges gave her on technical merit, found in an article by S. Berry (Chance, Vol. 15,
Each year, Forbes magazine compiles a list of the 400 richest Americans. As of September 17, 2008, the top 10 on the list are as shown in the following table. Person Wealth ($ billions)William Gates III ............57.0Warren Buffett .............50.0Lawrence Ellison
Active Management of Labor (AML) was introduced in the 1960s to reduce the amount of time a woman spends in labor during the birth process. R. Rogers et al. conducted a study to determine whether AML also translates into a reduction in delivery cost to the patient. They reported their findings in
Every year, Consumer Reports publishes a magazine titled New Car Ratings and Review that looks at vehicle profiles for the year€™s models. It lets you see in one place how, within each category, the vehicles compare. One category of interest, especially when fuel prices are rising, is fuel
In the article “Router Roundup” (Popular Mechanics, Vol. 180, No. 12, pp. 104–109), T. Klenck reported on tests of seven fixed-base routers for performance, features, and handling. The following table gives the horsepower for each of the seven routers tested. 1.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 1.75
In the article €œMaterial Culture as Memory: Combs and Cremations in Early Medieval Britain€ (Early Medieval Europe, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 89€“128), H. Williams discussed the frequency of cremation burials found in 17 archaeological sites in eastern England. Here are the data.a. Obtain
The Scottish Executive, Analytical Services Division Transport Statistics, compiles data on motorcycle casualties. During one year, monthly casualties resulting from motorcycle accidents in Scotland for built-up roads and non€“built-up roads were as follows.a. Without doing any calculations,
The Scottish Executive, Analytical Services Division Transport Statistics, compiles data on motorcycle accidents. During one year, the numbers of motorcycle accidents in Scotland were tabulated by day of the week for built-up roads and non€“built-up roads and resulted in the following
In an article titled "Great White, Deep Trouble" (National Geographic, Vol. 197(4), pp. 2-29), Peter Benchley-the author of JAWS-discussed various aspects of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Data on the number of pups borne in a lifetime by each of 80 Great White Shark females are
From the Recording Industry Association of AmericaWeb site, we obtained data on the number of albums sold, in millions, for the top recording artists (U.S. sales only) as of November 6, 2008. Those data are provided on the WeissStats CD.The technology of your choice to determine and interpret the
As reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in Current Population Reports, the percentage of adults in each state and the District of Columbia who have completed high school is provided on the WeissStats CD. The technology of your choice to determine and interpret the range and sample standard deviation
The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation publishes the annual crime rates for each state and the District of Columbia in the document Crime in the United States. Those rates, given per 1000 population, are provided on the WeissStats CD.The technology of your choice to determine and interpret the
4, 0, 5 We have provided simple data sets for you to practice the basics of finding measures of center. For each data set, determine the a. Mean. b. Median. c. Mode(s).
A study by researchers at the University of Maryland addressed the question of whether the mean body temperature of humans is 98.6◦F. The results of the study by P. Mackowiak et al. appeared in the article "A Critical Appraisal of 98.6◦F, the Upper Limit of the Normal Body Temperature, and
L. Petersen et al. evaluated the effects of integrated treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness in the paper "A Randomised Multicentre Trial of Integrated Versus Standard Treatment for Patients With a First Episode of Psychotic Illness" (British Medical Journal, Vol. 331,
Anthropologists are still trying to unravel the mystery of the origins of the Etruscan empire, a highly advanced Italic civilization formed around the eighth century B.C. in central Italy. Were they native to the Italian peninsula or, as many aspects of their civilization suggest, did they migrate
In Exercise 3.54 on page 101, we discussed outliers, or observations that fall well outside the overall pattern of the data. The following table contains two data sets. Data Set II was obtained by removing the outliers from Data Set I.a. Compute the sample standard deviation of each of the two data
In the following table, we repeat the salary data in Data Set II from Example 3.1.a. Use Definitions 3.4 and 3.6 on pages 95 and 105, respectively, to obtain the sample mean and sample standard deviation of this (ungrouped) data set.b. A frequency distribution for Data Set II, using single-value
The first two columns of the following table provide a frequency distribution, using limit grouping, for the days to maturity of 40 short-term investments, as found in BARRON€™S. The third column shows the class marks.a. Use the grouped-data formulas to estimate the sample mean and sample
Verify that the two statements in the preceding bulleted list are indeed special cases of Chebychev’s rule with k = 2 and k = 3, respectively.
Consider the data sets portrayed in Figs. 3.5 and 3.6 on page 108. a. Chebychev’s rule says that at least 75% of the observations lie within two standard deviations to either side of the mean. What percentage of the observations portrayed in Fig. 3.5 actually lie within two standard deviations to
Consider the following sample of exam scores, arranged in increasing order.The sample mean and sample standard deviation of these exam scores are, respectively, 85 and 16.1. a. Use Chebychev€™s rule to obtain a lower bound on the percentage of observations that lie within two standard
Chebychev’s rule also permits you to make pertinent statements about a data set when only its mean and standard deviation are known. Here is an example of that use of Chebychev’s rule. Information Today, Inc. publishes information on costs of new books in The Bowker Annual Library and Book
Define a. Descriptive measures. b. Measures of center. c. Measures of variation.
Regarding z-scores: a. How is a z-score obtained? b. What is the interpretation of a z-score? c. An observation has a z-score of 2.9. Roughly speaking, what is the relative standing of the observation?
An integral part of doing business in the dotcom culture of the late 1990s was frequenting the party circuit centered in San Francisco. Here high-tech companies threw as many as five parties a night to recruit or retain talented workers in a highly competitive job market. With as many as 700 guests
The National Center for Health Statistics publishes information on the duration of marriages in Vital Statistics of the United States. Which measure of center is more appropriate for data on the duration of marriages, the mean or the median? Explain your answer.
Death certificates provide data on the causes of death. Which of the three main measures of center is appropriate here? Explain your answer.
In the article "Fossil Argonauts (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopodida) from Late Miocene Siltstones of the Los Angeles Basin, California" (Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 520-531), paleontologists L. Saul and C. Stadum discussed fossilized Argonaut egg cases from the late Miocene period
In the paper "Injuries and Risk Factors in a 100-Mile (161-km) Infantry Road March" (Preventative Medicine, Vol. 28, pp. 167-173), K. Reynolds et al. reported on a study commissioned by the U.S. Army. The purpose of the study was to improve medical planning and identify risk factors during
Dr. Thomas Stanley of Georgia State University has collected information on millionaires, including their ages, since 1973. A sample of 36 millionaires has a mean age of 58.5 years and a standard deviation of 13.4 years.a. Complete the following graph.b. Fill in the blanks: Almost all the 36
Refer to Problem 16. The ages of the 36 millionaires sampled are arranged in increasing order in the following table.a. Determine the quartiles for the data. b. Obtain and interpret the interquartile range. c. Find and interpret the five-number summary. d. Calculate the lower and upper limits. e.
In the article "Distribution of Oxygen in Surface Sediments from Central Sagami Bay, Japan: In Situ Measurements by Microelectrodes and Planar Optodes" (Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, Vol. 52, Issue 10, pp. 1974-1987), R. Glud et al. explored the distributions of oxygen in
From the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, we obtained data on the numbers of traffic fatalities in Wisconsin and New Mexico for the years 1982-2003.Use the preceding boxplots for those data to compare the traffic fatalities in the two
Identify the two most commonly used measures of center for quantitative data. Explain the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
According to the Statistical Summary of Students and Staff, prepared by the Department of Information Resources and Communications, Office of the President, University of California, the Fall 2007 enrollment figures for undergraduates at the University of California campuses were as follows.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration reports weekly figures on retail gasoline prices in Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices. Every Monday, retail prices for all three grades of gasoline are collected by telephone from a sample of approximately 900 retail gasoline outlets out of a total
The U.S. Census Bureau classifies the states in the United States by region and division. The data giving the region and division of each state are presented on the WeissStats CD. Use the technology of your choice to determine the mode(s) of thea. Regions.b. Divisions.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture collects data pertaining to the value of agricultural exports and publishes its findings in U.S. Agricultural Trade Update. For one year, the values of these exports, by state, are provided on the WeissStats CD. Data are in millions of dollars.a. Obtain the mean,
From the U.S. Census Bureau, in the document International Data Base, we obtained data on the expectation of life (in years) at birth for people in various countries and areas. Those data are presented on the WeissStats CD.a. Obtain the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. Determine which of
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration publishes temperature data in Climatography of the United States. According to that document, the annual average maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in the United States are as provided on the WeissStats CD. a. Obtain the
Philosophical and health issues are prompting an increasing number of Taiwanese to switch to a vegetarian lifestyle. In the paper "LDL of Taiwanese Vegetarians Are Less Oxidizable than Those of Omnivores" (Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 130, pp. 1591-1596), S. Lu et al. compared the daily intake of
a. Open the Focus sample (FocusSample) in the statistical software package of your choice and then obtain the mean and standard deviation of the ages of the sample of 200 UWEC undergraduate students. Are these descriptive measures parameters or statistics? Explain your answer.b. If your statistical
Regarding the five-number summary: a. Identify its components. b. How can it be employed to describe center and variation? c. What graphical display is based on it?
Regarding outliers: a. What is an outlier? b. Explain how you can identify potential outliers, using only the first and third quartiles.
Regarding linear equations with one independent variable, answer the following questions: a. What is the general form of such an equation? b. In your expression in part (a), which letters represent constants and which represent variables? c. In your expression in part (a), which letter represents
a. Find the y-intercept and slope of the specified linear equation.b. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms of the graph of the equation.c. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms relating to the application.y = 30 + 55x (from Exercise 4.6)
The data for shell thickness and concentration of PCBs for 60 Anacapa pelican eggs from Exercise 4.70 are on the WeissStats CD. In exercise Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), industrial pollutants, are known to be a great danger to natural ecosystems. In a study by R. W. Risebrough titled "Effects
The data for per capita income and per capita beer consumption for the 50 states and Washington, D.C., from Exercise 4.71 are on the WeissStats CD.In exercise Does a higher state per capita income equate to a higher per capita beer consumption? From the document Survey of Current Business,
The data for gas mileage and engine displacement for 121 vehicles from Exercise 4.72 are on the WeissStats CD. In exercise The magazine Consumer Reports publishes information on automobile gas mileage and variables that affect gas mileage. In one issue, data on gas mileage (in miles per gallon)
In the paper "Total Body Composition by Dual-Photon (153Gd) Absorptiometry" (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 40, pp. 834-839), R. Mazess et al. studied methods for quantifying body composition. Eighteen randomly selected adults were measured for percentage of body fat, using
J. Greene and J. Touchstone conducted a study on the relationship between the estriol levels of pregnant women and the birth weights of their children. Their findings, "Urinary Tract Estriol: An Index of Placental Function," were published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Vol.
What can you say about SSE, SSR, and the utility of the regression equation for making predictions if a. r2 = 1? b. r2 = 0?
As we noted, because of the regression identity, we can express the coefficient of determination in terms of the total sum of squares and the error sum of squares as r2 = 1 − SSE/SST. a. Explain why this formula shows that the coefficient of determination can also be interpreted as the percentage
a. Find the y-intercept and slope of the specified linear equation.b. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms of the graph of the equation.c. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms relating to the application.y = 32 + 1.8x (from Exercise 4.7)
The linear correlation coefficient of a set of data points is 0.846. a. Is the slope of the regression line positive or negative? Explain your answer. b. Determine the coefficient of determination.
The coefficient of determination of a set of data points is 0.709 and the slope of the regression line is −3.58. Determine the linear correlation coefficient of the data.
a. Definition 4.7 on page 171.b. Formula 4.3 on page 171.Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b).
a. Definition 4.7 on page 171.b. Formula 4.3 on page 171.Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b).
a. Definition 4.7 on page 171.b. Formula 4.3 on page 171.Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b).
a. Definition 4.7 on page 171.b. Formula 4.3 on page 171.Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b).
a. Find the y-intercept and slope of the specified linear equation.b. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms of the graph of the equation.c. Explain what the y-intercept and slope represent in terms relating to the application.y = 64 − 32x (from Exercise 4.8)
a. Definition 4.7 on page 171.b. Formula 4.3 on page 171.Compare your answers in parts (a) and (b).

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