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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

The following tabulated data were gathered from a series of Charpy impact tests on a commercial low-carbon steel alloy.Temperature (°C) _______________ Impact Energy (J)50
What is the maximum carbon content possible for a plain carbon steel that must have an impact energy of at least 200 J at (50(C?
A fatigue test was conducted in which the mean stress was 70 MPa (10,000 psi), and the stress amplitude was 210 MPa (30,000 psi).(a) Compute the maximum and minimum stress levels.(b) Compute the
A cylindrical bar of ductile cast iron is subjected to reversed and rotating-bending tests; test results (i.e., S-N behavior) are shown in Figure 8.20. If the bar diameter is 9.5 mm, determine the
A cylindrical 4340 steel bar is subjected to reversed rotating-bending stress cycling, which yielded the test results presented in Figure 8.20. If the maximum applied load is 5,000 N, compute the
A cylindrical 2014-T6 aluminum alloy bar is subjected to compression-tension stress cycling along its axis; results of these tests are shown in Figure 8.20. If the bar diameter is 12.0 mm, calculate
Estimate the theoretical fracture strength of a brittle material if it is known that fracture occurs by the propagation of an elliptically shaped surface crack of length 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) and a tip
A cylindrical rod of diameter 6.7 mm fabricated from a 70Cu-30Zn brass alloy is subjected to rotating-bending load cycling; test results (as S-N behavior) are shown in Figure 8.20. If the maximum and
A cylindrical rod of diameter 14.7 mm fabricated from a Ti-5Al-2.5Sn titanium alloy (Figure 8.20) is subjected to a repeated tension-compression load cycling along its axis. Compute the maximum and
The fatigue data for a brass alloy are given as follows:Stress Amplitude (MPa) ______________ Cycles to Failure170 ..................................................... 3.7 × 104148
Suppose that the fatigue data for the brass alloy in Problem 8.22 were taken from bending-rotating tests and that a rod of this alloy is to be used for an automobile axle that rotates at an average
The fatigue data for a steel alloy are given as follows:Stress Amplitude [MPa (ksi)] __________ Cycles to Failure470 (68.0) ................................... 104440 (63.4)
Suppose that the fatigue data for the steel alloy in Problem 8.24 were taken for bending-rotating tests and that a rod of this alloy is to be used for an automobile axle that rotates at an average
Three identical fatigue specimens (denoted A, B, and C) are fabricated from a nonferrous alloy. Each is subjected to one of the maximum-minimum stress cycles listed in the following table; the
If the specific surface energy for aluminum oxide is 0.90 J/m2, then using data in Table 12.5, compute the critical stress required for the propagation of an internal crack of length 0.40 mm?
The following creep data were taken on an aluminum alloy at 480°C (900°F) and a constant stress of 2.75 MPa (400 psi). Plot the data as strain versus time, then determine the steady-state or
A specimen 975 mm (38.4 in.) long of an S-590 alloy (Figure 8.32) is to be exposed to a tensile stress of 300 MPa (43,500 psi) at 730°C (1350°F). Determine its elongation after 4.0 h. Assume that
For a cylindrical S-590 alloy specimen (Figure 8.31) originally 14.5 mm (0.57 in.) in diameter and 400 mm (15.7 in.) long, what tensile load is necessary to produce a total elongation of 52.7 mm
A cylindrical component 50 mm long constructed from an S-590 alloy (Figure 8.32) is to be exposed to a tensile load of 70,000 N. What minimum diameter is required for it to experience an elongation
A cylindrical specimen 13.2 mm in diameter of an S-590 alloy is to be exposed to a tensile load of 27,000 N. At approximately what temperature will the steady-state creep be 10-3 h-1?
If a component fabricated from an S-590 alloy (Figure 8.31) is to be exposed to a tensile stress of 100 MPa (14,500 psi) at 815°C (1500°F), estimate its rupture lifetime?
A cylindrical component constructed from an S-590 alloy (Figure 8.31) has a diameter of 14.5 mm (0.57 in.). Determine the maximum load that may be applied for it to survive 10 h at 925°C (1700°F)?
A cylindrical component constructed from an S-590 alloy (Figure 8.31) is to be exposed to a tensile load of 20,000 N. What minimum diameter is required for it to have a rupture lifetime of at least
AnMgO component must not fail when a tensile stress of 13.5 MPa (1960 psi) is applied. Determine the maximum allowable surface crack length if the surface energy of MgO is 1.0 J/m2. Data found in
Steady-state creep rate data are given in the following table for a nickel alloy at 538(C (811 K):(2 (h-1) _____________ ((MPa)10-7 ........................ 22.0106 ..........................
Steady-state creep rate data are given in the following table for some alloy taken at 200°C (473 K):s (h-1) __________________ ( [MPa (psi)]2.5 × 10-3 .......................... 55 (8000)2.4 ×
Steady-state creep data taken for an iron at a stress level of 140 MPa (20,000 psi) are given here:s (h-1) ________________ T (K)6.6 × 10-4 ..................... 10908.8 × 10-2
(a) Using Figure 8.31 compute the rupture lifetime for an S-590 alloy that is exposed to a tensile stress of 400 MPa at 815oC.(b) Compare this value to the one determined from the Larson-Miller plot
A specimen of a 4340 steel alloy with a plane strain fracture toughness of 54.8 MPa (50 ksi) is exposed to a stress of 1030 MPa (150,000 psi). Will this specimen experience fracture if the largest
An aircraft component is fabricated from an aluminum alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 40 MPa (36.4 ksi). It has been determined that fracture results at a stress of 300 MPa (43,500
Suppose that a wing component on an aircraft is fabricated from an aluminum alloy that has a plane-strain fracture toughness of 26.0 MPa (23.7 ksi). It has been determined that fracture results at a
A structural component is fabricated from an alloy that has a plane-strain fracture toughness of 62 Mα(m. It has been determined that this component fails at a stress of 250 MPa when the maximum
A large plate is fabricated from a steel alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 82.4 MPa(m (75.0ksi(m). If the plate is exposed to a tensile stress of 345 MPa (50,000 psi) during service
A cylindrical metal bar is to be subjected to reversed and rotating-bending stress cycling. Fatigue failure is not to occur for at least 107 cycles when the maximum load is 250 N. Possible materials
An S-590 iron component (Figure 8.33) must have a creep rupture lifetime of at least 20 days at 650°C (923 K). Compute the maximum allowable stress level?
Consider an S-590 iron component (Figure 8.33) that is subjected to a stress of 55 MPa (8000 psi). At what temperature will the rupture lifetime be 200 h?
For an 18-8 Mo stainless steel (Figure 8.35), predict the time to rupture for a component that is subjected to a stress of 100 MPa (14,500 psi) at 600°C (873 K)?
Consider an 18-8 Mo stainless steel component (Figure 8.35) that is exposed to a temperature of 650°C (923 K). What is the maximum allowable stress level for a rupture lifetime of 1 year? 15 years?
Which type of fracture is associated with inter granular crack propagation? (A) Ductile (B) Brittle (C) Either ductile or brittle (D) Neither ductile nor brittle
Estimate the theoretical fracture strength (in MPa) of a brittle material if it is known that fracture occurs by the propagation of an elliptically shaped surface crack of length 0.25 mm that has a
A cylindrical 1045 steel bar (Figure 8.20) is subjected to repeated compression-tension stress cycling along its axis. If the load amplitude is 23,000 N, calculate the minimum allowable bar diameter
Consider the sugar-water phase diagram of Figure 9.1.(a) How much sugar will dissolve in 1000 g of water at 80°C (176°F)?(b) If the saturated liquid solution in part (a) is cooled to 20°C (68°F),
Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the following alloys:(a) 15 wt% Sn-85 wt% Pb at 100°C (212°F)(b) 25 wt% Pb-75 wt% Mg at 425°C (800°F)(c) 85 wt% Ag-15 wt% Cu at
Is it possible to have a copper-silver alloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a β phase of composition 92 wt% Ag-8 wt% Cu and also a liquid phase of composition 76 wt% Ag-24 wt% Cu? If so, what
Is it possible to have a copper-silver alloy that, at equilibrium, consists of an α phase of composition 4 wt% Ag-96 wt% Cu and also a β phase of composition 95 wt% Ag-5 wt% Cu? If so, what will be
A 50 wt% Ni-50 wt% Cu alloy is slowly cooled from 1400°C (2550°F) to 1200°C (2190°F). (a) At what temperature does the first solid phase form? (b) What is the composition of this solid phase? (c)
A copper-zinc alloy of composition 75 wt% Zn-25 wt% Cu is slowly heated from room temperature. (a) At what temperature does the first liquid phase form? (b) What is the composition of this liquid
16For an alloy of composition 52 wt% Zn-48 wt% Cu, cite the phases present and their mass fractions at the following temperatures: 1000°C, 800°C, 500°C, and 300°C.
A 2.0-kg specimen of an 85 wt% Pb-15 wt% Sn alloy is heated to 200°C (390°F); at this temperature it is entirely an α-phase solid solution (Figure 9.8). The alloy is to be melted to the extent
A magnesium-lead alloy of mass 7.5 kg consists of a solid α phase that has a composition just slightly below the solubility limit at 300°C (570°F).(a) What mass of lead is in the alloy?(b) If the
At 100°C, what is the maximum solubility of the following: (a) Pb in Sn (b) Sn in Pb
Consider 2.5 kg of a 80 wt% Cu-20 wt% Ag copper-silver alloy at 800(C. How much copper must be added to this alloy to cause it to completely solidify 800(C?
A 65 wt% Ni-35 wt% Cu alloy is heated to a temperature within the α + liquid-phase region. If the composition of the α phase is 70 wt% Ni, determine: (a) The temperature of the alloy (b) The
A 40 wt% Pb-60 wt% Mg alloy is heated to a temperature within the α + liquid-phase region. If the mass fraction of each phase is 0.5, then estimate:(a) The temperature of the alloy(b) The
A copper-silver alloy is heated to 900(C and is found to consist of α and liquid phases. If the mass fraction of the liquid phase is 0.68 determine(a) The composition of both phases, in both weight
A hypothetical A-B alloy of composition 40 wt% B-60 wt% A at some temperature is found to consist of mass fractions of 0.66 and 0.34 for the α and β phases, respectively. If the composition of the
Is it possible to have a copper-silver alloy of composition 20 wt% Ag-80 wt% Cu that, at equilibrium, consists of α and liquid phases having mass fractions Wα = 0.80 and WL = 0.20? If so, what will
For 5.7 kg of a magnesium-lead alloy of composition 50 wt% Pb-50 wt% Mg, is it possible, at equilibrium, to have α and Mg2Pb phases with respective masses of 5.13 and 0.57 kg? If so, what will be
Determine the relative amounts (in terms of volume fractions) of the phases for the alloys and temperatures given in Problems 9.10a, b, and d. The following table gives the approximate densities of
It is desirable to produce a copper-nickel alloy that has a minimum non-cold-worked tensile strength of 380 MPa (55,000 psi) and a ductility of at least 45%EL. Is such an alloy possible? If so, what
A 60 wt% Pb-40 wt% Mg alloy is rapidly quenched to room temperature from an elevated temperature in such a way that the high-temperature microstructure is preserved. This microstructure is found to
Is it possible to have a magnesium-lead alloy in which the mass fractions of primary α and total α are 0.60 and 0.85, respectively, at 460°C (860°F)? Why or why not?
For 2.8 kg of a lead-tin alloy, is it possible to have the masses of primary β and total β of 2.21 and 2.53 kg, respectively, at 180°C (355°F)? Why or why not?
For a lead-tin alloy of composition 80 wt% Sn-20 wt% Pb and at 180°C (355°F) do the following:(a) Determine the mass fractions of the α and β phases.(b) Determine the mass fractions of primary β
The microstructure of a copper-silver alloy at 775°C (1425°F) consists of primary α and eutectic structures. If the mass fractions of these two micro constituents are 0.73 and 0.27, respectively,
What thermodynamic condition must be met for a state of equilibrium to exist?
A magnesium-lead alloy is cooled from 600(C to 450(C and is found to consist of primary Mg2Pb and eutectic micro constituents. If the mass fraction of the eutectic micro constituent is 0.28,
Consider a hypothetical eutectic phase diagram for metals A and B that is similar to that for the lead-tin system (Figure 9.8). Assume that:(1) α and β phases exist at the A and B extremes of the
For a 64 wt% Zn-36 wt% Cu alloy, make schematic sketches of the microstructure that would be observed for conditions of very slow cooling at the following temperatures: 900°C (1650°F), 820°C
For a 76 wt% Pb-24 wt% Mg alloy, make schematic sketches of the microstructure that would be observed for conditions of very slow cooling at the following temperatures: 575°C (1070°F), 500°C
For a 52 wt% Zn-48 wt% Cu alloy, make schematic sketches of the microstructure that would be observed for conditions of very slow cooling at the following temperatures: 950°C (1740°F), 860°C
On the basis of the photomicrograph (i.e., the relative amounts of the micro constituents) for the lead-tin alloy shown in Figure 9.17 and the Pb-Sn phase diagram (Figure 9.8), estimate the
The room-temperature tensile strengths of pure copper and pure silver are 209 and 125 MPa, respectively. (a) Make a schematic graph of the room-temperature tensile strength versus composition for all
Two intermetallic compounds, A3B and AB3, exist for elements A and B. If the compositions for A3B and AB3 are 91.0 wt% A-9.0 wt% B and 53.0 wt% A-47.0 wt% B, respectively, and element A is zirconium,
An intermetallic compound is found in the aluminum-zirconium system that has a composition of 22.8 wt% Al-77.2 wt% Zr. Specify the formula for this compound.
An intermetallic compound is found in the gold-titanium system that has a composition of 58.0 wt% Au-42.0 wt% Ti. Specify the formula for this compound.
Consider a specimen of ice that is at -15°C and 10 atm pressure. Using Figure 9.2, the pressure-temperature phase diagram for H2O, determine the pressure to which the specimen must be raised or
Specify the liquids, solidus, and solves temperatures for the following alloys: (a) 30 wt% Ni-70 wt% Cu (b) 5 wt% Ag-95 wt% Cu (c) 20 wt% Zn-80 wt% Cu (d) 30 wt% Pb-70 wt% Mg (e) 3 wt% C-97 wt% Fe
Figure 9.36 is the tin-gold phase diagram, for which only single-phase regions are labeled. Specify temperature-composition points at which all eutectics, eutectoids, peritectics, and congruent phase
Figure 9.37 is a portion of the copper-aluminum phase diagram for which only single-phase regions are labeled. Specify temperature-composition points at which all eutectics, eutectoids, peritectics,
Construct the hypothetical phase diagram for metals A and B between room temperature (20°C) and 700°C, given the following information: 1. The melting temperature of metal A is 480°C. 2. The
Specify the number of degrees of freedom for the following alloys: (a) 20 wt% Ni-80 wt% Cu at 1300(C (b) 71.9 wt% Ag-28.1 wt% Cu at 779(C (c) 52.7 wt% Zn-47.3 wt% Cu at 525(C (d) 81 wt% Pb-19 wt%
What is the proeutectoid phase for an iron-carbon alloy in which the mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite are 0.86 and 0.14, respectively? Why?
Consider 3.5 kg of austenite containing 0.95 wt% C and cooled to below 727°C (1341°F). (a) What is the proeutectoid phase? (b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form? (c) How
Consider 6.0 kg of austenite containing 0.45 wt% C and cooled to less than 727°C (1341°F). (a) What is the proeutectoid phase? (b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form? (c)
On the basis of the photomicrograph (i.e., the relative amounts of the micro constituents) for the iron-carbon alloy shown in Figure 9.30 and the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram (Figure 9.24), estimate the
On the basis of the photomicrograph (i.e., the relative amounts of the micro constituents) for the iron-carbon alloy shown in Figure 9.33 and the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram (Figure 9.24), estimate the
Compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite that form in an iron-carbon alloy containing 0.35 wt% C.
For a series of Fe-Fe3C alloys that have compositions ranging between 0.022 and 0.76 wt% C that have been cooled slowly from 1000(C, plot the following:(a) Mass fractions of proeutectoid ferrite and
The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an iron-carbon alloy are 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. Is this a hypo eutectoid or hypereutectoid alloy? Why?
The microstructure of an iron-carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid cementite and pearlite; the mass fractions of these micro constituents are 0.11 and 0.89, respectively. Determine the concentration
Given here are the solidus and liquids temperatures for the copper-gold system. Construct the phase diagram for this system and label each region.
Consider 1.5 kg of a 99.7 wt% Fe-0.3 wt% C alloy that is cooled to a temperature just below the eutectoid. (a) How many kilograms of proeutectoid ferrite form? (b) How many kilograms of eutectoid
Compute the maximum mass fraction of proeutectoid cementite possible for a hypereutectoid iron-carbon alloy. Discuss.
Is it possible to have an iron-carbon alloy for which the mass fractions of total cementite and proeutectoid ferrite are 0.057 and 0.36, respectively? Why or why not?
Is it possible to have an iron-carbon alloy for which the mass fractions of total ferrite and pearlite are 0.860 and 0.969, respectively? Why or why not?
Compute the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron-carbon alloy that contains 1.00 wt% C.
Compute the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron-carbon alloy that contains 0.87 wt% C.
The mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron-carbon alloy is 0.109. On the basis of this information, is it possible to determine the composition of the alloy? If so, what is its composition?
The mass fraction of eutectoid ferrite in an iron-carbon alloy is 0.71. On the basis of this information, is it possible to determine the composition of the alloy? If so, what is its composition? If

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