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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

The bulk modulus of water is B = 2.2 × 109 N/m2. What change in pressure ∆P (in atmospheres) is required to keep water from expanding when it is heated from 15 to 25°C?
Two identical thermometers made of Pyrex glass contain, respectively, identical volumes of mercury and methyl alcohol. If the expansion of the glass is taken into account, how many times greater is
Ideally, when a thermometer is used to measure the temperature of an object, the temperature of the object itself should not change. However, if a significant amount of heat flows from the object to
At a fabrication plant, a hot metal forging has a mass of 75 kg and a specific heat capacity of 430 J/(kg · C°). To harden it, the forging is immersed in 710 kg of oil that has a temperature of
A rock of mass 0.20 kg falls from rest from a height of 15 m into a pail containing 0.35 kg of water. The rock and water have the same initial temperature. The specific heat capacity of the rock is
How much heat must be added to 0.45 kg of aluminum to change it from a solid at 130°C to a liquid at 660° C (its melting point)? The latent heat of fusion for aluminum is 4.0 × 105 J/kg.
Find the mass of water that vaporizes when 2.10 kg of mercury at 205°C is added to 0.110 kg of water at 80.0 °C.
A 42-kg block of ice at 0 °C is sliding on a horizontal surface. The initial speed of the ice is 7.3 m/s and the final speed is 3.5 m/s. Assume that the part of the block that melts has a very small
An unknown material has a normal melting/freezing point of -25.0°C, and the liquid phase has a specific heat capacity of 160 J/(kg · C°). One-tenth of a kilogram of the solid at -25.0°C is put
It is claimed that if a lead bullet goes fast enough, it can melt completely when it comes to a halt suddenly, and all its kinetic energy is converted into heat via friction. Find the minimum speed
At a temperature of 10Â°C the percent relative humidity is R10, and at 40Â°C it is R40. At each of these temperatures, the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is the same. Using the vapor
A woman has been outdoors where the temperature is 10°C. She walks into a 25°C house, and her glasses “steam up.” Using the vapor pressure curve for water that accompanies Problem find the
Liquid nitrogen boils at a chilly -195.8°C when the pressure is one atmosphere. A silver coin of mass 1.5 × 10-2 kg and temperature 25°C is dropped into the boiling liquid. What mass of nitrogen
A lead object and a quartz object each have the same initial volume. The volume of each increases by the same amount, because the temperature increases. If the temperature of the lead object
Ice at 10.0°C and steam at 130°C are brought together at atmospheric pressure in a perfectly insulated container. After thermal equilibrium is reached, the liquid phase at 50.0°C is present.
Multiple-Concept Example uses the same physics principles as those employed in this problem. A block of material has a mass of 130 kg and a volume of 4.6 × 10-2 m3.The material has a specific heat
A person’s body is covered with 1.6 m2 of wool clothing. The thickness of the wool is 2.0 × 10-3 m. The temperature at the outside surface of the wool is 11°C, and the skin temperature is 36°C.
One end of an iron poker is placed in a fire where the temperature is 502°C, and the other end is kept at a temperature of 26°C. The poker is 1.2 m long and has a radius of 5.0 × 10-3 m. ignoring
In the conduction equation Q = (kA ∆T)t/L, the combination of terms kA/L is called the conductance. The human body has the ability to vary the conductance of the tissue beneath the skin by means of
In an aluminum pot, 0.15 kg of water at 100°C boils away in four minutes. The bottom of the pot is 3.1 × 10-3 m thick and has a surface area of 0.015 m2. To prevent the water from boiling too
Two cylindrical rods are identical, except that one has a thermal conductivity k1 and the other has a thermal conductivity k2. As the drawing shows, they are placed between two walls that are
The amount of radiant power produced by the sun is approximately 3.9 × 1026 W. Assuming the sun to be a perfect blackbody sphere with a radius of 6.96 × 108 m, find its surface temperature (in
A person is standing outdoors in the shade where the temperature is 28°C. (a) What is the radiant energy absorbed per second by his head when it is covered with hair? The surface area of the hair
Multiple-Concept Example reviews the approach that is used in problems such as this. A person eats a dessert that contains 260 Calories. (This “Calorie” unit, with a capital C, is the one used by
A solid cylinder is radiating power. It has a length that is ten times its radius. It is cut into a number of smaller cylinders, each of which has the same length. Each small cylinder has the same
Due to a temperature difference ∆T, heat is conducted through an aluminum plate that is 0.035 m thick. The plate is then replaced by a stainless steel plate that has the same temperature difference
Two cylindrical rods have the same mass. One is made of silver (density =10 500 kg/m3), and one is made of iron (density =7860 kg/m3). Both rods conduct the same amount of heat per second when the
Hemoglobin has a molecular mass of 64 500 u. Find the mass (in kg) of one molecule of hemoglobin.
The active ingredient in the allergy medication Claritin contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O).Its molecular formula is C22H23ClN2O2. The standard adult
The preparation of homeopathic “remedies” involves the repeated dilution of solutions containing an active ingredient such as arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Suppose one begins with 18.0 g of arsenic
It takes 0.16 g of helium (He) to fill a balloon. How many grams of nitrogen (N2) would be required to fill the balloon to the same pressure, volume, and temperature?
A young male adult takes in about 5.0 × 10-4 m3 of fresh air during a normal breath. Fresh air contains approximately 21% oxygen. Assuming that the pressure in the lungs is 1.0 × 105 Pa and that
What is the density (in kg/m3) of nitrogen gas (molecular mass = 28 u) at a pressure of 2.0 atmospheres and a temperature of 310 K?
Multiple-Concept Example and Conceptual Example are pertinent to this problem. A bubble, located 0.200 m beneath the surface in a glass of beer, rises to the top. The air pressure at the top is 1.01
A cylindrical glass beaker of height 1.520 m rests on a table. The bottom half of the beaker is filled with a gas, and the top half is filled with liquid mercury that is exposed to the atmosphere.
Very fine smoke particles are suspended in air. The translational rms speed of a smoke particle is 2.8 × 10-3 m/s, and the temperature is 301 K. Find the mass of a particle.
The average value of the squared ῡ2speed does not equal the square of the average speed (ῡ)2 To verify this fact, consider three particles with the following speeds: v1 = 3.0 m /s, v2 = 7.0 m/s,
In 10.0 s, 200 bullets strike and embed themselves in a wall. The bullets strike the wall perpendicularly. Each bullet has a mass of 5.0 × 10-3 kg and a speed of 1200 m/s. (a) What is the average
A large tank is filled with methane gas at a concentration of 0.650 kg/m3. The valve of a 1.50-m pipe connecting the tank to the atmosphere is inadvertently left open for twelve hours. During this
Review Conceptual Example as background for this problem. It is possible to convert Fick€™s law into a form that is useful when the concentration is zero at one end of the diffusion channel
In a diesel engine, the piston compresses air at 305 K to a volume that is one-sixteenth of the original volume and a pressure that is 48.5 times the original pressure. What is the temperature of the
Initially, the translational rms speed of a molecule of an ideal gas is 463 m/s. The pressure and volume of this gas are kept constant, while the number of molecules is doubled. What is the final
Oxygen for hospital patients is kept in special tanks, where the oxygen has a pressure of 65.0 atmospheres and a temperature of 288 K. The tanks are stored in a separate room, and the oxygen is
A system does 164 J of work on its environment and gains 77 J of heat in the process. Find the change in the internal energy of (a) The system and (b) The environment.
In exercising, a weight lifter loses 0.150 kg of water through evaporation, the heat required to evaporate the water coming from the weight lifters body. The work done in lifting weights is 1.40 ×
When a .22-caliber rifle is fired, the expanding gas from the burning gunpowder creates a pressure behind the bullet. This pressure causes the force that pushes the bullet through the barrel. The
(a) Using the data presented in the accompanying pressure€“ volume graph, estimate the magnitude of the work done when the system changes from A to B to C along the path shown.(b) Determine
Refer to Multiple-Concept Example to see how the concepts pertinent to this problem are used. The pressure of a gas remains constant while the temperature, volume, and internal energy of the gas
Five moles of a monatomic ideal gas expand adiabatically, and its temperature decreases from 370 to 290 K. Determine (a) The work done (including the algebraic sign) by the gas, and (b) The change in
A monatomic ideal gas has an initial temperature of 405 K. This gas expands and does the same amount of work whether the expansion is adiabatic or isothermal. When the expansion is adiabatic, the
The drawing refers to one mole of a monatomic ideal gas and shows a process that has four steps, two isobaric (A to B, C to D) and two isochoric (B to C, D to A). Complete the following table by
The drawing shows an adiabatically isolated cylinder that is divided initially into two identical parts by an adiabatic partition. Both sides contain one mole of a monatomic ideal gas (Î³ = 5/3),
The temperature of 2.5 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is 350 K. The internal energy of this gas is doubled by the addition of heat. How much heat is needed when it is added at(a) Constant volume and(b)
Heat is added to two identical samples of a monatomic ideal gas. In the first sample, the heat is added while the volume of the gas is kept constant, and the heat causes the temperature to rise by 75
Heat engines take input energy in the form of heat, use some of that energy to do work, and exhaust the remainder. Similarly, a person can be viewed as a heat engine that takes an input of internal
Due to design changes, the efficiency of an engine increases from 0.23 to 0.42. For the same input heat |QH|, these changes increase the work done by the more efficient engine and reduce the amount
A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 0.700, and the temperature of its cold reservoir is 378 K.(a) Determine the temperature of its hot reservoir.(b) If 5230 J of heat is rejected to the cold
Suppose that the gasoline in a car engine burns at 631°C, while the exhaust temperature (the temperature of the cold reservoir) is 139°C and the outdoor temperature is 27°C. Assume that the engine
The drawing (not to scale) shows the way in which the pressure and volume change for an ideal gas that is used as the working substance in a Carnot engine. The gas begins at point a (pressure = Pa,
A Carnot air conditioner maintains the temperature in a house at 297 K on a day when the temperature outside is 311 K. What is the coefficient of performance of the air conditioner?
Review Conceptual Example before attempting this problem. A window air conditioner has an average coefficient of performance of 2.0. In a futile attempt to cool a bedroom, this unit has been placed
A Carnot refrigerator transfers heat from its inside (6.00C) to the room air outside (20.00C).(a) Find the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.(b) Determine the magnitude of the minimum
Find the change in entropy of the H2O molecules when (a) Three kilograms of ice melts into water at 273 K and (b) Three kilograms of water changes into steam at 373 K. (c) On the basis of the answers
One-half mole of a monatomic ideal gas absorbs 1200 J of heat while the gas does 2500 J of work.(a) What is the temperature change of the gas?(b) Is the change an increase or a decrease?
A process occurs in which the entropy of a system increases by 125 J/K. During the process, the energy that becomes unavailable for doing work is zero. (a) Is this process reversible or irreversible?
The pressure and volume of a gas are changed along the path ABCA. Using the data shown in the graph, determine the work done (including the algebraic sign) in each segment of the path:(a) A to B,(b)
Suppose that 31.4 J of heat is added to an ideal gas. The gas expands at a constant pressure of 1.40 × 104 Pa while changing its volume from 3.00 × 10-4 to 8.00 × 10-4 m3. The gas is not
An engine has an efficiency e1. The engine takes input heat of magnitude |QH| from a hot reservoir and delivers work of magnitude |W1|. The heat rejected by this engine is used as input heat for a
A polystyrene foam cover prevents an ice–water mixture from absorbing heat from 25.3°C air outside a cooler. If the cover is 54.5 cm x 37.8 cm in cross section and 5.25 cm thick, how much heat
Every winter a local recreation department fills a parking lot with water so that the water will freeze and people can ice skate on it. Although the weather does not get cold enough for the water to
(a) What is the heat of fusion for the water in Problem 2 to freeze into a solid block of ice? (b) What is the total energy needed for the water at 4.30°C to change to ice at 0.00°C? (c) How much
Pedro, a contractor, is trying to choose between purchasing a steel or an aluminum 50-ft tape measure. (a) If he wants the tape measure that expands and contracts less, which tape measure should he
In anticipation of winter snowstorms, Jamal fills his 2.50-gal gas can at the local gas station. (a) If the temperature is 65.3°F on the day he fills the gas can, what volume of gas will Jamal have
Find each temperature as indicated.1. TF = 77°F, TC = ________2. TF = 113°F, TC = ________3. TF = 257°F, TC = ________4. TC = 15°C, TF = ________5. TC = 145°C, TF = ________6. TC = 35°C, TF =
Find each temperature as indicated.1. TC = 95°C, TF = _____2. TF = –50°F, TC = _____3. TC = 25°C, TK = _____4. TF = –45°F, TR = _____5. TK = 406 K, TC = _____6. TC = 75°C, TK = _____7. TC =
1. The melting point of pure iron is 1505°C. What Fahrenheit temperature is this?2. The melting point of mercury is – 38.0°F. What Celsius temperature is this?3. A welding white heat is
During the forging and heat-treating of steel, the color of heated steel is used to determine its temperature. Complete the following table, which shows the color of heat-treated steel and the
1. Find the amount of heat in cal generated by 95 J of work.2. Find the amount of heat in kcal generated by 7510 J of work.3. Find the amount of work that is equivalent to 1550 Btu.4. Find the amount
1. Find the mechanical work equivalent (in J) of 8550 cal of heat.2. Find the heat equivalent (in Btu) of 3.46 x 106 ft lb of work.3. Find the heat equivalent (in kcal) of 7.63 x 105 J of work.4. How
1. A fuel yields 1.15 x 104 cal/g when burned. How many joules of work are obtained by burning 1000 g of the fuel?2. A racing fuel produces 1.60 x 104 cal/g when burned. If 500 g of the fuel is
Natural gas burned in a gas turbine has a heating value of 1.10 x 105 cal/g. If the turbine is 24.0% efficient and 2.50 g of gas is burned each second, find (a) How many joules of work are obtained?
Find the amount of heat energy that must be produced by the body to be converted into muscular energy and then into 1000 ft lb of work. Assume that the body is 25% efficient.
1. What is the mechanical work equivalent in 50,000 kcal of heat produced by a stationary diesel engine?2. An industrial engine produces 38,000 kcal of heat. What is the mechanical work equivalent of
1. Find the R value of a pane of 0.125-in.-thick glass.2. Find the R value of a brick wall 4.0 in. thick.3. Find the R value of 0.50-in.-thick sheetrock.4. Find the thermal conductivity of a piece of
The dimensions of a rectangular building are 20 ft x 100 ft. The average outer wall temperature is 20°F and the average inner wall temperature is 55°F. Find the amount of heat conducted through the
Find the heat flow during 30.0 days through a glass window of thickness 0.20 in. with area 15 ft2 if the average outer surface temperature is 25°F and the average inner glass surface temperature is
Find the heat flow in 30.0 days through a 0.25-cm-thick steel plate with cross section 45 cm x 75 cm. Assume a temperature differential of 95°C.
Find the heat flow in 75 s through a steel rod of length 85 cm and diameter 0.50 cm if the temperature of the hot end of the rod is 110°C and the temperature of the cool end is – 25°C.
Find the heat flow in 15 min through a 0.10-cm-thick copper plate with cross-sectional area 150 cm2 if the temperature of the hot side 990°C is and the temperature of the cool side is 5°C.
Find the heat flow in 24 h through a refrigerator door 30.0 in. x 58.0 in. insulated with cellulose fiber 2.0 in. thick. The temperature inside the refrigerator is 38°F. Room temperature is 72°F.
Find the heat flow in 30.0 days through a freezer door 30.0 in. x 58.0 in. insulated with cellulose fiber 2.0 in. thick. The temperature inside the freezer is – 10°F. Room temperature is 72°F.
Find the heat flow in 24 h through a refrigerator door 76.0 cm x 155.0 cm insulated with cellulose fiber 5.0 cm thick. The temperature inside the refrigerator is 3°C. Room temperature is 21°C.
Find the heat flow in 30.0 days through a freezer door 76.0 cm x 155.0 cm insulated with cellulose fiber 5.0 cm thick. The temperature inside the freezer is – 18°C. Room temperature is 21°C.
Find the heat flow through the sides of an 18-cm-tall glass of ice water in 45 s. The glass is 6.00 mm thick; the temperature inside is 28.0°C. The temperature outside is 43.3°C and the radius is
Find Q for each material.1. Steel, w = 3.00 lb, ∆T = 500°F, Q = _____ Btu2. Copper, m = 155 kg, ∆T = 170°C, Q = _____ kcal3. Water w = 19.0 lb, ∆T = 200°F, Q = _____ Btu4. Water m = 250 g,
1. m = 79.0 g, ∆T = 16°C, Q = _______ cal2. m = 750 kg, ∆T = 125°C, Q = _______ J3. m = 1250 g, ∆T = 50.0°C, Q = _______ J4. m = 850 g, ∆T = 115°C, Q = _______ kcal5. m = 800 g, ∆T =
1. How many Btu of heat must be added to 1200 lb of copper to raise its temperature from 100°F to 450°F?2. How many Btu of heat are given off by 500 lb of aluminum when it cools from 650°F to
A 525-kg steam boiler is made of steel and contains 315 kg of water at 40.0°C. Assuming that 75% of the heat is delivered to the boiler and water, how many kilocalories are required to raise the
1. Find the initial temperature of a 49.0-N cube of zinc, 16.0 cm on a side that gives off 3.36 x 105 J of heat while cooling to 80.0°C.2. A coolant lowers the temperature 13°C in a steel engine
The cooling system of a truck engine contains 20.0 L of water. (1 L of water has a mass of 1 kg.) (a) If the engine is run until 845 kJ of heat is added, what is the change in temperature of the

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