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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

In the irreversible process of Figure let the initial temperatures of identical blocks L and R be 305.5 and 294.5 K, respectively, and let 215 J be the energy that must be transferred between the
A gas sample undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion. Figure gives the change ΔS in entropy of the gas versus the final volume Vf of the gas. The scale of the vertical axis is set by ΔSs = 64
A 50.0 g block of copper whose temperature is 400 K is placed in an insulating box with a 100 g block of lead whose temperature is 200 K.(a) What is the equilibrium temperature of the two-block
At very low temperatures, the molar specific heat Cv of many solids is approximately Cv = AT3, where A depends on the particular substance. For aluminuffi, A = 3.15 X 10-5 J/mol ∙ K4. Find the
In Figure where V23 = 3.00V1, n moles of a diatomic ideal gas are taken through the cycle with the molecules rotating but not oscillating. What are? (a) p2/p1 (b) p3/p1 and (c) T3/T1 For path 1 ?? 2,
A 2.0 mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas undergoe the reversible process shown in Figure, the scale of the vertical axis is set by Ts = 400.0K and the scale of the horizontal axis is set by Ss =
A 10 g ice cube at – 10oC is place in a lake whose temperature is 15oC. Calculate the change in entropy of the cube –lake system as the ice cube comes to thermal equilibrium; with the lake. The
(a) For 1.0 mol of a monatomic ideal gas taken through the cycle in Figure, where V1 = 4.00V0, what is W/p0V0 as the gas goes from state a to state c along path abc what is ΔEint/p0V0 in going? (b)
A mixture of 1773 g of water and 227 g of ice is in an initial equilibrium state at 0.000oC. The mixture is then, in a reversible process, brought to a second equilibrium state where the water-ice
An 8.0 g ice cube at – 10oC is put into a Thermos flask containing 100 cm3 of water at 20oC. By how much has the entropy of the cube-water system changed when equilibrium is reached the specific
Energy can be removed from water as heat at and even below the normal freezing point (0.0oC at atmospheric pressure) without causing the water to freeze; the water is then said to be super cooled.
An insulated Thermos contains 130g of water at 80.0oC. You put in a 12.0 g ice cube at 0oC to form a system of ice t original water.(a) What is the equilibrium temperature of the system? What are the
Suppose 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is taken from initial pressure p1 and volume V1 through two steps: (1) an isothermal expansion to volume 2.00V1 and (2) a pressure increase to 2.009 at
Expand 1.00mol of an monatomic gas initially at 5.00 kPa and 600 K from initial volume V1 = 1.00 m3 to final volume Vf = 2.00 m3. At any instant during the expansion, the pressure p and volume V of
A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 22.0%. It operates between constant-temperature reservoirs differing in temperature by 75.0 Co. What is the temperature of the(a) Lower temperature and(b)
In a hypothetical nuclear fusion reactor, the fuel is deuterium gas at a temperature of.7 x 108 K. If this gas could be used to operate a Carnot engine with TL = 100oC, what would be the engine's
A Carnot engine operates between 235oC and 115oC, absorbing 6.30 x 104 J per cycle at the higher temperature.(a) What is the efficiency of the engine?(b) How much work per cycle is this engine
A Carnot engine absorbs 52 kJ as heat and exhausts 36 kJ as heat in each cycle. Calculate(a) The engine's efficiency and(b) The work done per cycle in kilojoules.
A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 17oC has an efficiency of 40%. By how much should the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir be increased to increase the efficiency to
A 500 W Carnot engine operates between constant temperature reservoirs at 100oC and 60.0oC. What is the rate at which energy is(a) Taken in by the engine as heat and(b) Exhausted by the engine as
Figure shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is taken. Volume Vc = 8.00%. Process bc is an adiabatic expansion, with pb = 10.0 atm and Vb = 1.00 x 10-3 m3. For the
A Carnot engine is set up to produce a certain Work W per cycle. In each cycle, energy in the form of heat QH is transferred to the working substance of the engine from the higher-temperature thermal
Figure shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is taken. Assume that p = 2p0, V = 2V0, p0 = 1.01 x 105 Pa, and V0 = 0.0225 m3. Calculate (a) The work done during the
An ideal gas (1.0 mol) is the working substance in an engine that operates on the cycle shown in Figure; processes BC and DA are reversible and adiabatic. (a) Is the gas monatomic, diatomic, or
The efficiency of a particular car engine is 25% when the engine does 8.2 kJ of work per cycle. Assume the process is reversible. What are?(a) The energy the engine gains per cycle as heat Qgain from
In the first stage of a two-stage Carnot engine, energy is absorbed as heat Q1 at temperature T1, work W1 is done, and energy is expelled as heat Q2 at a lower temperature T2. The second stage
The cycle in Figure represents the operation of a gasoline internal combustion engine. Volume V3 = 4.00V1. Assume the gasoline - air intake mixture is an ideal gas with γ = 1.30 what are the
The electric motor of a heat pump transfers energy as heat from the outdoors, which is at – 5.0oC, to a room that is at 17oC.If the heat pump were a Carnot heat pump (a Carnot engine working in
A Carnot air conditioner takes energy from the thermal energy of a room at 70'F and transfers it as heat to the outdoors, which is at 96oF. For each joule of electric energy required to operate the
To make ice, a freezer that is a reverse Carnot engine extracts 42 kJ as heat at – 15oC during each cycle, with coefficient of performance 5.7. The room temperature is 30.3oC. How much(a) Energy
A heat pump is used to heat a building. The outside temperature is -5.0'C, and the temperature inside the building is to be maintained at 22oC. The pump's coefficient of performance is 3.8, and the
How much work must be done by a Carnot refrigerator to transfer 1.0 J as heat? (a) From a reservoir at7.0oC to one at 27oC, (b) From a reservoir at -73oC to one at27oC, (c) From a
Figure represents a Carnot engine that works between temperatures T1 = 400 K and T2 = 150 K and drives a Carnot refrigerator that works between temperatures T3 = 325 K and T4 = 225 K. What is the
(a) During each cycle, a Carnot engine absorbs 750 J as heat from a high-temperature reservoir at 360 K, with the low-temperature reservoir at 280 K. How much work is done per cycle?(b) The engine is
An air conditioner operating between 93oF and 70oF is rated at 4000 Btu/h cooling capacity. Its coefficient of performance is 27 % of that of a Carnot refrigerator operating between the same two
The motor in a refrigerator has a power of 200 W. If the freezing compartment is at 270 K and the outside air is at 300 K, and assuming the efficiency of a Carnot refrigerator, what is the maximum
Construct a table like Table 20-1 for eight molecules.
A box contains N identical gas molecules equally divided between its two halves. For N = 50, what are?(a) The multiplicity W of the central configuration,(b) The total number of microstates, and(c)
A box contains N gas molecules. Consider the box to be divided into three equal parts.(a) By extension of Eq. 20-20, write a formula for the multiplicity of any given configuration.(b) Consider two
Figure gives the force magnitude F versus stretch distance x for a rubber band, with the scale of the F axis set by F = 1.50 N and the scale of the x axis set by xs = 3.50 cm. The temperature is
As a sample of nitrogen gas (N2) undergoes a temperature increase at constant volume, the distribution of molecular speeds increases. That is, the probability distribution function P(v) for the
A three-step cycle is undergone by 3.4 mol of an ideal diatomic gas: (1) the temperature of the gas is increased from 200 K to 500 K at constant volume ;(2) the gas is then isothermally expanded to
Suppose that a deep shaft were drilled in Earth's crust near one of the poles, where the surface temperature is – 40oC, to a depth where the temperature is 800oC. (a) What is the theoretical
(a) A Carnot engine operates between a hot reservoir at 320K and a cold one at 260K. If the engine absorbs 500J as heat per cycle at the hot reservoir, how much work per cycle does it deliver?(b) If
A 600 g lump of copper at 80.0oC is placed in 70.0 g of water at 10.0oC in an insulated container. (See Table 18-3 for specific heats.)(a) What is the equilibrium temperature of the copper-water
Suppose 0.550 mol of an ideal gas is isothermally and reversibly expanded in the four situations given below. What is the change in the entropy of the gas for each situation?
A 0.600 kg sample of water is initially ice at temperature – 20oC. What is the sample's entropy change if its temperature is increased to 40oC?
What is the entropy change for 3.20 mol of an ideal monatomic gas undergoing a reversible increase in temperature from 380 K to 425 K at constant volume?
A three-step cycle is undergone reversibly by 4.00 mol of an ideal gas: (1) an adiabatic expansion that gives the gas 2.00 times its initial volume, (2) a constant-volume process, (3) an isothermal
Suppose 1.0 mol of a monatomic ideal gas initially at 10 L and 300 K is heated at constant volume to 600 K, allowed to expand isothermally to its initial pressure, and finally compressed at constant
A 2.00 mol diatomic gas initially at 300 K undergoes this cycle: It is (1) heated at constant volume to 800 K, (2) then allowed to expand isothermally to its initial pressure, (3) then compressed at
A 45.0 g block of tungsten at 30.0oC and a 25.0 g block of silver at – 120oC are placed together in an insulated container.(a) What is the equilibrium temperature? What entropy changes do?(b) The
A cylindrical copper rod of length 1.50 m and radius 2.00 cm is insulated to prevent heat loss through its curved surface. One end is attached to a thermal reservoir fixed at 300oC; the other is
An ideal refrigerator does 150 J of work to remove 560 J as heat from its cold compartment.(a) What is the refrigerator's coefficient of performance?(b) How much heat per cycle is exhausted to the
A Carnot refrigerator extracts 35.0 kJ as heat during each cycle, operating with a coefficient of performance of 4.60 what are?(a) The energy per cycle transferred as heat to the room and(b) The work
Four particles are in the insulated box of Figure what are?(a) The least multiplicity,(b) The greatest multiplicity,(c) The least entropy, and(d) The greatest entropy of the four-particle system?
A brass rod is in thermal contact with a constant temperature reservoir at 130oC at one end and a constant temperature reservoir at 24.0oC at the other end.(a) Compute the total change in entropy of
An apparatus that liquefies helium is in a room maintained at 300 K. If the helium in the apparatus is at 4.0 K, what is the minimum ratio Qto/Qfrom, where Qto is the energy delivered as heat to the
System A of three particles and system B of five particles are in insulated boxes like that in Figure. What is the least multiplicity W of(a) System A and(b) System B? What is the greatest
Calculate the efficiency of a fossil-fuel power plant that consumes 380 metric tons of coal each hour to produce useful work at the rate of 750 MW. The heat of combustion of coal (the heat due to
The temperature of 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is raised reversibly from 300 K to 400 K, with its volume kept constant. What is the entropy change of the gas?
Repeat Problem 69, with the pressure now kept constant.
Suppose that 260 J is conducted from a constant temperature reservoir at 400 K to one at(a) 100 K,(b) 200 K,(c) 300 K, and(d) 360 K. What is the net change in entropy ΔSnet of the reservoirs in each
A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir is at 400 K has an efficiency of 30.0%.By how much should the temperature of the low-temperature reservoir be changed to increase the efficiency to
A box contains N molecules. Consider two configurations: configuration A with an equal division of the molecules between the two halves of the box, and configuration B with 60.0% of, the molecules in
Suppose 2.00 mol of a diatomic gas is taken reversibly around the cycle shown in the T-5 diagram of Figure where S1 = 6.00 J/K and S2 = 8.00 J/K. The molecules do not rotate or oscillate. What is the
An inventor has built an engine X and claims that its efficiency εx is greater than the efficiency e of an ideal engine operating between the same two temperatures. Suppose you couple engine X to an
"One day I woke up and it was 20oF in my bedroom," said Mert to his old friend Mort. "That's nothing," replied Mort. "My room was once –5oC." Which room was colder?
A certain ski wax is rated for use between –12 and –7oC. What is this temperature range on the Fahrenheit scale?
The melting point of gold (Au) is 1945.4oF. Express this temperature in degrees Celsius.
The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the United States are 134oF (in California in 1913) and –80oF (in Alaska in 1971). Express these temperatures using the Celsius scale.
What is the Celsius temperature corresponding to the normal temperature of the human body, 98.6oF?
The length of the column of mercury in a thermometer is 4.0 cm when the thermometer is immersed in ice water and 24.0 cm when the thermometer is immersed in boiling water.(a) What should the length
The temperature of the interior of the sun is about 107 K. What is this temperature on?(a) The Celsius scale, and(b) The Fahrenheit scale?
The boiling point of nitrogen N2 is 77.35 K. Express this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
The pressure of a constant-volume gas thermometer is 0.400 atm at the ice point and 0.546 atm at the steam point.(a) When the pressure is 0.100 atm, what is the temperature?(b) What is the pressure
A constant-volume gas thermometer reads 50 torr at the triple point of water.(a) What will the pressure be when the thermometer measures a temperature of 300 K?(b) What ideal-gas temperature
A constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 30 torr when it reads a temperature of 373 K.(a) What is its triple-point pressure P3?(b) What temperature corresponds to a pressure of 0.175 torr?
At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales give the same reading?
Sodium melts at 371 K. What is the melting point of sodium on the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales?
The boiling point of oxygen at one atmosphere is 90.2 K. What is the boiling point of oxygen on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?
On the Réaumur temperature scale, the melting point of ice is 0oR and the boiling point of water is 80oR. Derive expressions for converting temperatures on the Réaumur scale to the Celsius and
A thermistor is a solid-state device whose resistance varies greatly with temperature. Its temperature dependence is given approximately by R = R0eB/T, where R is in ohms (Ω), T is in kelvins, and
A 10-L vessel contains gas at a temperature of 0oC and a pressure of 4 atm. How many moles of gas are in the vessel? How many molecules?
A pressure as low as 1 x 10–8 torr can be achieved using an oil diffusion pump. How many molecules are there in 1 cm3 of a gas at this pressure if its temperature is 300 K?
A motorist inflates the tires of her car to a pressure of 180 kPa on a day when the temperature is 8.0oC. When she arrives at her destination, the tire pressure has increased to 245 kPa. What is the
A room is 6 m by 5 m by 3 m.(a) If the air pressure in the room is 1 atm and the temperature is 300 K, find the number of moles of air in the room.(b) If the temperature rises by 5 K and the pressure
A seafood restaurant hires Lou to run its advertising campaign. Lou figures that snorklers are a great pool of potential customers for seafood, so he prints ads on Mylar balloons that he ties to the
The boiling point of helium at one atmosphere is 4.2 K. What is the volume occupied by helium gas due to evaporation of 10 g of liquid helium at 1 atm pressure and a temperature of(a) 4.2 K,(b) 293 K?
An automobile tire is filled to a gauge pressure of 200 kPa when its temperature is 20oC. (Gauge pressure is the difference between the actual pressure and atmospheric pressure.) After the car has
A scuba diver is 40 m below the surface of a lake, where the temperature is 5oC. He releases an air bubble with a volume of 15 cm3. The bubble rises to the surface, where the temperature is 25oC.
A helium balloon is used to lift a load of 110 N. The weight of the balloon's skin is 50 N, and the volume of the balloon when fully inflated is 32 m3. The temperature of the air is 0oC and the
(Multiple choice)(1) True of false:(a) Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other must be in thermal equilibrium with a third object.(b) The Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales differ
How does the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas change if the pressure is doubled while the volume is kept constant? If the volume is doubled while the pressure is kept
A mole of He molecules is in one container and a mole of CH4 molecules is in a second container, both at standard conditions. Which molecules have the greater mean free path?
(a) Find vrms for an argon atom if 1 mol of the gas is confined to a 1-L container at a pressure of 10 atm. (For argon, M = 40 x 10–3 kg/mol.)(b) Compare this with vrms for a helium atom under the
Find the total translational kinetic energy of 1 L of oxygen gas held at a temperature of 0oC and a pressure of 1 atm.
Find the rms speed and the average kinetic energy of a hydrogen atom at a temperature of 107 K. (At this temperature, which is of the order of the temperature in the interior of a star, the hydrogen
Show that the mean free path for a molecule in an ideal gas at temperature T and pressure P is givenby
The escape velocity on Mars is 5.0 km/s, and the surface temperature is typically 0oC.Calculate the rms speeds for(a) H2,(b) O2,(c) CO2 at this temperature.(d) If the rms speed of a gas is greater

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