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megaproject management
Project Management Workbook And PMP/CAPM Exam Study Guide 12th Edition Harold R. Kerzner , Frank P. Saladis - Solutions
Project managers should welcome top management participation, especially at the start of the project.☐☐ True☐☐ False
The project manager should develop all of the detailed plans for the functional managers to prevent omissions and inconsistency.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Assumptions should be validated regularly throughout the project life cycle.☐☐ True☐☐ False
What are the most common reasons that cause projects to fail?
What is the best course for us to take? What are the potential benefits? What are the risks?
Where will we go if we continue as before? Is that where we want to go? How could we get to where we want to go?
What might prevent us from getting there? What might help us get there?
Is this where we want to be? Where would we like to be? In one year? In five years?
What do we need to do? When do we need to do it? How will we do it? Who will do it?
Are we on course? If not, why not? What do we need to do to be on course?Can we do it?
Where are we capable of going? What do we need to take us where we want to go?
Where are we now? How did we get here?
What are the major reasons why a project team should conduct a stakeholder analysis?
Why is an “exit champion” sometimes necessary throughout the life of a project?
What are the generally accepted strategies to manage the following stakeholder categories?a. Low power or influence, low interest or concernb. High power or influence, low interest or concernc. Low power or influence, high interest or concernd. High power or influence, high interest or concern
Stakeholder identification, stakeholder mapping, and developing strategies for managing different stakeholders are important elements in managing project requirements and dealing effectively with change. Stakeholder influence and interest in a project are also important. What tool or technique can
The project sponsor role is often misunderstood. It is important to ensure that the project manager and team members are aware of the multiple roles and responsibilities of the sponsor. Describe the key roles generally associated with the project sponsor
Describe the characteristics of a “mature” project management organization.
What conditions would cause a project executive or sponsor to become directly involved in the day to day activities of a project?
Why is a SWOT analysis important to the strategic planning process?
What is the most effective method for managing a project sponsor or executive who closely manages, observes, and influences day-to-day project manager activities?a. Provide the sponsor with large amounts of administrative work to prevent the sponsor from becoming involved in the project
Role identification: Review each role and identify if it is associated with the project manager or project sponsor. Place a checkmark in the appropriate columns. Role a. Major decision-making role and participation in the sales effort and contract negotiation b. Prepares detailed project reports c.
The project manager should be prepared to challenge decisions made by the project sponsor☐☐ True☐☐ False
During the execution stage of a project, the sponsor must be selective in the problems that he or she wishes to help resolve.☐☐ True☐☐ False
During the initiation or kickoff phase of a project, the project sponsor must be actively involved in setting objectives and priorities☐☐ True☐☐ False
The goals and objectives of the sponsor should be aligned with the strategic goals and objectives of the organization supporting the project and should clearly align with the defined project success criteria☐☐ True☐☐ False
The project sponsor should be visible to the entire team as well as the customer and constantly informed about project status.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Every project requires a formally identified sponsor.☐☐ True☐☐ False
The project executive or executive steering committee is responsible for establishing project priority within the organization.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Expectations should be mutually established between the project sponsor and project manager at the start of the project.☐☐ True☐☐ False
The project sponsor provides assistance “as needed” during the execution of the project.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Executives should be involved in all phases of project planning and implementation.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Explain how each of the following organizational variables can have an impact on project success.
List five principal factors that are commonly used to measure and determine if a project is successful.
Project management continues to evolve, and in the last decade agile project management has been growing in popularity, especially in the software development field. What are the major differences between agile project management and what is referred to as “traditional” project management?
In today’s project environment, virtual teams (also known as distributed teams) present unique challenges for the project manager. What are the typical characteristics of the virtual team, and what factors are important to ensure the team works effectively?
A project manager may be required to establish a specific team of people to develop and deliver a complex or highly integrated product or service. These special teams are referred as integrated product teams, or IPTs. What skills or characteristics would you seek when forming an integrated product
Organizations establish relationships with suppliers to ensure the appropriate level of quality, reasonable price for services, and reliability. What are the three most common types of external partnerships established by an organization?
Acting in a professional manner is an expectation established by many organizations, and it is common for an organization to conduct mandatory annual reviews of its policies regarding professional conduct. Provide examples of the items that may be discussed during these reviews.
Ethics and professional conduct are critically important in the project environment.In order to ensure awareness of these factors, the Project Management Institute developed a Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, which is divided into four sections. What are the four sections?
What are the basic measures used in the development of team incentive plans?
In today’s project environment the project manager can expect to manage project teams that are dispersed geographically due to the nature of the project.These dispersed teams, also known as virtual teams, present unique challenges to the project manager. Consider each of the following virtual
From the project manager perspective, describe an integrated project team (IPT):
Project managers must continually assess the needs of their project teams as well as their own personal needs for continued self-development. There are three general opportunities for training to occur: on-the-job training, formal education, and knowledge transfer.To ensure that project objectives
Companies that promote morality and ethics usually create (internal adversity/a supportive working environment).Project managers depend on functional groups to provide resources that are competent and to provide support to accomplish project objectives. Establishing partnerships with internal and
The performance of the project manager is measured through (technical implementation and task performance/business results and managerial ability).
Traditionally, the purpose of the performance appraisal is to (provide justification for salary treatment/prepare for future goal setting).
The first step in job classification and creating job descriptions is to (define job titles/establish base pay).
Proper (financial compensation/rewards to improve morale and stimulate) is/are the greatest motivator(s) for project teams.
A good project manager will explain the individual and team performance appraisal process (before/immediately after) the first major milestone.
In the first month of a 12-month project, the project manager discovers that the end date was too optimistic and cannot be met.a. Hold the information and wait for a miracle to happen.b. Change the scope statement to reduce the work required.c. Advise the customer and the sponsor about the issue
An assistant project manager had the opportunity to be promoted and manage a new large project that was about to begin. She needed the project manager’s permission to accept the new assignment, but if she left, the project manager would have to perform her work in addition to his own for about
During project planning and implementation, a project manager may be required to develop strategies to meet project objectives. Review each strategy and explain the advantage and disadvantage of each strategy.
Whether managing a small project or a mega project, the project manager may encounter similar issues. Review the issues and explain strategies for dealing with each.Issue: Multiple projects Strategy:Issue: Limited resources Strategy:Issue: Lack of trained or competent resources Strategy:Issue:
The project team, functional managers, and project resources are usually assessed on their abilities associated with:a. Technical implementationb. Team performancec. a and b
Project managers are measured on their performance in specific areas. These areas are viewed in terms of primary and secondary importance. Review each measure and identify if it is a primary or secondary measure of performance.Measure Primary Secondarya. Target costsb. Overhead reductionc. Low team
Generally, organizations measure the performance of their project managers in what two major areas?
What is the purpose of the employee performance appraisal?
Why are proper financial compensation and rewards important to the morale and motivation of the project team?
PM Quick Check: According to Frederick Herzberg, compensation is a motivating factor.☐☐ True☐☐ False
PM Quick Check: Defining job titles and corresponding responsibilities is critical to project success and should be acted upon in the early stages of project planning.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Besides monetary compensation, what can a project manager do to motivate his/her project team?
What actions can a project manager take to increase functional employee loyalty and commitment to the project?
During which stage of the project life cycle should the project manager establish performance appraisal criteria?
PM Quick Check: In which structure will the project manager have the greatest influence in the preparation of an employee’s performance appraisal?a. Functionalb. Matrixc. Projectized
Measuring project team performance: During project execution, what areas of team performance should be evaluated by the project manager?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the compromise conflict resolution technique?
Conflicts are normal and they are a part of our life. Conflict during projects happens when the interests of two or more interfere with one another.
According to the PMBOK Guide, Sixth Edition, there are several factors that influence decisions about how conflicts will be resolved. List the factors that may drive the method of resolution.
Minimizing the potential for conflict is part of the strategy of the effective project manager. List actions, behaviors, or activities that could reduce the potential for undesirable conflicts to occur.
List at least five common factors that influence executive decisions when prioritizing projects.
Review each of the following situations and indicate the conflict-handling mode(withdrawal, smoothing, forcing, compromise, or collaborate/confront) in use.Situation Modea. The requirements are my decision, and we are doing it my way.b. I’ve thought about it and you are right; we’ll do it your
During the project life cycle, it may become necessary for the project manager to schedule a conflict or confrontation meeting between conflicting parties to find a solution. Review the steps in the process and write the number of the correct description or explanation in the space provided. Steps
How can each of the following be used to prevent, reduce, or resolve conflict within the project environment?a. Authority or position of power:b. Penalty power:c. Work challenges:d. Promotion/advancement opportunity:e. Theory X-style management:f. Theory Y-style management:g. Communications plan:h.
List the five major conflict resolution modes. Which of the modes will actually resolve the conflict?
When conflict occurs during project implementation, the project manager should:a. Study the problem and collect all available informationb. Develop a situational approach or methodologyc. Set the appropriate atmosphere or climated. All of the above
PM Quick Check The less specific the objectives of a project, the more likely that conflict will develop.☐☐ True☐☐ False
During the project life cycle, a project team will go through several stages of team development. As the project life cycle progresses, the level of conflict generally decreases in intensity. In some cases the conflict intensity resulting from personality clashes can increase significantly to the
The connection between the organizational goals and project priorities is established by the project manager and the:a. Project teamb. Customerc. Sponsord. Stockholders
Explain how conflict may be beneficial to a project team or an organization as a whole.
The manufacturing department reports that it cannot produce the end product according to engineering specifications.
Two functional managers on your team appear to be having personality clashes and almost always assume opposite points of view during decision-making discussions.They are both from the same functional organization.
The most effective method for resolving conflicts is to compromise.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Conflict always results in an unpleasant work environment and leads to more serious issues that cannot be resolved.☐☐ True☐☐ False
PM Quick Check: Conflict is a risk factor that always produces a negative result.☐☐ True☐☐ False
List at least 10 common sources of conflict. For additional learning value, provide possible solutions for, or measures that can be taken to avoid or minimize, the conflict.
Which of the following tools or techniques is specifically used to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of the project team members by aligning responsibility with project activities and tasks and thereby minimizing the potential for conflict between functional groups?a. WBSb. RAMc.
PM Quick Check: There are generally three types of objectives associated with a project. List the three primary types of project objectives: (Hint—think of the big picture, the intermediate levels, and the detailed outputs as the project progresses).
PM Quick Check: Describe the major differences between Maslow’s theory and Herzberg’s theory about motivation.
Leadership. Project managers are expected to manage the project by integrating all of the components of the project, communicating information, negotiating for resources, and maintaining control of overall project performance. For many project managers this means working with a team of people that
Team Development. Project managers must develop an environment that encourages teamwork and mutual support. The goal of every team member should be the successful completion of the project deliverables by working together and through effective integration of all project components. Sometimes
Exam Tip: Power-Up. What type of power or interpersonal influence is being used in each of the following situations (formal or legitimate, reward, penalty, expert, or referent)?Situation Type of power or influencea. As stated by the project sponsor in the project charter, I am the project manager
Motivating employees so that they feel secure during a project may be difficult, especially since a project has a finite life cycle. Describe methods that can produce a greater feeling of security among team members in a project environment.
Project managers are frequently required to obtain performance results and achieve project objectives by influencing others to perform activities that they would not normally become involved in; therefore an understanding of interpersonal influences and types of power is critical for a project
Exam Tip: Complete the following statements:a. The RAM (Responsibility Assignment Matrix) is a tool that:b. William Ouchi came to prominence with his studies and observations associated with:
Theory Z managers are authoritarian in style, distrust their employees, and spend great amounts of time observing and directing the work that is being performed.☐☐ True☐☐ False
PM Quick Check: In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the first level of the hierarchy is associated with hygiene factors such as good working conditions and appropriate levels of supervision.☐☐ True☐☐ False
Review the following list of factors and place them in the appropriate columns as either a hygiene factor or a motivator.Compensation (pay)Sense of responsibility Opportunity for advancement Level of supervision Opportunity for personal growth Peer relationships Company policies and administrative
Maslow postulated that once a need is satisfied, it loses its motivational importance and is replaced by a different need.☐☐ True☐☐ False
PM Quick Check: Abraham Maslow developed the X and Y management theories.☐☐ True☐☐ False
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