New Semester
Started
Get
50% OFF
Study Help!
--h --m --s
Claim Now
Question Answers
Textbooks
Find textbooks, questions and answers
Oops, something went wrong!
Change your search query and then try again
S
Books
FREE
Study Help
Expert Questions
Accounting
General Management
Mathematics
Finance
Organizational Behaviour
Law
Physics
Operating System
Management Leadership
Sociology
Programming
Marketing
Database
Computer Network
Economics
Textbooks Solutions
Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Leadership
Cost Accounting
Statistics
Business Law
Corporate Finance
Finance
Economics
Auditing
Tutors
Online Tutors
Find a Tutor
Hire a Tutor
Become a Tutor
AI Tutor
AI Study Planner
NEW
Sell Books
Search
Search
Sign In
Register
study help
business
psychology
Cognitive Psychology 6th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions
The principle of encoding specificity states that we learn information along with its context. Godden and Baddeley’s “diving experiment” and Grant’s studying experiment illustrate the effectiveness of encoding and retrieving information under the same conditions. LO1
According to the principle of state-dependent learning, a person’s memory will be better when his or her internal state during retrieval matches the state during encoding.Eich’s mood experiment supports this idea. LO1
Transfer-appropriate processing refers to the finding that memory performance is enhanced when the type of coding that occurs during acquisition matches the type of retrieval that occurs during a memory test. The results of an experiment by Morris support this idea. LO1
Six memory principles that can be applied to studying are (1) elaborate, (2) generate and test, (3) organize,(4) take breaks, (5) match learning and testing conditions, and (6) avoid “illusions of learning.” LO1
Research on the physiological basis of memory indicates that the formation of memories is associated with structural changes at the synapse. These structural changes are then translated into enhanced nerve firing, as indicated by long-term potentiation. LO1
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is an important brain area for LTM. The MTL contains the hippocampus and other structures. LO1
The hippocampus is crucial for forming new LTMs.Davachi’s fMRI experiment shows that the perirhinal cortex is involved in recognizing a stimulus as having been experienced earlier, whereas the hippocampus has other functions. Other areas involved in memory include parts of the frontal and
Concussions can cause retrograde amnesia. This retrograde amnesia is graded, so that memory loss is greatest for events that happened closest in time to the trauma.This indicates that newly formed memories are fragile. LO1
Consolidation transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption. Synaptic consolidation occurs at synapses and is rapid. Systems consolidation involves the reorganization of cortical circuits and is slower. LO1
The standard model of consolidation proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but that after consolidation is complete, retrieval involves the cortex and the hippocampus is no longer involved. LO1
The multiple trace hypothesis states that the hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories. LO1
There is evidence supporting the standard model, and also evidence supporting the idea that retrieval of episodic memories can involve the hippocampus. LO1
Recent research indicates that memories can become susceptible to disruption when they are reactivated by retrieval. After reactivation, these memories must be reconsolidated. This process may be a mechanism for refining and updating memories. Recent experiments have provided evidence for
Describe an experience in which retrieval cues led you to remember something. This experience could include things like returning to a place where your memory was initially formed, being somewhere that reminds you of an experience you had in the past, having someone else provide a “hint” to
How do you study? Which study techniques that you use should be effective, according to the results of memory research? How could you improve your study techniques by taking into account the results of memory research?(Also see Preface to Students, pages xxix–xxx.) LO1
How do we understand individual words, and how are words combined to create sentences? (297)
How can we understand sentences that have more than one meaning? (304)
How do we understand stories? (309)
Does language affect the way a person perceives colors? (316)
What is special about human language? Consider why human language is unique and what it is used for. LO1
What events are associated with the beginning of the modern study of language in the 1950s? LO1
What is psycholinguistics? What are its concerns, and what part of psycholinguistics does this chapter focus on? LO1
What are the two components of words? LO1
Describe the following demonstrations of how context helps with the perception of words and components of words: (1) phonemic restoration effect;(2) isolating words from conversations (Pollack and Pickett experiment);(3) speech segmentation. LO1
What is the word superiority effect? LO1
How does the frequency of words (word frequency effect) aid in accessing words? How does Swinney’s experiment about “bugs” indicate that the meanings of ambiguous words can take precedence over context, at least for a short time? Be sure you understand lexical ambiguity and lexical
Why do we say that there is more to understanding a sentence than simply adding up the meanings of the words that make up the sentence? LO1
Describe the syntax-fi rst explanation and the interactionist explanation of parsing. What are the roles of syntax and semantics in each explanation? What evidence supports the interactionist approach? LO1
Why do we say that understanding a story involves more than adding up the meanings of the sentences that make up the story? LO1
What is coherence? Inference? What are the different types of inference, and what is their relation to coherence? LO1
What are the assumptions behind the situation model? Describe what the following evidence tells us about this approach to understanding stories:(1) reaction times for pictures that match or don’t match the orientations or shapes of objects in a story; (2) reaction times to answer questions
Describe how semantic coordination and syntactic coordination facilitate conversations. Be sure you understand syntactic priming and what it demonstrates about language production. LO1
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Describe the experiment on color perception that supports this hypothesis. Also describe the evidence that indicates that the hypothesis may hold for only one side of the visual fi eld. LO1
Language is a system of communication that uses sounds or symbols to express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences. Human language can be distinguished from animal communication by its creativity, hierarchical structure, governing rules, and universality. LO1
Modern research in the psychology of language blossomed in the 1950s and 1960s, with the advent of the cognitive revolution. One of the central events in the cognitive revolution was Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s behaviorist analysis of language. LO1
All the words a person knows are his or her lexicon.Phonemes and morphemes are two basic units of words. LO1
The effect of meaning on the perception of phonemes is illustrated by the phonemic restoration effect. Meaning, as well as a person’s experience with other aspects of language, is important for achieving speech segmentation. LO1
The ability to understand words is influenced by word frequency and the context provided by the sentence. LO1
Lexical ambiguity refers to the fact that a word can have more than one meaning and that the word’s meaning in a sentence may not be clear. Lexical priming experiments show that all meanings of a word are activated immediately after the word is presented but then context quickly determines the
The meaning of a sentence is determined by both semantics (the meanings of words) and syntax (the rules for using words in sentences). LO1
Parsing is the process by which words in a sentence are grouped into phrases. Grouping into phrases is a major determinant of the meaning of a sentence. This process has been studied by using ambiguous sentences. LO1
Two mechanisms proposed to explain parsing are (1)the syntax-first approach and (2) the interactionist approach. The syntax-first approach emphasizes the role of syntactic principles, such as late closure, in determining how a sentence is parsed. The interactionist approach proposes that both
Coherence enables us to understand stories. Coherence is largely determined by inference. Three major types of inference are anaphoric, instrument, and causal. LO1
The situation model approach to text comprehension proposes that people represent the situation in a story in terms of the people, objects, locations, and events described in the story. There is both behavioral and physiological evidence that supports this idea. LO1
Conversations, which involve give-and-take between two or more people, are made easier by two mechanisms of cooperation between participants in a conversation: semantic coordination and syntactic coordination.Syntactic priming experiments provide evidence for syntactic coordination. LO1
There is evidence that a culture’s language can influence the way people perceive and think. Experiments comparing color discrimination in Russian-speaking and English-speaking participants have revealed differences in color perception related to language. Other experiments show that these
How do the ideas of coherence and connection apply to some of the movies you have seen lately? Have you found that some movies are easy to understand whereas others are more difficult? In the movies that are easy to understand, does one thing appear to follow from another, whereas in the more
Next time you are able to eavesdrop on a conversation, notice how the give-and-take among participants follows(or does not follow) the given–new contract. Also, notice how people change topics and how that affects the flow of the conversation. Finally, see if you can find any evidence of
One of the interesting things about languages is the use of “figures of speech,” which people who know the language understand but which nonnative speakers often find baffling. One example is the sentence “He brought everything but the kitchen sink.” Can you think of other examples? If you
Newspaper headlines are often good sources of ambiguous phrases. For example, consider the following, which were actual headlines: “Milk drinkers are turning to powder,” “Iraqi head seeks arms,” “Farm bill dies in house,” and “Squad helps dog bite victim.” See if you can find
People often say things in an indirect way, but listeners can often still understand what they mean. See if you can detect these indirect statements in normal conversation.(Examples: “Do you want to turn left here?” to mean “I think you should turn left here”; “Is it cold in here?” to
Why can two different people experience different perceptions in response to exactly the same stimulus? (57)
How does perception depend on a person’s knowledge about characteristics of the environment? (63)
How does the brain become tuned to respond best to things that are likely to appear in the environment? (66)
Are there neurons in the visual system that might help us understand other people’s actions?(75)
What does Crystal’s run down the beach illustrate about perception? List at least three different characteristics of perception. Why does the importance of perception extend beyond identifying objects? L01
What is bottom-up processing? How can it be described physiologically?Behaviorally? Be sure you understand the basic idea behind recognition-bycomponents theory, including the role of geons and the principle of componential recovery. L01
Describe how the following indicate that perception involves more than bottom-up processing: (1) naming objects created by geons; (2) multiple personalities of a blob; (3) physiological feedback signals. Following up on this, what is top-down processing, and how can we draw an analogy between
Describe how the following examples show that perception involves taking into account information in addition to what is on the receptors: (1) perceiving size, including the examples of the creatures on the railroad tracks, the twoquarters demonstration, and perceiving a person at two different
What is speech segmentation? How does the author’s description of his Telemundo experience illustrate how perception is infl uenced by knowledge? L01
Describe Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference. What does it say about the role of knowledge in determining perception? L01
Describe the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization. Why do we say that these laws are based on what usually occurs in the environment? What is the relation between these laws and Helmholtz’s likelihood principle? Why can the Gestalt laws be called “heuristics”? L01
What are regularities in the environment? Describe physical regularities and semantic regularities. Be sure you understand the following concepts and experiments: oblique effect; light-from-above heuristic; Hollingworth gym experiment; Palmer kitchen experiment; multiple personalities of a blob. L01
What is experience-dependent plasticity? Describe the kitten-in-the tube experiment and the Greeble experiment. What is behind the idea that neurons can refl ect knowledge about properties of the environment? L01
Describe the link between perception and action in everyday perception, by giving a specifi c example and describing the interaction between perceiving and taking action. L01
Describe the Ungerleider and Mishkin experiment. How did they use the procedure of brain ablation to demonstrate what and where streams in the cortex? L01
Describe the dissociation procedure used in neuropsychology and how it was used to determine the presence of two processing streams in patient D.F. How do the results obtained from D.F. compare to the results of the Ungerleider and Mishkin monkey experiment? L01
Describe how the perception and action pathways both play a role in an action such as walking on a crowded sidewalk. L01
What is a mirror neuron? What are some potential functions of mirror neurons? L01
Describe a situation in which you initially thought you saw or heard something, but then realized that your initial perception was in error. (Two examples: misperceiving an object under low-visibility conditions; mishearing song lyrics.) What was the role of bottom-up and top-down processing in
Look at the picture in ● Figure 3.42. Is this a huge giant’s hand getting ready to pick up a horse, a normalsize hand picking up a tiny plastic horse, or something else? Explain, based on some of the things we take into account in addition to the image that this scene creates on the retina, why
In the section on experience-dependent plasticity, it was stated that neurons can reflect knowledge about properties of the environment. Would it be valid to suggest that the response of these neurons represents top-down processing? Why or why not? L01
Try observing the world as though there were no such thing as top-down processing. For example, without the aid of top-down processing, seeing a restaurant’s restroom sign that says “Employees must wash hands” could be taken to mean that we should wait for an employee to wash our hands! If
What are some key steps involved in solving problems?
What are the differences between problems that have a clear path to a solution versus problems that do not?
What are some of the obstacles and aids to problem solving?
How does expertise affect problem solving?
What is creativity, and how can it be fostered?
Why is the process of solving problems described as a cycle?
What are the different steps of the problem-solving cycle?
What is the difference between well-structured and ill-structured problems?
When are two problems isomorphic?
What is insight?
According to Neo-Gestaltism, how can insightful problem solving and non-insightful problem solving be distinguished?
Are insights always sudden?
How can mental sets impair our problem-solving ability?
What is negative transfer?
Are analogies always useful for problem solving?
What is the role of incubation in problem solving?
How do the schemas of experts and novices differ?
Why does automatization help experts solve problems efficiently?
How does talent contribute to expertise?
What Are the Characteristics of Creative People?
DOES THE FIELD YOU’RE IN PREDICT WHEN YOU WILL DO YOUR BEST WORK?
Name some ways how one can identify a creative individual.
What makes a contribution creative?
Which brain regions contribute to creative processes?
Describe the steps of the problem-solving cycle and give an example of each step.
What are some of the key characteristics of expert problem solvers?
What are some of the insights into problem solving gained through studying computer simulations of problem solving? How might a computer-based approach limit the potential for understanding problem solving in humans?
Showing 4600 - 4700
of 5177
First
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Step by Step Answers
Get 50% OFF
Claim Now
