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Cognitive Psychology 6th Edition Robert J. Sternberg, Karin Sternberg - Solutions
What is priming, and why is it called a type of implicit memory? What precautions are taken to be sure episodic memory is not accessed in an implicit memory experiment? What is repetition priming? Conceptual priming? L01
Describe the Graf and the Warrington and Weiskrantz priming experiments.How do these experiments demonstrate that their participants are not aware of the initial priming stimuli? L01
What is the propaganda effect, and why could it be considered a form of priming? L01
What is procedural memory? Describe the mirror drawing experiment and other examples from the chapter. Why is procedural memory considered a form of implicit memory? L01
What is classical conditioning? Why is it a form of implicit memory? L01
Describe how memory loss is depicted in movies. How accurate are these depictions? L01
Long-term memory is an “archive” of information about past experiences in our lives and knowledge we have learned, but it is important to consider the dynamic qualities as well, such as how LTM coordinates with working memory to help create our ongoing experience. L01
The primacy and recency effects that occur in the serial position curve have been linked to long-term memory and short-term memory, respectively. L01
The following evidence supports the idea that STM and LTM are two separate processes: (a) differences in the primary mode of coding, with LTM more likely than STM to be coded semantically; (b) neuropsychological studies that demonstrate dissociations between STM and LTM; and (c) brain imaging
Explicit memory is our conscious recollection of events we have experienced or facts we have learned. There are two types of explicit memory: Episodic memory is memory for personal events in our lives; semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. L01
Implicit memories are memories used without awareness.Types of implicit memory are priming, procedural memory, and classical conditioning. L01
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel (self-knowing or remembering). The experience of semantic memory (knowing) does not involve mental time travel. L01
The following evidence supports the idea that episodic and semantic memory involve different mechanisms:(a) double dissociation of episodic and semantic memory in patients with brain damage; (b) brain imaging, which indicates that overlapping but different areas are activated by episodic and
Even though episodic and semantic memories are served by different mechanisms, they are connected in the following ways: (a) Episodic memories can be lost, leaving semantic memory; (b) semantic memory can be enhanced by association with episodic memory; (c) semantic memory can influence attention,
Implicit memory occurs when previous experience improves our performance on a task, even though we do not remember the experience. Tulving calls implicit memory nonknowing. L01
Priming occurs when the presentation of a stimulus affects a person’s response to the same or a related stimulus when it is presented later. There are two main types of priming: repetition priming and conceptual priming. L01
The demonstration of implicit memory depends on showing that a particular change in behavior has occurred without participants’ consulting their episodic memory(because then the memory would not be unconscious, as required if it is an implicit memory). Various techniques can be used to achieve
Implicit memory is not just a laboratory phenomenon, but also occurs in real life. The propaganda effect is one example of real-life implicit memory. L01
Procedural memory, also called skill memory, has been studied in amnesiac patients. They are able to learn new skills, although they do not remember learning them.Procedural memory is a common component of many of the skills we have learned. L01
Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response, so that the neutral stimulus than elicits the response.Classically conditioned emotions occur in everyday experience. L01
Memory loss has been depicted in movies in a number of ways, some of which bear at least a resemblance to actual cases of amnesia, and some of which are totally fictional conditions. L01
How does language affect the way we think?
How does our social context influence our use of language?
How can we find out about language by studying the human brain, and what do such studies reveal?
DO YOU SEE COLORS TO YOUR LEFT DIFFERENTLY THAN COLORS TO YOUR RIGHT?
What is linguistic relativity?
What impact can language have on the perception of color?
What is additive bilingualism?
Does age influence our ability to learn languages?
What are the single-system and dual-system hypotheses?
Name some kinds of slips of the tongue people make when they speak.
What are the key elements of metaphors?
What are the different categories of speech acts?
Name some advantages of indirect speech.
What are some maxims of successful conversations?
How does gender have an impact on language?
Why do psychologists conduct research with animals?
Do animals have the same potential for language as humans? Explain.
Which parts of the brain are involved in semantic processing?
What does “plasticity” refer to with respect to the brain?
What are some difficulties when drawing conclusions from lesion studies?
What is the difference between Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia?
Why are researchers interested in the number of color words used by different cultures?
Describe the five basic kinds of speech acts proposed by Searle.
How should cognitive psychologists interpret evidence of linguistic universals when considering the linguistic-relativity hypothesis?
Compare and contrast the kinds of understandings that can be gained by studying speech errors made by healthy people with those that can be gained by studying the language produced by people who have particular brain lesions.
Write an example of a pidgin conversation between two people and a creole conversation, focusing on the differences between pidgins and creoles.
How are representations of words and symbols organized in the mind?
How do we represent other forms of knowledge in the mind?
How does declarative knowledge interact with procedural knowledge?
What is a concept?
What is a category?
What is the difference between prototypes and examplars?
What is the theory-based view of meaning?
What are the components of a semantic network?
What is a schema?
Why do we need scripts?
What is procedural knowledge?
What are the different kinds of nondeclarative knowledge?
What are two types of priming?
What is the ACT-R model?
How is procedural knowledge represented in the ACT-R model?
What is parallel processing?
How does a connectionist network represent knowledge?
What is domain specificity?
Define declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge, and give examples of each.
What is a script that you use in your daily life?How might you make it work better for you?
Describe some of the attributes of schemas, and compare and contrast two of the schema models mentioned in this chapter.
In your opinion, why have many of the models for knowledge representation come from people with a strong interest in artificial intelligence?
What are some advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical models of knowledge representation?
How would you design an experiment to test whether a particular cognitive task was better explained in terms of modular components, or in terms of some fundamental underlying domain-general processes?
What are some practical examples of the forms of nondeclarative knowledge in Squire’s model? (For ideas on conditioning, see Chapter 1; for ideas on habituation or on priming, see Chapter 4.)
How might you use semantic priming to enhance the likelihood that a person will think of something you would like the person to think of(e.g., your birthday, a restaurant to visit, or a movie to view)?
What properties characterize language?
What are some of the processes involved in language?
How do perceptual processes interact with the cognitive processes of reading?
How does discourse help us understand individual words?
What Is Language?
What are some important properties of language?
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
What is semantics?
CAN IT REALLY BE HARD TO STOP CURSING?
What is coarticulation, and why is it important?
What does the view of speech perception as ordinary suggest?
What is categorical perception?
Describe a study that is evidence for the motor theory of speech perception.
What is syntactical priming?
What is the difference between phrase-structure grammar and transformational grammar?
Which processes can be impaired in dyslexia?
What is lexical access?
Give an example for the word-superiority effect.
What is discourse?
What technique can you apply when you come across a word you don’t know in a text?
Does readers’ point of view influence their text comprehension?
Is there a limit to the number or complexity of mental models one can have about a given text?
Describe the six key properties of language.
In your opinion, why do some view speech perception to be special, whereas others consider speech perception to be ordinary?
Compare and contrast the speech-is-ordinary and speech-is-special views, particularly in reference to categorical perception and phonemic restoration.
How do phrase-structure diagrams reveal the alternative meanings of ambiguous sentences?
Write a noun phrase and a verb phrase. How are they different?
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