Using IBM SPSS Statistics An Interactive Hands On Approach 2nd Edition James O. Aldrich, James B. Cunningham - Solutions

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How do we denote power?(a) a(b) b(c) 1 - a(d) 1 - b
A researcher has conducted a study on reaction times with 20 participants in each of two conditions.She fi nds that the variance for the fi rst condition is 2 seconds and for the second condition is 14 seconds. Which of the following statements is true?(a) She should not use parametric tests
A Type II error means:(a) We have rejected the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true(b) We have accepted the experimental hypothesis when it is false(c) We have accepted the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false(d) None of the above
Which of the following are the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests?(a) The data should be normally distributed(b) The samples being tested should have appproximately equal variances(c) You should have no extreme scores(d) All of the above
If we reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true then we have:(a) Made a Type I error(b) Made a Type II error(c) Made scientifi c progress(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If you predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That condition A will be greater than condition B(b) That condition B will be greater than condition A(c) That condition A will be related to condition B(d) That there will be no
If you obtain a p-value of 4%, what does this mean?(a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true is 4%(b) The probability that the null hypothesis is false is 4%(c) The probability of obtaining the effect you have due to sampling error if the null hypothesis were true is 4%(d) All of the
If we predict that there will be a difference between condition A and condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A null prediction(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If you obtain a two-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent one-tailed p-value would be:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
The probability that an effect has arisen due to sampling error given that the null hypothesis is true is denoted as:(a) Negligible(b) b(c) a(d) None of the above
When we predict that condition A will be greater than condition B, we have made:(a) A one-tailed prediction(b) A two-tailed prediction(c) A uni-directional prediction(d) Both (a) and (c) above
The power of an experiment is:(a) a(b) The ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false(c) The sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation(d) All of the above
If you predict that two variables A and B will be related, what is the null hypothesis?(a) That there is no relationship between A and B(b) That A will be greater than B(c) That there is no difference between A and B(d) None of the above
If you obtain a one-tailed p-value of 0.02, the equivalent two-tailed p-value is:(a) 0.01(b) 0.04(c) 0.02(d) 0.4
What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?(a) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true(b) To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is false(c) To work out the
A Type II error occurs when:(a) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should be(b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should be(c) The null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been(d) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it should not have been
If we have a negatively skewed population, what shape will the sampling distribution of the mean of samples drawn from this population be?(a) Negatively skewed(b) Positively skewed(c) Normal(d) It is not possible to tell
Which of these could you not generate confi dence intervals for?(a) A mean(b) A correlation coeffi cient(c) The mean difference between scores(d) None of the above
Given a standard error of 5.2 with a sample size of 9, what is the standard deviation?(a) 1.73(b) 15.6(c) 46.8(d) 0.556
If you draw 100 samples from a population and plot all their means as a frequency histogram, then you have a:(a) Mean distribution(b) Skewed distribution(c) Sampling distribution(d) None of the above
For a set of data we fi nd that we have a standard deviation of 42 and a sample size of 16.What is the standard error?(a) 0.339(b) 2.95(c) 21.68(d) 10.5
Which of the following gives the best estimate of the population mean?(a) Sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The standard deviation(d) The standard error
If you have a population of scores that has a fl at (i.e. not normal) distribution, the distribution of many sample means will be:(a) Flat(b) Bimodal(c) Negatively skewed(d) Normal
If you obtain a score of 13 on an anxiety questionnaire and you know that the population mean and standard deviation are 20 and 5 respectively, what is your z-score?(a) -2.33(b) -1.4(c) 1.33(d) 0
Which of the following statements are true in reference to inferential statistics?(a) They merely describe our data(b) We are able to use them to draw conclusions about populations from sample data(c) They are used simply to make psychology look scientifi c(d) We are able to use them to draw
Which career should you choose if your weightlifting and pottery scores are as follows?Weightlifting: Your score is 52 (sample mean = 55, SD = 12)Potter: Your score is 50 (sample mean = 58, SD = 32)(a) Weightlifting(b) Pottery(c) Either as you are equally good compared with the populations(d)
If an event has a probability of 95% of occurring, what does this mean?(a) The event is likely to occur 5 times out of every 100(b) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 100(c) The event is likely to occur 95 times out of every 95(d) None of the above
If you had a z-score of 2.33, this would tell you that:(a) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations above the mean(b) Your score was 2.33 standard deviations below the mean(c) There was a probability of 2.33 of obtaining a score greater than your score(d) There was a probability of 2.33 of obtaining
What would we multiply the standard error by to help us get our 95% confi dence intervals?(a) 95(b) The square root of the sample size(c) The standard deviation(d) 1.96
The standard error tells us:(a) The degree to which our sample means differ from the mean of the sample means(b) The degree to which our sample means differ from the population mean(c) The degree to which the standard deviation differs from the population mean(d) Both (a) and (b) above
If you have a probability of 33%, what is it expressed as a decimal?(a) 0.033(b) 0.33(c) 0.23(d) 0.133
The standard error is:(a) The square root of the mean(b) The square of the standard deviation(c) The standard deviation divided by the mean(d) The standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of participants in the sample
What are the scores in the standard normal distribution?(a) Extreme scores(b) z-scores(c) Standard deviation scores(d) Both (b) and (c) above
If we have a 95% confi dence interval of 3 ± 2, what does it mean?(a) The population mean is defi nitely between 1 and 5(b) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 3 and 2(c) We are 95% sure that the population mean falls between 1 and 5(d) None of the above
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
What is the probability 1 in 5 expressed as a percentage?(a) 14%(b) 25%(c) 20%(d) 32%
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
Which of the following statements are true?(a) Parameters describe samples and statistics describe populations(b) Statistics describe samples and populations(c) Parameters describe populations and statistics describe samples(d) Both (a) and (b) above
Having calculated the variance of a set of data with 12 participants to be 36, what would the standard deviation be?(a) 36(b) 1296(c) 6(d) 3
If a distribution is described as platykurtic, then it is:(a) Very peaked(b) Very flat(c) Bimodal(d) Very thin
Given the following set of data (8, 7, 9, 12, 14, 10, 14, 11, 13, 14), what are the mean, median and mode?(a) 11.2, 11.5, 14(b) 112, 12, 14(c) 10, 5, 14(d) 10, 12, 14
When you have categorical variables and are simply counting the frequency of occurrence of each category, your measure of central tendency should be:(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
A perfectly normal distribution:(a) Is bell-shaped, symmetrical and has tails that cross the x-axis at infinity(b) Is only applicable for normal people(c) Has equal mean, median and modes(d) (a) and (c) above
If you have a negatively skewed distribution then:(a) The mean, median and mode are equal(b) The right-hand tail is extended(c) The left-hand tail is extended(d) None of the above
What is the mean of the following set of scores: 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 22, 24, 25?(a) 145(b) 17.2(c) 16.7(d) 167
What sort of relationship is indicated by a scattergram where the points cluster around an imaginary line that goes from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) Bimodal(d) Flat
If you randomly select a sample of 20 pandas (sample A), then select a sample of 300 pandas(sample B) and calculate the mean weight for each sample, which is likely to give a better estimate of the population mean weight?(a) Sample A(b) Sample B(c) Both will give equally good estimates of the
A normal distribution should have which of the following properties?(a) Bell-shaped(b) Symmetrical(c) The tails of the distribution should meet the x-axis at infinity(d) All of the above
In box plots, an extreme score is defined as:(a) A score that falls beyond the inner fence(b) A score that falls between the hinges and the inner fence(c) A score that falls between the inner fence and the adjacent score(d) A score that falls between the two hinges
The mode is:(a) The frequency of the most common score divided by the total number of scores(b) The middle score after all the scores have been ranked(c) The most frequently occurring score(d) The sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores
What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?(a) The larger the sample size, the larger the sampling error(b) The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error(c) Sample size equals sampling error(d) None of the above
The standard deviation is equal to:(a) The variance(b) The square root of the variance(c) The variance squared(d) The variance divided by the number of scores
Given the following graph, how would you describe the distribution?(a) Normal (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) Bimodal
Which of the following measures of central tendency are sensitive to extreme scores?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
If you obtained a sample of data that was relatively normally distributed and had no extreme scores, which measure of central tendency would you opt for?(a) Mode(b) Median(c) Mean(d) None of the above
Which one of the following represents the best estimate of the population mean?(a) The sample mean(b) The mean of several sample means(c) The mode of several sample means(d) The median of several sample means
Which of the following are problems associated with dichotomising continuous variables?(a) Loss of experimental power(b) Spurious effects may occur(c) There is a serious loss of information(d) All of the above
In within-participant designs, order effects occur when:(a) Participants get tired in later conditions(b) Participants perform equally well in all conditions(c) Participants have trouble obtaining their drinks at the bar(d) None of the above
Which of the following might be suitable IVs in a quasi-experimental study?(a) Gender(b) Whether or not someone had Generalised Anxiety Disorder(c) Students versus non-students(d) All of the above
Suppose you wanted to conduct a study to see if depressed individuals bite their nails more than non-depressed individuals. Which of the following would be the best way to proceed?(a) Measure participants’ depression with a questionnaire and ask them to give a rating of how much they bite their
Demand effects are possible confounding variables where:(a) Participants behave in the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave(b) Participants perform poorly because they are tired or bored(c) Participants perform well because they have practised the experimental task(d) None of the
Which of the following designs is least likely to enable us to establish causal relationships between variables?(a) Experimental design(b) Quasi-experimental design(c) Correlational design(d) Within-participants design
You have conducted a study that shows that the earlier people get up, the more work they get done.Which of the following are valid conclusions?(a) There is not necessarily a causal relationship between getting up early and amount of work done(b) People who get up early have a need to get more work
In a within-participants design with two conditions, if you do not use counterbalancing of the conditions then your study is likely to suffer from:(a) Order effects(b) Effects of time of day(c) Lack of participants(d) All of the above
A researcher has just conducted a correlational study investigating the relationship between the amount of alcohol drunk by fans of the home team before a football match and the number of goals scored by the home team. They found that there was a relationship between the two variables. Which of the
According to Streiner (2002), how efficient are studies that dichotimise continuous variables when compared with studies that do not?(a) 100%(b) 95%(c) 67%(d) 50%
Which of the following are problems associated with within-participants designs?(a) There is an increased likelihood of practice or fatigue effects(b) Participants are more likely to guess the nature of the experiment(c) They cannot be used with quasi-experimental designs(d) All of the above
A continuous variable can be described as:(a) Able to take only certain discrete values within a range of scores(b) Able to take any value within a range of scores(c) Being made up of categories(d) None of the above
Quasi-experimental designs have:(a) An IV and a DV(b) Non-random allocation of participants to conditions(c) No IV or DV(d) Both (a) and (b) above
Which of the following statements are true of experiments?(a) The IV is manipulated by the experimenter(b) The DV is assumed to be dependent upon the IV(c) They are difficult to conduct(d) Both (a) and (b) above
Between-participants designs can be:(a) Either quasi-experimental or experimental(b) Only experimental(c) Only quasi-experimental(d) Only correlational
Which of the following could be considered as categorical variables?(a) Gender(b) Brand of baked beans(c) Hair colour(d) All of the above
Which of the following are true of correlational designs?(a) They have no IV or DV(b) They look at relationships between variables(c) You cannot infer causation from correlations(d) All of the above
In a study with gender as the manipulated variable, the IV is:(a) Within participants(b) Correlational(c) Between participants(d) None of the above
Experimental designs are characterised by:(a) Fewer than two conditions(b) No control condition(c) Random allocation of participants to conditions(d) None of the above
Which of the following constitute continuous variables?(a) Number of times a score of 180 is achieved in a darts match(b) Gender(c) Temperature(d) All of the above
25.3 A nutritionist was developing a healthy-eating educational program and was seeking evidence to support her belief that males and females do not consume the same amount of vegetables. She conducted a survey that categorized people by gender and whether they consumed low, medium, or high amounts
25.2 For this exercise, you will open the SPSS sample file bankloan.sav and determine if there is a relationship between gender and the size of their hometown for these 5,000 bank customers. The bank official conducting the research believes that “size of hometown” is definitely related to
25.1 A community activist believed that there was a relationship between membership in the police SWAT Team and prior military experience.He collected data from several police departments in an effort to support his belief. He found that there were 57 members of the SWAT team with prior military
24.3 A high school principal was concerned that several of her teachers were awarding “A” grades at vastly different rates—she had heard many complaints from students and parents. She compiled the data on the teachers and decided to see if there was in fact a statistically significant
24.2 For this problem, you will open the SPSS sample file telco.sav and use the first variable, named “region” (labeled Geographic indicator). The variable “region” represents five different zones in which the 1,000 cases reside. The researcher believes that the cases are not equally
24.1 A medical biologist was studying three bacteria that were known to be equally present in samples taken from the healthy human digestive system. We shall label them as A, B, and C. The transformed numbers of bacteria observed by the scientist were A = 3,256, B = 2,996, and C = 3,179. The
23.3 For this review exercise, you will use the SPSS sample file titled telco.sav. This database has 1,000 cases and 22 variables measured at the scale level. You will select the first 16 of the scale variables (up to wireten/wireless over tenure, #25) and attempt to identify any underlying
23.2 This review exercise uses the same SPSS sample file database as in the previous example (customer_dbase.sav). However, this time you will examine eight scale variables dealing with pet ownership (#29 through#36). You are to look for underlying latent variables that would permit the reduction
23.1 For this exercise, you will use the SPSS sample file called customer_ dbase.sav. This database is composed of 5,000 cases and 132 variables.You will select the first 10 scale variables and search for underlying latent variables (factors) within these variables. The idea is that you must
22.2 A social scientist wanted to develop an equation that would predict whether a male student would be successful in getting a date for the senior prom. The scientist had access to many student records and took a random sample of 40 students. She choose four characteristics that she felt would
22.1 A major in the Air Force wanted to find a way to predict whether a particular airman would be promoted to sergeant within 4 years of enlisting in the military. He had data on many characteristics of individuals prior to enlistment. He chose three variables that he thought might be useful in
21.3 As we have done in the previous two exercises, we bring forward from the previous chapter a single linear regression problem and add an additional variable. In that exercise, you had one independent variable, which was “the number of times an individual attended church during a month.” For
21.2 This problem is based on the single regression you did in the previous chapter. We just added another variable called “freedom index” to turn it into an example of multiple regression. You now have two independent variables (“constitutional law score” and “freedom index”) and one
21.1 This exercise is an extension of the senior center manager’s problem in the previous chapter (Review Exercise 20.1). You may recall that the manager developed a prediction equation that estimated the number of books checked out at the library using the “patrons’ age” as the single
20.3 A deacon at St. Joseph the Worker Church had the theory that attendance at formal church services was a good indicator of the number of hours an individual volunteered. He randomly selected 12 individual volunteers and collected the required information. The deacon wanted to measure the
20.2 An economist at a large university was studying the impact of gun crime on local economies. Part of his study sought information on the relationship between the number of gun control measures a lawyer/legislator introduced and his score awarded by the state bar on his knowledge of
20.1 Can you help the manager of a senior citizen center at the local library determine if there was any merit to her idea that the patron’s age and the number of books checked out were related? Her thought was that as an individual got older, more books would be checked out. She would like to be
19.3 Assume you own a furniture store and you decided to record a random sample of rainy days and the number of patrons on those days.Calculate the correlation coefficient, build a graph, and test the numbers for significance. The data are as follows:
19.2 Let’s say you live on a little used back road that leads to the ski slopes.Over the years, you have noticed that there seems to be a correlation between the number of inches of snowfall and traffic on your road.You collect some data and now wish to analyze them using correlation and a test
19.1 Assume you have collected a random sample of first-year students at a local community college and given them a general survey that included a number of items. A series of questions results in self-esteem ratings, and part of their official record includes their IQ. You want to calculate a
18.3 An epidemiologist/psychologist was interested in studying the effects of early-childhood vaccinations and cognitive ability. He obtained records on randomly selected children who had received three levels of vaccinations during their first year of life. He randomly placed them in three groups
18.2 A botanist measured the 3-day growth, in inches, of his marijuana plants at two different times (variables: “pregrowth” and “postgrowth”)under four different growing conditions (variable: “peatsoil”). He felt that the initial growth rate influenced the second rate of growth. The
18.1 A metallurgist has designed a way of increasing the strength of steel.She has discovered a chemical that is added to samples of molten metal during the manufacturing process that have already been measured for strength. These pre-additive values are recorded as the variable called “preadd”
17.3 For this exercise, you must open the SPSS sample file called bankloan.sav. A bank president is interested in comparing the last three variables: “preddef1,” “ preddef2,” and “preddef3.” These three variables were three different models created to predict whether a bank customer

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Using IBM SPSS Statistics An Interactive Hands On Approach 2nd Edition James O. Aldrich, James B. Cunningham - Solutions

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