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engineering
chemical engineering design
Chemical Engineering Design 3rd Edition Gavin Towler, Ray Sinnott - Solutions
Coal gasification is carried out at 850°C and 40 atmospheres pressure, by reaction of coal with steam and oxygen. The empirical formula of the coal is roughly CH0.8S0.013. What materials of construction would you recommend for 1. The coal addition system; 2. The oxygen injection system; 3. The
Estimate the liquid density at their boiling points for the following: 1. 2-butanol; 2. Methyl chloride; 3. Methyl ethyl ketone; 4. Aniline; 5. Nitrobenzene.
Estimate the density of the following gases at the conditions given: 1. Hydrogen at 20 bara and 230°C; 2. Ammonia at 1 bara and 50°C and at 100 bara and 300°C; 3. Nitrobenzene at 20 bara and 230°C; 4. Water at 100 bara and 500°C. Check your answer using steam tables; 5. Benzene at 2
Make a rough estimate of the thermal conductivity of n-butane both as a liquid at 20°C and as a gas at 5 bara and 200°C. Take the viscosity of the gaseous n-butane as 0.012 mN m-2 s.
Estimate the specific heat capacity of liquid 1,4 pentadiene and aniline at 20°C.
Estimate the heat of vaporization of methyl-t-butyl ether, at 100°C.
The composition of the feed to a debutanizer is as follows. The column will operate at 14 bar and below 750 K. The process is to be modeled using a commercial simulation program. Suggest a suitable phase equilibrium method to use in the simulation. Feed composition:
Estimate the gaseous phase diffusion coefficient for the following systems, at 1 atmosphere and the temperatures given:1. Carbon dioxide in air at 20°C; 2. Ethane in hydrogen at 0°C; 3. Oxygen in hydrogen at 0°C; 4. Water vapor in air at 450°C; 5. Phosgene in air at 0°C.
Estimate the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient for the following systems at 25°C:1. Toluene in n-heptane; 2. Nitrobenzene in carbon tetrachloride; 3. Chloroform in benzene; 4. Hydrogen chloride in water; 5. Sulfur dioxide in water.
Estimate the surface tension of pure acetone and ethanol at 20°C, and benzene at 16°C, all at 1 atmosphere pressure.
In the manufacture of methyl ethyl ketone from butanol, the product is separated from unreacted butanol by distillation. The feed to the column consists of a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone, 2-butanol, and trichloroethane. What would be a suitable phase equilibrium correlation to use in modeling
In the storage of flammable liquids, if the composition of the vapor-air mixture above the liquid surface falls within the flammability limits, a floating-roof tank would be used or the tank blanketed with inert gas. Check if the vapor composition for the following liquids will fall within their
List the materials’ incompatibility problems you should be aware of in plants that handle. 1. Hydrogen peroxide; 2. Ethylene oxide; 3. Chlorine; 4. Ammonium nitrate; 5. Styrene.
A fluidized bed is used in the production of aniline by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. Single-stage cyclones, followed by candle filters, are used to remove fines from the gases leaving the fluidized bed. The reactor operates at a temperature 270°C and a pressure of 2.5 bara. The reactor
Dissolved solids in the tar from the bottom of a distillation column are precipitated by quenching the hot tar in oil. The solids are then separated from the oil and burned. The density of the solids is 1100 kg/m3. The density of the liquid phase after addition of the tar is 860 kg/m3 ; and its
The solids from a dilute slurry are to be separated using hydro cyclones. The density of the solids is 2900 kg/m3 , and liquid is water. A recovery of 95% of particles greater than 100 mm is required. The minimum operating temperature will be 10°C; and the maximum, 30°C. Design a hydro cyclone
In a process for the production of acrylic fibers by the emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile, the unreacted monomer is recovered from water by distillation. Acrylonitrile forms an azeotrope with water, and the overhead product from the column contains around 5 mol percent water. The overheads
Water droplets are to be separated from air in a simple separation drum. The flow rate of the air is 1000 m3/h, at stp, and it contains 75 kg of water. The drum will operate at 1.1 bara pressure and 20°C.Size a suitable liquid-vapor separator.
In a process for the manufacture of acetone, acetone is separated from acetic acid by distillation. The feed to the column is 60 mol percent acetone, the balance acetic acid.The column is to recover 95% of the acetone in the feed with a purity of 99.5 mol percent acetone. The column will operate at
The vapors from a chlorine vaporizer will contain some liquid droplets. The vaporizer consists of a vertical, cylindrical vessel with a submerged bundle for heating. A vapor rate of 2500 kg/h is required, and the vaporizer will operate at 6 bara. Size the vessel to restrict the carryover of liquid
Propaneis separated from propylene by distillation. The compounds have close boiling points, and the relative volatility will be low. For a feed composition of 10% w/w propane, 90% w/w propylene, estimate the number of theoretical plates needed to produce propylene overhead with a minimum purity of
In the manufacture of absolute alcohol by fermentation, the product is separated and purified using several stages of distillation. In the first stage, a mixture of 5 mol percent ethanol in water, with traces of acetaldehyde and fusel oil, is concentrated to 50 mol percent. The concentration of
In the manufacture of methyl ethyl ketone from butanol, the product is separated from unreacted butanol by distillation. The feed to the column consists of a mixture of 0.90 mol fraction MEK, 0.10 mol fraction 2-butanol, with a trace of trichloroethane. The feed rate to the column is 20 kmol/h and
A double-pipe heat exchanger is to be used to heat 6000 kg/h of 22 mol percent hydrochloric acid. The exchanger will be constructed from karbate (impervious carbon) and steel tubing. The acid will flow through the inner karbate tube, and saturated steam at 100°C will be used for heating. The tube
A solution of sodium hydroxide leaves a dissolver at 80°C and is to be cooled to 40°C, using cooling water. The maximum flow rate of the solution will be 8000 kg/h. The maximum inlet temperature of the cooling water will be 20°C, and the temperature rise is limited to 20°C.Design a double-pipe
Chlorine is to be removed from a vent stream by scrubbing with a 5% w/w aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The vent stream is essentially nitrogen, with a maximum concentration of 5.5% w/w chlorine. The concentration of chlorine leaving the scrubber must be less than 50 ppm by weight. The
For this proposed design, 4500 kg/h of ammonia vapor at 6.7 bara pressure is to be cooled from 120°C to 40°C, using cooling water. The maximum supply temperature of the cooling water available is 30°C, and the outlet temperature is to be restricted to 40°C. The pressure drops over the exchanger
In a food processing plant there is a requirement to heat 50,000 kg/h of town water from 10 to 70°C. Steam at 2.7 bar is available for heating the water. An existing heat exchanger is available, with the following specification: Shell inside diameter 337 mm, E type. Baffles 25% cut, set at a
Design a shell and tube exchanger to heat 50,000 kg/h of liquid ethanol from 20°C to 80°C. Steam at 1.5 bar is available for heating. Assign the ethanol to the tube side. The total pressure drop must not exceed 0.7 bar for the alcohol stream. Plant practice requires the use of carbon steel tubes,
An immersed bundle vaporizer is to be used to supply chlorine vapor to a chlorination reactor, at a rate of 10,000 kg/h. The chlorine vapor is required at 5 bar pressure. The minimum temperature of the chlorine feed will be 10°C. Hot water at 50°C is available for heating. The pressure drop on
A condenser is required to condense n-propanol vapor leaving the top of a distillation column. The n-propanol is essentially pure and is a saturated vapor at a pressure of 2.1 bara. The condensate needs to be subcooled to 45°C.Design a horizontal shell and tube condenser capable of handling a
A vertical thermosiphon reboiler is required for a column. The liquid at the base of the column is essentially pure n-butane. A vapor rate of 5 kg/s is required. The pressure at the base of the column is 20.9 bar. Saturated steam at 5 bar will be used for heating.Estimate the number of 25 mm
There is a requirement to cool 200,000 kg/h of a dilute solution of potassium carbonate from 70 to 30°C. Cooling water will be used for cooling, with inlet and outlet temperatures of 20 and 60°C. A gasketed-plate heat exchanger is available with the following specifications: Number of plates
Calculate the maximum membrane stress in the wall of shells having the following shapes. The vessel walls are 2 mm thick and subject to an internal pressure of 5 bar.1. An infinitely long cylinder, inside diameter 2 m; 2. A sphere, inside diameter 2 m; 3. An ellipsoid, major axis 2 m, minor axis
Compare the thickness required for a 2 m diameter flat plate, designed to resist a uniform distributed load of 10 kN/m2, if the plate edge isa. Completely rigid; b. Free to rotate. Take the maximum allowable stress for the material as 100 MN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio for the material as 0.3.
2000 kg of a 5% slurry of calcium hydroxide in water is to be prepared by diluting a 20% slurry. Calculate the quantities required. The percentages are by weight.
Guaifenesin (Guaiacol glyceryl ether, 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol, C10H14O4) is an expectorant that is found in cough medicines such as ActifedTM and RobitussinTM. U.S. 4,390,732 (to Degussa) describes a preparation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from guaiacol
Develop project plans for the design and construction of the following processes. Use Figure 1.2 as a guide to the activities that must occur. Estimate the overall time required from launching the project to the start of operation.Data in Figure 1.2 i. A petrochemical process using established
To produce a high purity product, two distillation columns are operated in series. The overhead stream from the first column is the feed to the second column. The overhead from the second column is the purified product. Both columns are conventional distillation columns fitted with reboilers and
A liquid stream leaves a reactor at a pressure of 100 bar. If the pressure is reduced to 3 bar in a turbine, estimate the maximum theoretical power that could be obtained from a flow rate of 1000 kg/h. The density of the liquid is 850 kg/m3 .
The gas leaving a combustion chamber has the following composition: CO2 7:8, CO 0:6, O2 3:4, H2O 15:6, N2 72:6, all volume percentage. Calculate the heat removed if the gas is cooled from 8008C to 200°C.
A catalytic process was designed to make 150 metric tons per year of product with a net profit of $0.25/lb of product. The catalyst for the process costs $10/lb and it takes 2 months to shut down the process, empty the old catalyst, reload fresh catalyst, and restart the process. The feed and
In the manufacture of aniline, liquid nitrobenzene at 20°C is fed to a vaporizer where it is vaporized in a stream of hydrogen. The hydrogen stream is at 30°C, and the vaporizer operates at 20 bar. For feed rates of 2500 kg/h nitrobenzene and 366 kg/h hydrogen, estimate the heat input required.
A supply of nitrogen is required as an inert gas for blanketing and purging vessels. After generation, the nitrogen is compressed and stored in a bank of cylinders, at a pressure of 5 barg. The inlet pressure to the compressor is 0.5 barg, and the temperature is 20°C. Calculate the maximum power
The following portfolio of investment projects has been proposed for a company for next year:i. Develop a spreadsheet optimization program to select the optimal portfolio of projects to maximize total portfolio net present value (NPV), given a total budget of $100 million. (This is a simple
You are the project manager of a team that has been asked to complete the design of a chemical plant up to the stage of design selection. You have three engineers available (plus yourself), and the work must be completed in 10 weeks. Develop a project plan and schedule of tasks for each engineer.
A separator divides a process stream into three phases: a liquid organic stream, a liquid aqueous stream, and a gas stream. The feed stream contains three components, all of which are present to some extent in the separated steams. The composition and flow rate of the feed stream are known. All the
A rectangular tank with a square base is constructed from 5 mm steel plates. If the capacity required is 8 cubic meters, determine the optimum dimensions if the tank has.i. A closed top. ii. An open top.
What is the optimum practical shape for an above-ground dwelling, to minimize the heat losses through the building fabric? When is (or was) this optimum shape used? Why is this optimum shape seldom used in richer societies?
Hydrogen is manufactured from methane by either steam reforming (reaction with steam) or partial oxidation (reaction with oxygen). Both processes are endothermic. What reactor temperature and pressure would you expect to be optimal for these processes? What constraints might apply?
Ethylene and propylene are valuable monomers. A key step in the recovery of these materials is fractionation of the olefin from the corresponding paraffin (ethane or propane). These fractionation steps require refrigeration of the overhead condenser and very large distillation columns with many
The off gases from a gasoline stabilizer are fed to a steam reforming plant to produce hydrogen. The composition of the off gas, molar%, is CH4 77:5, C2H6 9:5, C3H8 8:5, C4H10 4:5.The gases entering the reformer are at a pressure of 2 bara and 35 8C and the feed rate is 2000 m3/h. The reactions
If you had to design a plant for pasteurizing milk, what constraints would you place on the design?
Aniline is produced by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. A small amount of cyclo-hexylamine is produced as a byproduct. The reactions areNitrobenzene is fed to the reactor as a vapor, with three times the stoichiometric quantity of hydrogen. The conversion of the nitrobenzene, to all products, is
The composition of a gas derived by the gasification of coal is by volume percentage: carbon dioxide 4, carbon monoxide 16, hydrogen 50, methane 15, ethane 3, benzene 2, balance nitrogen. If the gas is burned in a furnace with 20% excess air, calculate.i. The amount of air required per 100 kmol of
Ammonia is removed from a stream of air by absorption in water in a packed column. The air entering the column is at 760 mmHg pressure and 20°C. The air contains 5.0% v/v ammonia. Only ammonia is absorbed in the column. If the flow rate of the ammonia-air mixture to the column is 200 m3/s and the
Technical grade hydrochloric acid has a strength of 28% w/w. Express this as a mole fraction.
Write out and balance the overall equation for the manufacture of vinyl chloride from ethylene, chlorine, and oxygen.
Allyl alcohol can be produced by the hydrolysis of allyl chloride. Together with the main product, allyl alcohol, diallyl ether is produced as a byproduct. The conversion of allyl chloride is typically 97% and the selectivity to alcohol is 90%, both on a molar basis. Assuming that there are no
If nitration acid is made up using oleum in place of the 98% sulfuric acid, there will be four distinct chemical species: sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, nitric acid, water. The sulfur trioxide will react with the water producing sulfuric acid, so there are only three independent components.
In the manufacture of aniline, the condensed reactor products are separated in a decanter. The decanter separates the feed into an organic phase and an aqueous phase. Most of the aniline in the feed is contained in the organic phase and most of the water in the aqueous phase. Using the data given
In the manufacture of aniline by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, the off gases from the reactor are cooled and the products and unreacted nitrobenzene condensed. The hydrogen and inerts, containing only traces of the condensed materials, are recycled. Using the typical composition of the reactor
The feed stream to a reactor contains ethylene 16%, oxygen 9%, nitrogen 31%, and hydrogen chloride. If the ethylene flow is 5000 kg/h, calculate the individual component flows and the total stream flow. All percentages are by weight.
Carbon dioxide is added at a rate of 10 kg/h to an air stream and the air is sampled at a sufficient distance downstream to ensure complete mixing. If the analysis shows 0.45% v/v CO2, calculate the air-flow rate.
In the manufacture of aniline from nitrobenzene, the reactor products are condensed and separated into aqueous and organic phases in a decanter. The organic phase is fed to a striping column to recover the aniline. Aniline and water form an azeotrope, composition 0.96 mole fraction aniline. For the
To ensure complete combustion, 20% excess air is supplied to a furnace burning natural gas. The gas composition (by volume) is methane 95%, ethane 5%. Calculate the moles of air required per mole of fuel.
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