Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

This problem expands upon Example 15-4. A reaction vessel is rigid and has a volume of 500 L and initially contains 10 moles of o-xylene. The liquid phase is exposed to catalyst that facilitates
For an ethylene glycol n-butyl ether (1) + water (2) system at 340 K with 80% by mass water, determine if the system is one stable liquid phase or two stable liquid phases at equilibrium. If the
Consider the R-245fa (1) + n-pentane (2) system in Figure 13-13. At the different state points (black dots) provided on Figure 13-13, name the equilibrium phases and the compositions of those
For a propylene glycol n-propyl ether (1) + water (2) system at 335 K with 80% by mole water, deter mine if the system is one stable liquid phase or two stable liquid phases at equilibrium. If the
For a propylene glycol n-propyl ether (1) + water (2) system at 315 K with 20% by mole water, deter mine if the system is one stable liquid phase or two stable liquid phases at equilibrium. If the
Will the 2-parameter Margules equation show a miscibility gap for a system described by the following parameters: (A12 = 2.1 and A21 = 3.2)?
Using the 1-parameter Margules equation, estimate the pressure and composition for VLLE at 308 K for the methanol (1) + cyclohexane (2) system.
Model the SLE phase behavior for the copper (1) + nickel (2) system by assuming an ideal solution for both the liquid and solid phases.
In an interstitial alloy, one of the components in the solid mixture does not occupy lattice sites, but is small enough to fit within the spaces (or interstitials) between the lattice sites of the
Prove that stability criterion given in Equation 13.16, (@(In(y,;)]) > - (²) ist ax, 1 T.P is true.
You are interested in modeling the SLE phase behavior for the hexane-1, 6 diamine (1) + naphthalene system by assuming an ideal solution for the liquid phase, but treating the solid phases as
Additional stability criteria exist for liquid-liquid equilibrium. Thus, using other stability criteria presented in the text, prove the stability criterionFigure 13-15. af 1/T.P > 0 is true.
Calculate the psi (c) value of each component in the methanol (1) + cyclohexane (2) system at 170 K.
For the copper (1) + silver (2) system, identify the type and number of stable phases at equilibrium and their composition. a. 30 wt% copper and 1000°C b. 70 wt% copper and 600°C c. 70 wt%
Liquid–liquid equilibrium is realized for the system carbon tetrachloride and water at 25°C. The aqueous-rich phase contains 0.083 wt% organic and the organic-rich phase contains 0.011 wt% water.
For the copper (1) + silver (2) system, identify the number of stable phases and their composition at the eutectic.
You have liquid–liquid equilibrium data for several normal alkanes in water at 25°C, provided in Table P13-17. Based on this data, what would be a reasonable prediction for the amount of n-decane
In Figure 13-6 it was shown that the double tangency occurred at x1 = 0.072 and x1 = 0.792, while the local minima in Figure 13-6 was at x1 = 0.092 and x1 = 0.827. Since the double tangency and not
Given the 1-parameter Margules equation, plot the molar Gibbs free energy of mixing as a function of x1 for three temperatures: 325 K, 300.7 K, and 250 K on the same plot. Determine if there is a
Does a mixture of water (1) and 1-butanol (2) form a miscibility gap at 92°C? If it does, what is the range of compositions over which this miscibility gap exists? Note: You know that the van Laar
Using the double-tangency method, determine if the following systems (defined by their Margules equation parameter values) exhibit a miscibility gap. If so, identify the composition of the coexisting
The infinite-dilution activity coefficients for the 1-butanol (1) + p-xylene (2) mixture at 333.15 K are Ý1 = 7.2360 and Ý2 = 4.9720 (Prasad, 1998). Will the 2-parameter Mar gules equation predict
For each of the three reactions listed in Exercise 14-1, use the shortcut van ’t Hoff equation to compute the equilibrium constant at T = 500 K.Exercise 14-1.Determine the equilibrium constant at T
Determine the equilibrium constant at T = 298.15 K for each of the following reactions.A. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) ↔ N2 O4 (g) B. 3O2 (g) ↔ 2O3 (g) C. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ↔ 2SO3 (g)
A covered pot of water is placed on a stove and the heat is turned on. The temperature is monitored using thermocouples placed as shown in Figure 1-18. Predict what the temperature data will look
Several systems and processes are described below. For each of them, determine whether the system is at steady state, at equilibrium, or neither. Determine also whether any of these adjectives are
A gas is confined in a cylinder that is 5 cm in diameter with a movable piston at the top, as in Figure 1-20. The piston itself weighs 0.1 kilograms. If the gas is heated and expands, what is the
Suppose a car, and everything inside it, is defined as the system. A car is not necessarily an open or closed system; it could be either, depending upon the specific process and circumstances under
A mover lifts a 50 lbm box off the ground and places it on a truck (Figure 1-21). If the floor of the truck is 4 feet off the ground, how much work was required to lift the box? ↑ 4 ft 50
Ray Bradbury’s novel title Fahrenheit 451 is based upon the temperature at which paper, or more specifically books, burn. Express 451.0°F in Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine.
Thermal decomposition of n-butane can progress by three different gas-phase reaction pathways, forming ethylene, propylene, or 1-butene: (R1): C4 H10 ↔ C2 H4 + C2 H6 (R2): C4 H10 ↔ C3 H6 +
Thermal decomposition of propane can progress by two different gas phase reaction pathways: (R1): C3 H8 ↔ C2 H4 + CH4 (R2): C3 H8 ↔ C3 H6 + H2 10 mol/s of propane enter a reactor in which R1
Reactants A and B combine to form product P in the liquid phase reaction: A1 B ↔ P But P reacts further to form an undesired by-product U: 2P ↔ U The Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of each com
Reactants A and B combine to form product P in the vapor phase reaction: A + B ↔ P But a side reaction also occurs, forming by-product U: 2A ↔ UThe Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of each
Assuming ambient air contains oxygen at a mole fraction of x = 0.21 and has P = 1 bar, plot the equilibrium mole fraction of ozone in the air as a function of temperature from T = 0°F to T =
A closed system reactor initially contains two moles of SO2 and two moles of O2 , and the following reaction is carried out until it reaches equilibrium:2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ↔ 2SO3 (g) A. For a
Ethanol can be converted into either ethylene or acetaldehyde, by the following pair of reactions: C2 H5 OH ↔ C2 H4 + H2 O C2 H5 OH ↔ CH3 CHO + H2 But ethylene and acetaldehyde can also be con
Acetone can be converted into ketene and methane by a vapor-phase reaction:CH3 COCH3 ↔ CH2 CO + CH4 Assume ΔCP = 0 for this process.A. Since Appendix C contains no data for ketene, use the
A vessel contains two compartments separated by a partition. One compartment contains 1 kg of pure liquid water at T = 50°C and P = 1 bar. The other compartment contains 100 g of pure carbon dioxide
Ammonia is synthesized in Figure 15-6 by the gas phase chemical reaction: N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 The steady-state process is to be designed as follows.∎ 30 mol/s of hydrogen gas and 15 mol/s of air,
This example revisits the pair of reactions in Example 14-2.4NH3 + 5O2 ↔ 4NO + 6H2 O 2NO + O2 ↔ 2NO2 100 mol/min of ammonia and 150 mol/min of oxygen enter an isobaric steady state reactor at
You have 1.5 moles of pure water and 1 mole of CO, both at 25°C and 1 bar. You want to mix them together to make carbon dioxide by the following gas phase reaction at 500 K: CO + H2 O → CO2 +
An equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and water vapor enters a steady state gas phase reactor at T = 500 K and P = 1 bar, where it undergoes the same reaction examined in the previous problem. The
The Diels-Alder reaction is a reaction mechanism in which a diene (a compound with two double bonds) and an alkene (a compound with a double bond) combine to form a ring. Perhaps the simplest example
A 0.5 m3 container holds ideal gas, initially at T 5 50 °C and P 5 1 bar. The ideal gas has CV* = 2.5R.A. How many moles of ideal gas are in the container? B. What is the change in internal energy
If the heat capacity of an ideal gas is C*P + 30 1 0.05T, with C*P in J/mol · K and T representing the temperature in K, what is the change in internal energy and the change in enthalpy for five
The boiler is an important unit operation in the Rankine cycle. This problem further explores the phenomenon of “boiling.”A. When you are heating water on your stove, before the water reaches
A quantity of carbon dioxide is confined in a sealed container. For each of the following cases, estimate the pressure of the carbon dioxide, using both the ideal gas law and the van der Waals
The furlong is a unit of length, equal to one-eighth of a mile, which today is most commonly associated with horse racing. The fathom is a unit of length, equal to six feet, which is most commonly
Calorie (energy) and horsepower (power) are two non-SI units that you might see on occasion.A. Death Valley National Park contains a region that is rich in borax. In the 19th century, borax was
A balloon is inflated from a negligible initial volume to a final volume of 200 cm3. How much work is done by the balloon on the surroundings if the pres-sure opposing the expansion isA. P = 1 barB.
“The system” is a large ship and everything inside it. The ship turns off its engines, and is floating in the ocean. No material enters or leaves the ship during the process. Some descriptions of
“The system” is a large ship and its contents. The inside of the ship and the air outside the ship are at the same temperature. The ship is sailing north at a constant speed of 20 knots. The
You are collecting data from the literature on a compound, for which you need to know the specific internal energy at a number of different states. You’ve found some data from three different
Consider the P-T diagram in Figure 2-15 for a pure substance:A. What phase is represented by point A? According to the Gibbs phase rule, how many degrees of freedom exist at this point?B. What phase
A pure compound is initially in the vapor phase, at its vapor pressure. The pressure is increased isothermally. Which phase will exist at the end of the process? For each of the options listed below,
A pure compound is initially in the liquid phase. Each of the following processes ends with the compound in a single, pure phase that is not liquid. Identify the phase that will exist at the end of
The balloon portion of a dirigible is filled with 5000 moles of helium (Figure 2-13). Initially, the helium is at P = 1 atm and T = 25°C. As the dirigible gains altitude, the pressure drops to P =
Read the following paragraph. A room has a volume of 1200 ft3. The initial temperature was 67°F. The room contained 40 kilograms of air, and 20.9 mol% of it oxygen. A space heater was accidentally
The equation below gives the boiling temperature of isopropanol as a function of pressure: T = B A - log10 P - C, where T' is in kelvin, P is in bar, and the parameters A, B, and Care A = 4.57795, B
A flow process produces work using water as the working medium. The process is as follows: steam of quality 50% at 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 20 bar; is heated isothermally by absorbing
Methane passes through a compressor and is subsequently cooled in a heat exchanger. Methane enters the compressor at 1 bar, 20 °C with volumetric flow rate 30 ft3/min; it exits the heat exchanger at
Steam flows in a long, noninsulated pipe under a constant pressure of 2 bar. At the inlet of the pipe the temperature is 300 °C. Due to losses to the surroundings, the temperature at the exit of the
Steam at 5 bar, 300 °C is condensed to saturated liquid in at 5 bar in a heat exchanger at a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. Cooling is provided by water, which enters the heat exchanger at 20 °C 1 bar
Stream 1 enters a tank carrying steam at 5 bar, 300 °C at the rate of 1 kg/s. The stream is cooled by adiabatic mixing with water at 5 bar, 40 °C (stream 2). If the resulting stream is a
A steam turbine generates power by expanding steam from 30 bar, 450 °C to 8 bar.a) Determine the amount of work and the exit temperature if operation is reversible. b) Repeat the calculation
A thermally insulated turbine generates 750 kW of power by expanding steam from 500 C and 3.5 MPa to 200 C and 0.3 MPa.a) What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine? b) Because of
Steam at 500 C and 40 bar passes through two turbines arranged in parallel, and their exit streams are combined into one stream. Turbine 1 has 100% efficiency, while the efficiency of turbine 2 is
A steam turbine generates 800 kW of work by expanding steam from 50 bar, 400 °C to 1 bar. At the exit of the turbine the steam contains 2% moisture.a) Determine the flow rate of steam through the
Air is compressed in a steady-state, insulated flow device. The air enters at 1 bar, 25 °C and exits at 5 bar, 200 °C. a) Determine the amount of work needed for this compression. b) Calculate
A new compressor has just been delivered to your plant. In order to check its performance you order your staff to make a test run using air. Your staff reports to you the following results: air at a
During a test of an air compressor, the following data were recorded: air at a flow rate of 50 mol/min was compressed from 1 bar and 25 °C to 10 bar. The temperature at the exit of the compressor
Steam is compressed from 1 bar, 200 °C to 12 bar in a compressor operating at steady state.a) Calculate the amount of work and the final temperature if compression is reversible. b) Repeat the
a) Water is throttled from 20 bar, 20 °C to 1 bar. What is the final temperature? b) Repeat if the final pressure is 0.00706 bar.
A 10 kW pump is used to pump liquid ammonia from 5 bar and 0 °C to 25 bar. The efficiency of the pump is 62%. a) What is the mass flow rate (kg/s) delivered by the pump? b) What is the temperature
Water at 15 bar is throttled to final pressure such that the temperature is 5 °C. Determine the pressure and the entropy generation. How much work could be produced if instead of throttling the
a) An ideal gas (CP = 30 J/mole) is throttled from 20 bar, 25 °C to 1 bar. What is the temperature at the exit? b) Water is throttled from 20 bar, 25 °C to 1 bar. What is the temperature at the
Water is pumped at a flow rate of 2.25 kg/min from 1 bar 20 °C to 15 bar. Determine the amount of work and the temperature of water at the exit if the efficiency of the pump is 78%.
A flow process utilizes steam as the working fluid. The steam, initially at 30 bar and 700 °C (state A), is cooled under constant pressure to a temperature of 380 °C (state B) and it subsequently
A flow process that operates with steam has one inlet stream (A) and two outlet streams (B and C). Stream A is at 20 bar, 25 °C, and has a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s; stream B is saturated liquid at
A Rankine steam power plant produces 0.5 MW of mechanical power by expanding steam from 60 bar, 700 °C, to 3 bar. The efficiency of the turbine and of the pump is 80%. Calculate the energy balances,
The boiler of a Rankine power cycle absorbs 1000 kW of heat from a furnace at 700 °C. The power plant rejects 850 kW of heat in a river at 25 °C.a) What is the efficiency of the cycle? b) What is
Methyl chloride at 2 bar and 65 °C is to be liquefied under constant pressure to produce saturated liquid.a) Calculate the ideal work for this process assuming the surroundings to be at 25 °C. b)
You are designing a refrigeration cycle that will absorb 100 W of heat at − 10 °F. The cycle will use ammonia as the refrigerant in a standard vapor compression cycle. Its condenser will be cooled
An air-conditioning system, powered by solar energy, is being designed to maintain the temperature inside a house at 20 °C against a temperature of 30 °C of the surroundings. Solar panels will be
Ammonia is liquefied in a steady-state process by first compressing the gas and then cooling until all the ammonia condenses. The cooling takes place in a heat exchanger using water at 90 °F. The
Design a Linde process to liquefy oxygen. Pure oxygen is supplied at 1 bar, 25 °C and liquid oxygen is received at 1 bar. The fluid is compressed to 150 bar in a series of compressors whose
Oxygen is compressed from 1 bar, 25 °C, to 150 bar. To avoid overheating, compression is done in stages followed by intercooling with water at 30 °C so that the temperature exiting each stage of
A pure fluid is described by the Antoine equationWith P in bar and T in kelvin. The density of the liquid at room temperature is 0.656 g/cm3. How much heat is required to evaporate 1 kg of that
A 3 m3 insulated tank contains steam at 1 bar, 150 °C. The tank is connected to a steam line that is maintained at 10 bar, 300 °C until the pressure in the tank is 5 bar. How much steam (kg) was
A 5 m3 insulated tank contains steam at 10 bar, 200 °C. Three kilograms of steam is removed by venting to the atmosphere (1 bar, 20 °C). What is the pressure and temperature in the tank after
Use the steam tables to obtain the fugacity coefficient and ideal Gibbs free energy of steam at 200 bar, 500 °C.
a) Calculate the chemical potential of solid acetylene at its triple point. The reference state is the saturated liquid at the triple point. b) Calculate the change in the chemical potential of the
Use the Pitzer equation and ϕ charts or tables to do the following:a) Estimate the fugacity of CO2 ice (dry ice) at its triple point (216.55 K, 5.17 bar). b) Calculate the fugacity of CO2 ice at
Use the Lee-Kesler tables to calculate the chemical potential of benzene at the following states:a) Critical point. b) Saturated liquid at 200°C. c) 200°C, 45 bar. Additional data: The reference
Over a limited range of pressures, an unspecified gas obeys this equation of state,Where a is constant. a) Derive an expression for the fugacity coefficient. b) At 30 °C, 1 bar, the
The table below gives the compressibility factor of ethane at 500 K. Use this information to obtain the fugacity of ethane at 100 bar, 500 K. P
Calculate the chemical potential of benzene at the following states: a) Critical point. b) Saturated liquid benzene at 200 °C. c) Benzene at 200 °C, 45 bar. Additional data: The reference state
Use the Pitzer correlation and the Lee-Weser ϕ tables to calculate the fugacity of ethane at the following states: a) 1 bar, 40 °C. b) 50 bar, −70 °C.
A fluid that is gas under ambient conditions is stored in a 2 m3 tank. The amount of the gas in the tank is 150 mol. Estimate the fugacity of the gas. State your assumptions clearly.

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