Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Often, we have a multi-component mixture of gases and do not want to deal with the diffusion coefficients for every pair of gases. We would like to define a pseudo-binary diffusion coefficient for
A mixture of gases, $a$ in $b$, is to be separated from one another by thermal diffusion. A set of experiments is conducted at various temperatures to measure the thermal diffusion coefficients.
In sintering of materials, we can have mass flow in the absence of a concentration gradient via surface diffusion. In this process, surface molecules redistribute themselves driven by a gradient in
Let's put some numbers to our well example from the text. Fracking for natural gas promises to be a clean technology because we are probing so deeply for the gas. Such deep wells mean there might be
Our electrophoresis sample needs some numbers to make sense of the concentration that can be achieved. Let's assume that we are operating at room temperature, $298 \mathrm{~K}$. We have adjusted the
A container of an organic liquid a $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ has a mass of $1100 \mathrm{~kg}$ and a volume of $0.94 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$. Find the liquid's weight, its density, and its specific gravity.
A vertical, cylindrical tank with a diameter of $10 \mathrm{~m}$ and a depth of $4 \mathrm{~m}$ is filled to the top with water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the water is heated to $60^{\circ}
At what pressure will water boil at $65^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? The vapor pressure of water can be determined from the Antoine equation:\[\frac{P(P a)}{1 \times
What is the pressure one mile $(1.6 \mathrm{~km})$ beneath the ocean's surface?
An adult, male giraffe has a blood pressure on the order of $37 \mathrm{kPa}$ above atmospheric pressure. How high can the giraffe heart pump a column of blood with specific gravity of 1.06 ?
The system in Figure P1.6 is at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If atmospheric pressure is $101.3 \mathrm{kPa}$ and the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is $264.1 \mathrm{kPa}$, what is the
For the tank containing water under pressure shown in Figure P1.7, what is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank? FIGURE P1.7 P = 75 kPa Water 2.1 m T = 20 C
In Figure P1.8, atmospheric pressure is $101.3 \mathrm{kPa}$, the pressure gauge atop the tank reads $42 \mathrm{kPa}$ above atmospheric, and the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the
In Figure P1.9, what is the force working to lift the black plate on the right-hand side of the Figure? FIGURE P1.9 1 m 0.75 m 0.3 m 1.25 m 5 cm diam Hydraulic Oil s.g. = 0.75
Determine the pressure difference between water in the left-hand bulb and the oil in the right-hand bulb. The system is shown in Figure P1.10. FIGURE P1.10 Water 1 m 0.2 m Oil 0.3 m -Mercury
Determine the pressure difference between the two fluids in bulbs $a$ and $b$. The system is shown in Figure P1.11. FIGURE P1.11 Pa h Water 2 m 1 m Ph Mercury
A piston of area $0.1 \mathrm{~m}^{2}$ sits atop a container filled with water as shown in Figure P1.12. A U-tube manometer is connected to the container at one end. The other end is open to the
A barometer is contaminated with water. $25 \mathrm{~mm}$ of water sits atop the mercury of the barometer shown in Figure P1.13. If the height of the mercury is $750 \mathrm{~mm}$, what is the
An open-water manometer is used to measure the pressure in a spherical tank. The tank is half-filled with $50,000 \mathrm{~kg}$ of a chemical that is immiscible with water. The manometer tube is
The U2 spy plane was designed to fly at altitudes of up to $21,000 \mathrm{~m}$. Its wing span was so large that special wheels were incorporated within the wings to keep them from scraping the
An atmospheric inversion has taken place such that the temperature at the surface is $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ while the temperature at $4,000 \mathrm{~m}$ is a balmy $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assuming a
The atmosphere on Venus can be considered to behave as an ideal gas with a mean molecular weight of 44. The temperature varies little with depth but hovers at an incredible 350°C. The density of the
Water boils at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at atmospheric pressure, i.e., at sea level. The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of water is equal to the atmospheric
The successor to Alvin, the submersible that was used to locate the Titanic, is being built. The goal is to be able to reach the deepest depths in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, about $11,000
The Three Gorges Dam spanning the Yangtze River in China was the largest dam in the world when it was completed in 2012. The top of the dam is $185 \mathrm{~m}$ above sea level but when filled the
We are interested in plugging a hole in a leaking tank using a spherical plug that places itself automatically as shown in Figure P1.21. A variation of this type of plug has been used for a long time
A metal ingot weighs $400 \mathrm{~N}$ in air. When the ingot is completely submerged in water, it weighs $250 \mathrm{~N}$. What is the volume of the ingot and its density in air?
A balloon shown in Figure P1.23 is filled with helium at a pressure of $120 \mathrm{kPa}$ and temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The balloon is moored to the surface. What is the tension in the
One of the most accurate means of determining the fat content of a person is by measuring their specific gravity. It is a complementary component of one's body-mass-index (BMI). The measurement is
Icebergs are dangerous because most of the ice lies below the surface of the water. The old rule of thumb is that $90 %$ of the volume of the iceberg lies below the water. Assuming water at
An air bubble rises slowly through maple syrup. Three forces act on the bubble, the weight of the bubble, the buoyant force, and a "drag" force due to fluid friction between the bubble and syrup as
A $100 \mathrm{~kg}$ man is preparing to spend the day on a dive. If we can approximate the man as a cylinder, $2 \mathrm{~m}$ long and $0.2 \mathrm{~m}$ in radius, how much weight must he carry to
A steel cable holds a $250 \mathrm{~kg}$ tank below the surface of saltwater. If the volume of water displaced by the tank is $0.2 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$, what is the tension in the cable? Assume the
An open rectangular tank, $0.5 \mathrm{~m}$ wide and $1 \mathrm{~m}$ long, contains water to a depth of $1 \mathrm{~m}$. If the height of the tank is $1.25 \mathrm{~m}$, what is the maximum
An open, cylindrical tank of height $0.25 \mathrm{~m}$ is partially filled with water. The depth of the water is $0.1 \mathrm{~m}$, the diameter of the tank is $0.5 \mathrm{~m}$. If the tank is
For the tank and water system of problem 30, how fast can we spin the tank before the bottom surface of the tank is exposed? How fast can we spin the tank before water reaches the rim?Problem 30 :An
A liquid enters an adiabatic throttling valve, illustrated in Figure 6-4, at T = 80°F and P = 5 atm, at which conditions it has V-0.100 L/mol. The exiting liquid has P = 0.5 atm. For this
100 kg/min of liquid nitrogen is produced by the steady-state process shown in Figure 5-17.1. Nitrogen enters the process at P = 1 bar and T = 300 K.2. The nitrogen is cooled in a heat exchanger (A)
Revisit the two processes described in Examples 4-2 and 4-3. Applying Equation 4.14, calculate the changes in entropy for the gas, the surroundings, and the universe for both processes.
Derive an expression for each of the following that is, as much as possible, in terms of measurable properties:and CV, and their partial derivatives with respect to each other. S can appear in the
Methane enters a turbine (Figure 6-8) at T = 600 K and P = 10 bar and leaves at T = 400 K and P = 2 bar. How much work is produced for each mole of gas? Use the following data: van der Waals
100 kg/min of liquid nitrogen is produced by the following steady-state process shown in Figure 5-18.1. Nitrogen enters the process at P = 1 bar and T = 300 K.2. The nitrogen is cooled in a heat
10 mol/s of gas flow through a turbine. Find the change in enthalpy that the gas experiences:A. The gas is steam, with an inlet temperature and pressure T = 600°C and P = 10 bar, and an outlet
A rocket’s payload (everything EXCEPT fuel) has a mass of 10,000 kg and CV = 2.5 kJ/kg · K. Initially, the rocket is at rest at ground level, is at ambient temperature (T = 258C) and pressure (P 5
Estimate the change in U when this compound boils at atmospheric pressure
Using the experimental data from Example 11-4 for the di-isopropyl ether (1) + 1-propanol (2) system at 303.15 K, determine if the data set passes the direct test.
Use the Lee-Kesler correlation to find the molar entropy residual for toluene at T = 651 K and P = 57.5 bar.
Compound A is an industrial solvent and is widely enough used that extensive data on it is available. Compound B is a recently invented compound that can serve the same purpose as compound A, and we
Methane enters a turbine at T = 600 K and P = 10 bar, and leaves at T = 400 K and P = 2 bar. Use the Peng-Robinson equation to determine the work produced for each mole of gas
The critical point of water is Tc = 647.3 K and Pc = 221.2 bar. Determine the van der Waals parameters a and b for water, and also find the compressibility of water at its critical point (Zc ).
Find the molar volume of n-pentane at T = 100°C and P = 1 bar. The Peng-Robinson parameters for n-pentane at this temperature are: a = 2.417 × 107 bar ? cm6/mol2 and b = 90.18 cm3/mol.
liquid has constant coefficient of thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility, aV = 2.37 × 10-3 K-1 and kT = 3.54 × 10-5 bar-1. The molar volume of the compound at T = 300 K and P = 1 bar is
A gas, which follows the EOS given above, enters a turbine at P = 15 bar and T = 500 K, and leaves with a pressure of P = 0.5 bar. If the turbine has an efficiency of 80%, findA. The work produced in
Estimate the constant pressure heat capacityof steam at the various temperatures and pressures shown in Table 6-1, using only the data shown in the steam tables.
A gas has CP = (7/2)R and is described by the van der Waals equation of state with a = 0 and b = 150 cm3/mol. The gas enters a steady-state throttling valve at P = 10 bar and T =30°C and leaves the
This problem examines the Rankine heat engine introduced in Figure 5-5. Saturated steam at T = 250°C enters the turbine and the condenser operates at T = 40°C.A. Assuming the turbine is reversible,
An ideal gas has CP* = (7/2)R. We are designing a steady-state process to compress the gas from an initial state of P = 1 bar and T = 300 K to a final state of P = 64 bar and T = 135 K. Find the work
100 kg/min of supercritical nitrogen at T = 135 K and P = 64 bar flows into a chamber, as illustrated in Figure 5-15. The sudden increase in diameter leads to a large pressure drop; the pressure in
A turbine (Figure 5-7) has an efficiency of 80% and an outlet pressure of P = 0.5 bar. The inlet stream is at T = 300°C, and can be either a saturated steam or a superheated steam at either P = 3
A Rankine heat engine is to be designed, with the following specifications and constraints:The boiler will operate at a maximum T = 200°C.The condenser will operate at a minimum T = 100°C.The
Compare the results of Problems 4-9 and 4-10.A. Without the heat exchanger, the pair of turbines in Problem 4-10 would function identically to the turbine in Problem 4-9A. Comment on the effects the
A Carnot heat engine operates continuously and reversibly at steady state, using the following cycle (illustrated in Figure 4-21):
Recall the 500-liter adiabatic tank that was analyzed in Example 3-11. It was full of liquid initially at T = 300 K. Valves were opened, allowing 20 kg/min of liquid at T=400K to enter while 20
Consider the turbine in part C of Example 4-1, in which steam entered at T = 550°C and P = 30 bar and exited at T = 200°C and P = 1 bar. A. How much entropy is generated for each kilogram of steam
A gas at T = 450°C and P = 5 bar flows at steady state through an adiabatic and reversible nozzle. The exiting pressure is 1 bar. Find the velocity and temperature of the exiting stream ifA. The gas
“Vessel A” contains 100 g of water initially at 80°C and “Vessel B” contains 50 g of water initially at 20°C. They are brought into contact as shown in Figure 4-6, and allowed to reach
Two moles of an ideal gas are confined in a piston-cylinder device, initially at P = 5 bar and T = 300 K. The atmosphere is at P = 1 bar but there is a pile of sand on top of the piston, as shown in
Two moles of an ideal gas are confined in a piston-cylinder device, initially at P = 5 bar and T = 300 K. The surroundings are also at T = 300 K. The atmosphere is at P=1 bar but clamps hold the
Steam at 550°C and 30 bar enters a steady-state, adiabatic turbine (Figure 4 1). The exiting stream is at P = 1 bar. Find the work produced per kilogram of entering steam if the exit stream isA.
1000 mol/min of pure ethanol enters a steady-state boiler as liquid at P = 1 atm and T = 25°C, and leaves the boiler as vapor at P = 1 atm and T = 100°C as shown in Figure 3-16. The normal boiling
A tank has a volume of 500 liters and is initially full of a liquid that is at 300 K, has a density of 0.8 kg/L, and a constant heat capacity of C V = 3 J/g · K. The tank can be modeled as perfectly
An ideal gas has CP*=(7/2)R. One mole of this gas is confined in a piston-cylinder device. Initially, the gas is at T = 300 K and P = 1 bar (Figure 3-13). If the gas is compressed isothermally to P =
The balloon portion of a dirigible contains 5000 moles of helium. Initially, the helium is at T = 15°C and P = 0.95 atm, and is 500 m off the ground (where the atmospheric pressure is also 0.95
An adiabatic pump operates at steady state. Water enters as saturated liquid at P = 0.2 bar and is compressed to P = 10 bar Figure 3-10). What is the rate at which shaft work is added in the pump,
A rigid storage tank has a total volume of 5.00 m3 and is sealed throughout the process. Initially, the storage tank contains 0.50 m3 of saturated liquid water at P = 5 bar, while the rest of the
An underground reservoir 3 km below the surface contains geothermally heated steam at T = 250°C and P = 5 bar. A vertical shaft allows this steam to flow upward, through the shaft, and to the
If steam flows through an adiabatic nozzle at steady state, entering the nozzle with a pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 400°C and exiting at 1 bar and 350°C (Figure 3-6), what is its exiting
An oak tree is 30 feet tall and 2 feet in diameter (Figure 3-5). How many pounds of CO2 and H2O were consumed to form the tree’s trunk? How many pounds of O2 gas were released? Assume the density
Estimate the change in U when this compound melts at atmospheric pressure
This problem is an expansion of Example 2-3. The table below lists 10 sets of conditions—five temperatures at a constant P, and five pressures at a constant T. For each T and P, find:• The
Ammonia enters an adiabatic, steady-state compressor at P = 0.2 bar and T = 300 K and leaves at P = 1 bar (Figure 4-15). Ammonia can be assumed to act as an ideal gas at pressures up to 1 atm. The
A solid sculpture (Figure 4-16) with M = 2 lbm and CP = 0.5 BTU/lbm · °R is heat-cured in an oven at 250°F and ambient pressure. It is removed from the oven, placed on a table, and allowed to cool
This problem investigates a heat engine that operates as shown in Figure 4 18. Hot reservoir: TH= 800 K Cu = 1000 kJ/min Heat Engine W = ? Qc = ? Cold reservoir: Tc = 300 K FIGURE 4-18 Heat engine
A gas is confined in a piston-cylinder arrangement. The gas undergoes a series of four reversible steps, detailed below, which together constitute the Carnot heat engine, or the Carnot cycle. The
The contents of a refrigerator are at 5°C. The surroundings are at 20°C. Heat transfers through the walls to the inside of the refrigerator at a rate of 100 kJ/min. Consequently, the refrigeration
A refrigerator operates on the vapor-compression cycle as follows (see Figure 5-13).∎ The boiler produces saturated vapor at T = 285 K and P = 0.2 bar.∎ The compressor has an efficiency of
A refrigeration process is designed to operate at steady state, removing 1000 kJ/min of heat from a low-temperature reservoir at T = 41°F and expel the heat to a hightemperature reservoir at T =
Five moles of gas are confined in a piston-cylinder device (Figure 6-5). At the beginning of the process, the gas has T = 300 K and V = 100 L. If the gas is compressed isothermally to a final volume
The tank of a water heater (Figure 6-6) has V = 80 L and is initially sealed and full of water at T = 130°F and P = 1 atm. The water heater is designed to maintain the water at this temperature, but
A gas flows through an adiabatic nozzle (Figure 6-7) at steady state, entering at P = 5 bar and T = 400°C, and leaving at P = 1 bar. Assuming the nozzle is reversible, what is the temperature of the
One mole of gas is confined in a piston-cylinder apparatus (Figure 6-13) initially at T = 300 K and P = 10 bar. The gas is heated reversibly and at constant pressure to T = 500 K. What are the values
A gas flows through an adiabatic nozzle at a steady state, entering at P = 5 bar and T = 400°C and leaving at P = 1 bar. Assuming the nozzle is reversible, what is the temperature of the exiting
Using the compressed liquid tables, estimate the isothermal compressibility and coefficient of thermal expansion for liquid water at each of the following conditions.A. P = 100 bar and T = 100°CB. P
110 lbm of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stored in a rigid, sealed 5 ft3 vessel. Due to a failure in the cooling/insulation system, the temperature increases to –100°F, which is above the
The critical properties for compounds A and B, which are two compounds with similar molecular structures, are given here. No further information is available about compound B, but the vapor pressure
Use Figure 7-13 to estimate the compressibility (Z) of supercritical toluene at T = 651 K and P = 57.5 bar. PV RT Z= N 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Bo box 80 0 0.5 Noocki + O 0
The chemical compound of interest is CH3–CHCl–CH2–CHCl–CH2–CH = CH2 Estimate the critical temperature and critical pressure of this compound using group additivity.
Use the Z = f (T, P) virial equation to determine the compressibility (Z) of benzene in the vapor phase atA. T = 250°C and P = 4 barB. T = 250°C and P = 28 bar
This problem examines the generalization mentioned in Section 7-3, that the Lee-Kesler generalized approach should not be applied to highly polar compounds.A. Choose three temperatures and three
For liquid water at T = 50°C, the vapor pressure is Psat = 0.124 bar, and ΔHvap = 42.91 kJ/mol.A. Using only the given information, estimate the vapor pressures of water at T = 55°C, T = 60°C, T

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