Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

You have 1 L of acetone and would like to make a 50% by mass mixture of acetone (1) and n-heptane (2). What volume of n heptane would you have to add to accomplish this? What is the final volume of
You mix 80 grams of methanol (1) with 20 grams of cyclohexane (2) at 295 K. Is the resulting system stable? If not, what is the composition (in mass fraction) and amount (in grams) of the resulting
You mix 60 grams of methanol (1) with 40 grams of cyclohexane (2) at 295 K. Is the resulting system stable? If not, what is the composition (in mass fraction) and amount (in grams) of the resulting
A boiler operates at steady state. The entering water is saturated liquid at P = 5 bar and has a flow rate of 10,000 kg/hr. The exiting steam is also at P = 5 bar and has T = 400°C. The pipe
We are designing a new process that uses natural gas, which will be delivered via pipeline at conditions of P = 1000 psia and T = 100°F. In order to size process equipment, we need to know the
Biosphere II is an experimental structure that was designed to be an isolated ecological space, intended for conducting experiments on managed, self-contained ecosystems. Biosphere II (so named
A vessel initially contains 5.0 m3 of superheated steam at T = 300°C and P = 1 bar. The vessel is sealed but is equipped with a piston-cylinder arrangement so that the volume can be changed (Figure
A 4-L sink is initially half-full of water. The faucet is turned on, and 1 kg/min of water begins pouring into the sink. At the same moment that the faucet is turned on, the drain is opened, and 10
An ideal gas with a constant CP* = (7/2)R enters a steady-state throttling valve at P = 10 bar and T = 30°C. If it leaves the valve at P = 1 bar, what is the exiting temperature? P = 10 bar T =
Ammonia vapor enters an adiabatic, steady-state throttling valve at T = 30°C and P = 10 bar, illustrated in Figure 6-1. If it leaves the throttling valve at P = 1 bar, what is the exiting
Most (though not all) of the people who climb Mt. Everest do so with the aid of oxygen masks and tanks. This is because the barometric pressure at the peak of Mt. Everest is about one third that at
For H2O, the following parameters have been proposed for the van der Waals equation of state: a = 0.5542 Pa · m6/mol2 and b = 3.051 × 10-5 m3/mol. Find the specific volume of water at the same
Convert 10,000 ft-lbf of energy into BTU, Joules, and kilojoules.
The ideal gas heat capacity of nitrogen varies with temperature; it is C*p= 29.42-A. How much internal energy (per mole) must be added to nitrogen to increase its temperature from 450 K to 500 K at
Read the following paragraph. A plane was scheduled to fly a round trip from an airport to a rural landing strip. The mass of the plane, when empty, was 100,000 lbs. It was loaded with 10,000
Using the ideal gas law, estimate the specific volume of steam (in L/kg) at each of the following temperatures and pressures, and compare to the specific volume in the steam tables.A. T = 100°C, P =
liquid has C^V of 2.15 J/g · K. What is the change in specific internal energy when this liquid is heated from 295 to 300 K? Û₂ - Û₁ = ? T₁ = 295 K FIGURE 2-11 Schematic of process examined
Five kilograms of water is contained in a rigid, 3 m3 vessel at P = 1 bar.A. What is the temperature and physical state (liquid, vapor, or both liquid and vapor) of the water?B. What is the specific
The Reaumur temperature scale, while now obscure, was once in common use in some parts of the world. The normal freezing point of water is defined as 0 degrees Reaumur and the normal boiling point of
A filtration system continuously removes water from a swimming pool, passes the water through filters, and then returns it to the pool. Both pipes are located near the surface of the water. The flow
An airplane is 20,000 feet above the ground when a 100 kg object is dropped from it. If there were no such thing as air resistance, what would the vertical velocity and kinetic energy of the dropped
A. An object is dropped from a height of 20 feet off the ground. What is its velocity when it hits the ground?B. Instead of being dropped, the object is thrown down, such that when it is 20 feet off
100 kg of steam is enclosed in a piston-cylinder device, initially at 300°C and 5 bar. It expands and cools to 200°C and 1 bar.A. What is the change in internal energy of the steam in this
A box has a mass of 20 kg, and a building has a height of 15 meters.A. Find the force of gravity acting on the box.B. Find the work required to lift the box from the ground to the roof of the
Solar panels are installed on a rectangular flat roof. The roof is 15 feet by 30 feet, and the mass of the panels and framing is 900 lbm.A. Assuming the weight of the panels is evenly distributed
Using the 1-parameter Margules equation model obtained for LLE for the methanol (1) + cyclohexane (2) system at 300 K from Example 13-5, estimate the LLE curve as a function of temperature.Example
Consider the methanol (1) + cyclohexane (2) system as depicted in Figure 13-1. Use the data at 300 K to determine the model parameter for the 1-parameter Margules equation.Figure 13-1. Temperature
Consider the 1-butanol (1) + water (2) system. The parameters for this liquid mixture at 60°C using the 2-parameter Margules equation are A12 = 2.7576 and A21 = 1.3064 (Gmehling and Onken, 1977).
Can the following excess molar Gibbs free energy models predict a liquid–liquid phase split? A. Ideal solution B. 1-Parameter Margules equation
One hundred moles per minute of an equimolar mixture of methyl ethyl ketone (1) and toluene (2) are flashed from 760 mm Hg to 460 mm Hg at 75°C. You know, experimentally, that the infinite dilution
A single vapor–liquid equilibrium point for the water (1) + ethanol (2) system is experimentally measured at 30°C. The experiment provides the following information: x1 = 0.30, y1 5 0.23, and P
One strategy to lower the concentration of certain substances in gas mixtures is to put the gas in contact with a liquid, since the gases will be absorbed in different amounts depending on the type
As an undergraduate chemical engineering student, you are involved in a summer research project that requires you to measure the molar volume of a methanol (1) + water (2) binary system at 298.15
A car weighs 3000 lbm and is travelling 60 mph when it has to make an emergency stop. The car comes to a stop 5 seconds after the brakes are applied.A. Assuming the rate of deceleration is constant,
Suppose that the liquid molar enthalpy for a binary mixture of benzene (1) and cyclohexane (2) has been fit to the following functional form at 25°C and 1 bar (Abello, 1973).Thus,where H [=]
In a mixing unit at your plant, you mix 40 moles/min of an equimolar mixture of benzene (1) + 2-propanol (2) at 298.15 K with 80 moles/min of pure benzene at 298.15 K. If you desire to keep the
In a process at your plant, you are mixing two liquids: benzene (1) and 2-propanol (2). You would like to create a molar enthalpy vs. composition diagram for this mixture and have found molar
This problem concerns the gas studied in problem 6-18, which is known to follow the EOS:V = RT/P + aP2 where a = 0.01 L/bar2mol.A. Find a general equation for the fugacity of this compound as a
The vapor pressure of water at T = 25°C is Psat = 0.0317 bar, and the molar volume of saturated liquid at this temperature is V = 18.054 cm3/mol. Using only this information, estimate the fugacity
The boiler of a refrigerator is designed to operate at T = 15°F. Assuming Freon® 22 in the liquid and vapor phases can be described by the van der Waals equation with the parameters a = 40,100
In specifying the molar Gibbs free energy of a compound, the liquid phase at T = 300 K and P = 1 bar is being used as the reference state. Therefore GL = 0 at T = 300 K and P = 1 bar. It has been
You are designing a process in which toluene is used as a solvent. As part of your safety analysis, you need to ensure that toluene will not boil at process conditions. Use the Antoine equation to
At T = 179.88°C, the vapor pressure of water is P = 10 bar. At these conditions,A. Using only this information, estimate the vapor pressure of water at 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C.B. Compare the
A gas at T = 300 K and P = 1 bar is contained in a rigid, rectangular vessel that is 2 meters long, 1 meter wide, and 1 meter deep. How much force does the gas exert on the walls of the container?
The value g = 9.81 m/s2 is specific to the force of gravity on the surface of the Earth. The universal formula for the force of gravitational attraction isA. Research the diameters and masses of the
Find the flow work added to a system by a fluid that enters with a volumetric flow rate of 500 L/min at a pressure of 3 bar. Express the answer in Watts.
Find the flow work added to a system by a fluid that enters with a volumetric flow rate of 500 in3/s at a pressure of 25 psia. Express the answer in ft ·lbf/min.
Find the volume of a gas is increased from 0.2 m3 to 1.5 m3 against a constant pressure of 50 kPa. Express the answer in ft · lbf.
Find the expansion work resulting when the volume of a gas increases from 1 ft3 to 5 ft3 against a constant pressure of 1 atm. Express the answer in Joules.
An object has a mass of 50 kg.A. Find the change in potential energy when it is initially 10 meters above the ground and is raised to 25 meters above the ground. B. Find the change in kinetic energy
The water (1) + di-ethyl ether (2) system is almost totally immiscible across all composition regions. At 307.3 K, two liquid phases exist. The water-rich phase has a composition of x1a = 0.9889
This sequence of two gas phase reactions can occur in the catalyzed combustion of ammonia: A closed vessel initially contains 5 moles of ammonia and 10 moles of oxygen (Figure 14-2). Assuming these
Maleic anhydride, which has the chemical formula C2 H2 (CO)2 O, can be synthesized through the oxidation of n-butane, using the chemical reaction:10,000 mol/hr of n-butane and 50,000 mol/hr of oxygen
Ethyl acetate is synthesized from ethanol and acetic acid by the liquid phase esterification reaction:C2 H5 OH + CH3 COOH ↔ H2 O + CH3 COOC2 H5 Ethanol + acetic acid ↔ water + ethyl acetateTwo
An object has a mass of 10 lbm.A. Find the change in potential energy when it is lifted from the ground to 25 feet above the ground.B. Find the change in kinetic energy when it its velocity decreases
Use the data in the steam tables to answer the following: A. Find the change in volume when 50 kg of steam, initially at T = 200°C and P = 2 bar, is heated and compressed into steam at T = 350°C
On a stove, water is heated from room temperature T = 25°C to boiling temperature T = 100°C. Determine ΔT in degrees Celsius and in degrees Kelvin.
Use the data in the steam tables (Appendix A) to answer the following:A. Find the change in internal energy when 50 kg of steam at constant pressure P = 5 bar has its temperature reduced from 500°C
Your team is designing a process that has six streams containing liquid water or steam at different temperatures and pressures, and you need to know the specific internal energy for each. Your
Convert 5 megawatts of power into BTU/hr, ft-lbs/s, and kJ/hr.
An object is dropped from a height of 50 feet off the ground. Initially it has no velocity (Figure 1-25). Assuming no forces act on the object other than gravity, what is its velocity when it hits
Pure water flows through a horizontal section of pipe that is 5 feet long and 1 inch in diameter. The water entering the pipe has a flow rate of 100 kg/min with a temperature of 100°C and pressure
Several systems are described below. For each system, go through each of the following adjectives, and determine which ones apply: open, closed, adiabatic, isolated, isochoric, isothermal, or
What is the entropy change when you mix one mole of butane gas with one mole of propane gas, modeled as an ideal gas mixture? Assume the pressure and temperature of the system are constant during
If we mix 3 moles of R-134a (1) and 7 moles of R-245fa (2) together at 293 K and 2.0 bar, what are the composition and amounts of the phase(s) present at equilibrium? Use the lever rule. Pressure
Does an equimolar mixture of methanol (1) + acetone (2) exist as one or two phases at 101.325 kPa and 334 K? Plot the entire Txy curve to find out. Use Raoult’s Law to estimate the phase
The derivation of the expression for the natural logarithm of the activity coefficient of component “1” for a binary mixture modeled by the 1- parameter Margules equation is given in Section
Estimate the mole fraction of oxygen in water at 25°C and at 75°C and 1 atm.
Perform a reduction of the data in Table 11-1 for the di-isopropyl ether (1) + 1-propanol (2) system at 303.15 K using both the 1-parameter and 2-parameter Margules equations. TABLE 11-1
Estimate the vapor-liquid equilibrium for the n-pentane (1) + benzene (2) system at 313.15 K using the van Laar equation.
Estimate the vapor–liquid equilibrium for the hexafluorobenzene (1) + cyclohexane (2) system at 323.15 K using the van Laar equation.
Consider the data set in Table 12-1 for the methanol (1) + dimethyl carbonate (2) system at two different temperatures: 337.35 K and 428.15 K.Develop a modeling approach that can properly
The three isomers of xylene are o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene (standing for “ortho,” “meta,” and “para”) shown in Figure 15-4. Inter-conversions between these isomers can be modeled
Convert P = 5.00 atm into Pa, bar, and psia.
A gas is confined in a piston-cylinder device and has an initial volume of 1 liter. It is heated and expands to a volume of 2 liters (Figure 1-22). Assuming the external pressure from the atmosphere
Use the data in the steam tables to answer the following:A. Find the change in internal energy when 100 kg of steam at constant pressure P = 1 bar has its temperature reduced from 300°C to 100°C.B.
A refrigeration process includes a compressor, as explained in detail in Chapter 5, because it is necessary to change the boiling point of the refrigerant, which is done by controlling the pressure.
The classic way to synthesize ammonia is through the gas phase chemical reaction: N, + 3H,→2NH, This reaction is carried out at high pressures, most often using an iron catalyst. A. Use Equation
The specific enthalpy of liquid water at typical ambient conditions, like T = 25°C and P = 1 bar, is not given in the steam tables. However, the specific enthalpy of saturated liquid at P = 1 bar is
Liquid water enters a steady state heat exchanger at P =10 bar and T = 80°C, and exits as saturated water vapor at P = 10 bar.A. Using the steam tables, find the change in specific enthalpy for this
One mole of ideal gas is confined in a piston-cylinder device, which is 1 foot in diameter. The piston can be assumed weightless and frictionless. The internal and external pressures are both
Two moles of an ideal gas are confined in a pistoncylinder arrangement. Initially, the temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 1 bar. If the gas is compressed isothermally to 5 bar, how much work is
A gas is stored in an isochoric, refrigerated tank that has V = 5 m3. Initially, the gas inside the tank has T = 15°C and P = 5 bar, while the ambient surroundings are at 25°C and atmospheric
When one lb-mol is heated from 25°F to 200°F at a constant pressure of P= 1 atm:A. Give your best estimate of the change in enthalpyB. Give your best estimate of the change in internal energy
The compound is initially at 40°F. If the pressure is constant at P = 1 atm throughout the process, and the specific enthalpy of the compound is increased by 350 BTU/lbm, what is the final
The compound is initially at 175°F. If the pressure is constant at P = 1 atm throughout the process, and the specific internal energy of the compound is decreased by 150 BTU/lbm, what is the final
This question involves using the steam tables in Appendix A, but answer questions A through C before looking at the steam tables.A. The density of liquid water at ambient conditions is about 1 g/cm3.
A small water tower has a cylindrical chamber 3 m in diameter and 4 m tall. The bottom of the cylinder is 15 m above the ground. Water is pumped from an underground reservoir into the chamber, via a
One kilogram of liquid water is placed in a pistoncylinder device, initially at P = 1 bar and T = 5°C. At these conditions, the density of water is 1000.4 g/L. The water is heated at constant
A series of two turbines and a heat exchanger are used to obtain shaft work from steam in a steady state process. The steam enters the first turbine at 10 bar and 250°C, and exits the turbine at 3
Steam at T = 400°C and P = 5 bar enters an adiabatic, steady-state nozzle. The exiting pressure is P = 1 bar.A. If the nozzle is reversible, find the temperature and velocity of the exiting steam.B.
Problem 3-19 described four different adiabatic mixing processes, and the relevant data presented was that the enthalpy of fusion of water is 333.55 J/g, the heat capacity of ice is constant at 2.11
This problem re-examines the dirigible in Example 2-4. The balloon contains 5000 moles of helium, which can be modeled as an ideal gas with CP* = (5/2)R at the conditions in this problem. The
Demonstrate that if a gas follows the ideal gas law, (@U/P), and (@U/V), are equal to 0.
One mole of a gas is placed in a closed system with a 20 L vessel initially at T = 300 K. The vessel is then isothermally expanded to 40 L. The gas follows the equation of state: P = RT/V +
A gas has an ideal gas heat capacity of CP* = (7/2)R and is described by the equation of state: Z = 1 + (CP 2)/(RT) with C = 100 cm3/bar · mol.A. Find a general expression for the residual molar
Methane enters a process at T = 300°F and P = 1 atm, and is heated and compressed to T = 400°F and P = 5 atm. Find the change in molar Gibbs free energy for the methane, using Figure 7-1. FIGURE
A gas with a flow rate of 300 mol/min enters a steady-state, adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity at T = 500 K and P = 10 bar and leaves the nozzle at P = 1 bar. The gas has CP* = 40 J/mol ·
A. Five moles of an ideal gas is confined in a pistoncylinder device, initially at P1 = 1 bar and T1 = 400 K. First, the gas is compressed adiabatically to P2 = 10 bar and temperature T2. Next the
One mole of a gas is compressed at a constant temperature of 400 K from P = 1 bar to P = 5 bar. The gas is known to follow the equation of state:where a = 0.01 L/bar2 · mol. The ideal gas heat

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