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engineering
thermodynamics concepts and applications
Thermodynamics Concepts And Applications 2nd Edition Stephen R. Turns, Laura L. Pauley - Solutions
A. An air compressor fills a tank to a gage pressure of 132 psi. The barometric pressure is 755 millimeters of mercury. What is the absolute pressure in the tank in kPa?B. The air in the tank is bled out through a valve, the valve is closed, and the tank and its contents sit out overnight. The
A pressure gage connected to a water line reads 227.5 kPa. The local barometric pressure reading is 26.27 inches of mercury. Calculate the absolute pressure in units of psia, psfa (pounds-force per square foot absolute), and atm.
A. An air compressor fills a tank to a gage pressure of 125 psi. The barometri pressure is 760 millimeters of mercury. What is the absolute pressure in the tank in kPa?B. The air in the tank is bled out through a valve, the valve is closed, and the tank and its contents sit out overnight. The
The gravitational acceleration on the earth varies with latitude and altitude as follows [19]:where θ is the latitude and z is the altitude in kilometers. Use this information to determine the weight (in newtons and pounds force) of a 54-kg mountain climber at the following locations:A. The summit
Create a table with the following symbols as the first column: T, ρ, V, P, and v. In the second column, write out in words the precise meaning of these symbols. Be very specific about using appropriate adjectives as needed. In the third column, indicate whether the symbol represents an extensive
Consider 0.65 kg of water vapor. The specific volume of the water vapor at 215 kPa and 120°C is 0.8687 m3/kg.A. Determine the molar-specific volume and the density of the water vapor.B. Determine the volume of the water vapor.C. Determine the number of kmols of water vapor.D. Determine the number
Consider 2.1 kg of water vapor. The specific volume of water vapor at 150 kPa and 120°C is 1.188m3/kg.A. Determine the molar-specific volume and the density of the water vapor.B. Determine the volume of the water vapor.C. Determine the number of kmols of the water vapor.D. Determine the number of
Write out the definition of thermodynamics. Using this definition as a guide, list three practical situations or devices that closely relate to thermodynamics. Explain the relationships of each situation/device to thermodynamics. Do not repeat any of the examples given in book.
Write two or three sentences that explain the differences and similarities between a closed system and an open system (control volume). Give practical examples of each, avoiding examples discussed in the text.
Consider a hand pump inflating a bicycle tire. Define three closed systems and three open systems that relate to the pump and/ the tire. Feel free to subdivide parts of the pump/tire to create your systems. Write a sentence describing each of your choices and draw a sketch for each, indicating your
From your list in Problem 1.2, select two devices, or parts of those devices, that you can represent as closed systems. Sketch each device, show the system boundary as a dotted line, and label as needed to make your sketch intelligible. Discuss why your choice encloses a closed
Consider the toy balloon shown in Fig. 1.22. (a) Define an open system that is different than the one illustrated in the figure. Write a sentence describing your choice and draw a sketch for each indicating your boundary with a dashed line. (b) Define two closed systems associated with the
Turn on a faucet and observe the stream of water flowing from it. Define a closed system related to the water in this situation. How do the boundaries change and move with time? What would you to do to change your closed system to an open system?
Can energy cross the boundary of a thermodynamic system? Discuss.
Consider the following statement: For a closed system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, the system must be all in one phase, i.e.all solid, all liquid, or all vapor. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: In a thermodynamic cycle, the temperature of the working fluid must be the same at the start and the end of the cycle, although the pressure does not have to be same at the start and the end of the cycle. Is this statement true false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: In a thermodynamic cycle, many but not all, of the thermodynamics properties of the working fluid will be the same at the start and the end of the cycle. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: For a closed system in thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic properties do not change with time. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: For a closed system in thermodynamic equilibrium, the temperature can vary with position within the system. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: During a quasi equilibrium process, the state of the system does not change. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice
Consider the following statement: For a quasi equilibrium process, the property changes can be large, e.g., the final pressure can be much larger (or greater) then the initial pressure. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice.
Consider the following statement: For a quasi equilibrium process, the property changes during the process proceed as infinitesimal departures from thermodynamic equilibrium. Is this statement true or false? Explain your choice
Explain how a very rapid expansion of a gas is an example of a non-quasi-equilibrium process.
Consider a closed system consisting of a gas. The temperature in the gas varies with position along the system boundary. Is the system in equilibrium? Is it possible that the system could be undergoing a quasi-equilibrium process? Explain your answers.
Consider a closed system consisting of ice and liquid water. The ice is melting at constant temperature. Is the ice–water system in equilibrium? Explain your answer. Is the ice–water system undergoing a process? Explain your answer.
For the following tabular data, apply linear interpolation to determine the value of h when T has a value of 357. T 350 360 h 476.4 486.5
For the following tabular data, apply linear interpolation to determine the value of T when P has a value of 4.13. P 4.10 4.20 T 524.97 526.41
Do an internet search to find examples of disasters, or near disasters, created by errors associated with units or units conversions. List six and describe the errors.
Calculate the stored chemical energy per unit mass of following foods in units of Btu per pound-mass. Then compare your the energy density of gasoline, expressed as a ratio (gasoline energy/food energy). An approximate value for the energy density (heating value) of gasoline is 20,000
For the following tabular data, apply linear interpolation to determine the value of v when P has a value of 0.56. P 0.50 0.60 V 0.3748 0.3156
Calculate the stored chemical energy per unit mass of following foods in units of Btu per pound-mass. Then compare your re ult to the energy density of gasoline, expressed as a ratio ( energy/food energy). An approximate value for the energy density of is 20,000 Btu per pound-mass. One food
A window air conditioner has a cooling capacity of 1 ton (energy rate). Determine the cost to operate the air conditioner for 2 hours if the cost of electricity is 12.2 cents per kilowatt-hour.
For the following tabular data, use linear interpolation to determine the value of y when x has a value of 0.14. X 0.10 0.20 y 5.81 2.96
Estimate the number of tons of coal required to supply electricity to a small city of 50,000 households for one week. The medium volatile bituminous coal used has an approximate energy density (heating value) of 13,000 Btu/lbm. Assume the energy in the coal transformed to electricity with an
Vigorously riding a bicycle results in the “burning” of 10 food calories per minute. How many 100-watt light bulbs can be powered by rate of food energy use? One food calorie (or large calorie) is to 4184 joules.
Vigorous swimming results in the “burning” of 11 food calories per minute. What is amount of energy associated with 30 minutes swimming expressed in Btu? How many equivalent ounces (mass of gasoline are associated with this energy expenditure? An approximate value for the energy density
For the following tabular data, apply linear interpolation to determine the value of ρ when T has a value of 333. T 320 340 P 0.1524 0.1434
Studying thermodynamics results in the “burning” of 120 food calories per hour. How many 100-watt light bulbs can be powered by this rate of food energy use? One food calorie (or large calorie) is equivalent to 4184 joules.
For the following tabular data, apply linear interpolation to determine the value of s when u has a value of 2462. U 2461.2 2463.5 S 7.8442 7.8167
Playing singles tennis for an hour results in the “burning” of 428 food calories. How many minutes of operation of a 500-watt blow are equivalent to the food energy used in playing tennis for an hour One food calorie (or large calorie) is equivalent to 4184 joules.
Determine the derivative dz/dT of the function z = -0.29T+26.37² 10.617³ +1.567 -0.16/T- 18.3.
Determine the indefinite integral of y(x) where y(x) = 19.86-597x-0.5 + 7500/x.
Determine the derivative dy/dx of the function y = a + bx + cx3.
Determine the derivative dP/dT of the function P = a ln T + bT –1.
Determine the derivative dT/dP of the function T = 32.4P –0.5 – 12.8P 0.5.
Determine the function: h(T) where h(T) = fcdT and C = 11.515 172 1530 0.05 + T T + (T-4000). 1000
A residential natural gas-fired furnace has an output of 86,000 Btu/hr. What is the output in kilowatts? How many 100-W incandescent light bulbs would be required to provide the same output as the furnace?
Distinguish between the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of sublimation.
Explain the meaning of quality to a classmate.
Write out a physical interpretation of the thermodynamic property “quality”.
The 1964 Pontiac GTO was one of the first so-called muscle cars produced in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. The 389-in3 displacement V-8 engine in the GTO delivered a maximum of 348 hp and a maximum torque of 428 lbf .ft. From a standing start, the GTO traveled 1/4 mile in 14.8
What is the physical significance of the critical point? Locate the critical point on a P–v diagram.
Sketch two isobars on a T– v plot for an ideal gas. Label each, taking P2 > P1.
Sketch two isotherms on a P–v plot for an ideal gas. Label each, taking T2 > T1.
Define the specific-heat ratio. Which Greek symbol is used to denote this ratio?
A coal-burning power plant consumes fuel energy at a rate of 4845 million Btu/hr and produces 500 MW of net electrical power. Determine the overall efficiency of the power plant (i.e., the dimensionless ratio of the net output and input energy rates).
The astronauts of Apollo 17, the final US manned mission to the moon, collected 741 lunar rock and soil samples, having a mass of 111 kg. Determine the weight of samples in SI and US customary units (a) on the lunar surface (gmoon = 1.62 m/s2) and (b) on the earth (gearth = 9.807 m/s2). Also
The astronauts of Apollo 17, the final US manned mission to the moon, collected 741 lunar rock and soil samples, having a mass of 111 kg. Determine the weight of samples in SI and US customary units (a) on the lunar surface (gmoon = 1.62 m/s2) and (b) on the earth (gearth = 9.807 m/s2). Also
The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead (Pb) in the air is 1.5 μg/m3. Convert this standard to US customary units of lbm/ft3.
Coal-burning power plants convert the sulfur in the coal to sulfur dioxide (SO2), a regulated air pollutant. The maximum allowable SO2 emission for new power plants (i.e., the maximum allowed ratio of the mass of SO2 emitted to the input of fuel energy) is 0.80 lbm/(million Btu). Convert this
What is your approximate weight in pounds-force? In newtons? What is your mass in pounds-mass? In kilograms? In slugs?
Discuss what would have to be done to transform the open system (control volume) shown in Fig. 1.22 to a closed system. Ignore the boundary shown in Fig. 1.22. What closed systems can be defined for the situation illustrated?Fig. 1.22 Open system boundary Air jet
Consider a conventional toaster the kind used to toast bread. Examine a real toaster, and then perform the following tasks: (a) Sketch two different boundaries associated with an operating toaster: one in which you define a closed system, and a second one in which you define an open system (control
Consider the diagram of a simple steam power plant shown in Fig. 1.5. Here the components act to produce a thermodynamic cycle. Which of the various fluids involved is the working fluid of the cycle? Explain your choice. For the other fluids involved what flow processes do they undergo?
Consider a conventional house in the Northeastern region of the United States. Isolate the house from its surroundings by drawing a boundary to define an open system. Identify all the locations where mass enters or exits your open system. Assume the house has a natural-gas furnace, has running
Consider an automobile, containing a driver and several passengers, traveling along a country road. Isolate the automobile and its contents from the surroundings by drawing an appropriate boundary. Does your boundary enclose a thermodynamic closed system or an open system? Justify your choice by
Write out the formal definitions of the following terms: property, state, and process. What is the relationship of a property to a state? What is the relationship of a state to a process? What is the relationship of a property to a process?
Can you identify any devices that operate in a thermodynamic cycle? If so, list them. Also, identify the working fluids, if known.
Consider the mechanical cycle associated with the four-stroke spark-ignition engine illustrated in Fig. 1.14. The combustion process begins near the end of the compression stroke and ends shortly after the expansion stroke begins. A typical plot of the cylinder pressure as a function of the
Distinguish between a closed-system process and a flow process. List three of each type.
List the conditions that must be established for thermodynamic equilibrium to prevail (i.e., list the subtypes of equilibrium).
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