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physics
college physics 2nd

College Physics 2nd Edition OpenStax - Solutions

How far apart are two conducting plates that have an electric field strength of 4.50 x 103 V/m between them, if their potential difference is 15.0 kV?
The voltage across a membrane forming a cell wall is 80.0 mV and the membrane is 9.00 nm thick. What is the electric field strength? (The value is surprisingly large, but correct. Membranes are discussed in Capacitors and Dielectrics and Nerve Conduction—Electrocardiograms.) You may assume a
Membrane walls of living cells have surprisingly large electric fields across them due to separation of ions. (Membranes are discussed in some detail in Nerve Conduction—Electrocardiograms.) What is the voltage across an 8.00 nm–thick membrane if the electric field strength across it is 5.50
Two parallel conducting plates are separated by 10.0 cm, and one of them is taken to be at zero volts.(a) What is the electric field strength between them, if the potential 8.00 cm from the zero volt plate (and 2.00 cm from the other) is 450 V? (b) What is the voltage between the plates?
Find the maximum potential difference between two parallel conducting plates separated by 0.500 cm of air, given the maximum sustainable electric field strength in air to be 3.0 x 106 V/m.
A doubly charged ion is accelerated to an energy of 32.0 keV by the electric field between two parallel conducting plates separated by 2.00 cm. What is the electric field strength between the plates?
A 0.500 cm diameter plastic sphere, used in a static electricity demonstration, has a uniformly distributed 40.0 pC charge on its surface. What is the potential near its surface?
What is the potential 0.530 x 10-10 m from a proton (the average distance between the proton and electron in a hydrogen atom)?
(a) A sphere has a surface uniformly charged with 1.00 C. At what distance from its center is the potential 5.00 MV? (b) What does your answer imply about the practical aspect of isolating such a large charge?
How far from a 1.00 μC point charge will the potential be 100 V? At what distance will it be 2.00 × 102 V?
What are the sign and magnitude of a point charge that produces a potential of -2.00 V at a distance of 1.00 mm?
In nuclear fission, a nucleus splits roughly in half. (a) What is the potential 2.00 x 10-14 m from a fragment that has 46 protons in it?(b) What is the potential energy in MeV of a similarly charged fragment at this distance?
A research Van de Graaff generator has a 2.00-mdiameter metal sphere with a charge of 5.00 mC on it.(a) What is the potential near its surface? (b) At what distance from its center is the potential 1.00 MV?(c) An oxygen atom with three missing electrons is released near the Van de Graaff
An electrostatic paint sprayer has a 0.200-mdiameter metal sphere at a potential of 25.0 kV that repels paint droplets onto a grounded object.(a) What charge is on the sphere?(b) What charge must a 0.100-mg drop of paint have to arrive at the object with a speed of 10.0 m/s?
In one of the classic nuclear physics experiments at the beginning of the 20th century, an alpha particle was accelerated toward a gold nucleus, and its path was substantially deflected by the Coulomb interaction. If the energy of the doubly charged alpha nucleus was 5.00 MeV, how close to the gold
(a) What is the potential between two points situated 10 cm and 20 cm from a 3.0 μC point charge?(b) To what location should the point at 20 cm be moved to increase this potential difference by a factor of two?
(a) What is the final speed of an electron accelerated from rest through a voltage of 25.0 MV by a negatively charged Van de Graaff terminal?(b) What is unreasonable about this result?(c) Which assumptions are responsible?
(a) Sketch the equipotential lines near a point charge + q. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.(b) Do the same for a point charge - 3 q.
Sketch the equipotential lines for the two equal positive charges shown in Figure 19.25. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
Sketch the equipotential lines a long distance from the charges shown in Figure 19.26. Indicate the direction of increasing potential.
Sketch the equipotential lines in the vicinity of two opposite charges, where the negative charge is three times as great in magnitude as the positive. See Figure 19.26 for a similar situation. Indicate the direction of increasing potential. zb
Sketch the equipotential lines in the vicinity of the negatively charged conductor in Figure 19.27. How will these equipotentials look a long distance from the object?
Sketch the equipotential lines surrounding the two conducting plates shown in Figure 19.28, given the top plate is positive and the bottom plate has an equal amount of negative charge. Be certain to indicate the distribution of charge on the plates. Is the field strongest where the plates are
(a) Sketch the electric field lines in the vicinity of the charged insulator in Figure 19.29. Note its non-uniform charge distribution. (b) Sketch equipotential lines surrounding the insulator. Indicate the direction of increasing potential. XXXXX
The naturally occurring electrical field on the ground to an open sky point 3.00 m above is 1.13 × 102 N/C. This open point in the sky is at a greater electric potential than the ground.(a) Calculate the electric potential at this height.(b) Sketch electric field and equipotential lines for this
The lesser electric ray (Narcine bancroftii) maintains an incredible charge on its head and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign on its tail (Figure 19.30). (a) Sketch the equipotential lines surrounding the ray.(b) Sketch the equipotentials when the ray is near a ship with a
Find the charge stored when 5.50 V is applied to an 8.00 pF capacitor.
Calculate the voltage applied to a 2.00 μF capacitor when it holds 3.10 μC of charge.
What capacitance is needed to store 3.00 μC of charge at a voltage of 120 V?
What is the capacitance of a large Van de Graaff generator’s terminal, given that it stores 8.00 mC of charge at a voltage of 12.0 MV?
Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having plates of area 5.00 m2 that are separated by 0.100 mm of Teflon.
(a) What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having plates of area 1.50 m2 that are separated by 0.0200 mm of neoprene rubber? (b) What charge does it hold when 9.00 V is applied to it?
A prankster applies 450 V to an 80.0 μF capacitor and then tosses it to an unsuspecting victim. The victim's finger is burned by the discharge of the capacitor through 0.200 g of flesh. What is the temperature increase of the flesh? Is it reasonable to assume no phase change?
Find the total capacitance of the combination of capacitors in Figure 19.31. 10 μF 2.5 μF 0.30 uF
(a) A certain parallel plate capacitor has plates of area 4.00 m2, separated by 0.0100 mm of nylon, and stores 0.170 C of charge. What is the applied voltage? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are responsible or inconsistent?
Find the total capacitance of the combination of capacitors shown in Figure 19.32. 0.30 uF. 10 μF 2.5 μF
Suppose you want a capacitor bank with a total capacitance of 0.750 F and you possess numerous 1.50 mF capacitors. What is the smallest number you could hook together to achieve your goal, and how would you connect them?
Find the total capacitance of the combination of capacitors shown in Figure 19.33. 5.0 μF 18.0 8.0 μF 3.5 μF I 1.5 μF F 0.75 μF 15 μF
(a) An 8.00 μF capacitor is connected in parallel to another capacitor, producing a total capacitance of 5.00 μF. What is the capacitance of the second capacitor? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are unreasonable or inconsistent?
(a) What is the energy stored in the 10.0 μF capacitor of a heart defibrillator charged to 9.00 × 103 V? (b) Find the amount of stored charge.
In open heart surgery, a much smaller amount of energy will defibrillate the heart.(a) What voltage is applied to the 8.00 μF capacitor of a heart defibrillator that stores 40.0 J of energy? (b) Find the amount of stored charge.
A 165 μF capacitor is used in conjunction with a motor. How much energy is stored in it when 119 V is applied?
A nervous physicist worries that the two metal shelves of his wood frame bookcase might obtain a high voltage if charged by static electricity, perhaps produced by friction. (a) What is the capacitance of the empty shelves if they have area 1.00 x 102 m2 and are 0.200 m apart? (b) What is the
Consider a heart defibrillator similar to that discussed in Example 19.11. Construct a problem in which you examine the charge stored in the capacitor of a defibrillator as a function of stored energy. Among the things to be considered are the applied voltage and whether it should vary with energy
Show that for a given dielectric material the maximum energy a parallel plate capacitor can store is directly proportional to the volume of dielectric (Volume = A · d). Note that the applied voltage is limited by the dielectric strength.
(a) On a particular day, it takes 9.60 x 103 J of electric energy to start a truck's engine. Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor that could store that amount of energy at 12.0 V. (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are responsible?
A total of 600 C of charge passes through a flashlight in 0.500 h. What is the average current?
What is the current when a typical static charge of 0.250 μC moves from your finger to a metal doorknob in 1.00 μs?
Find the current when 2.00 nC jumps between your comb and hair over a 0.500 - μs time interval.
A large lightning bolt had a 20,000-A current and moved 30.0 C of charge. What was its duration?
The 200-A current through a spark plug moves 0.300 mC of charge. How long does the spark last?
(a) A defibrillator passes 12.0 A of current through the torso of a person for 0.0100 s. How much charge moves?(b) How many electrons pass through the wires connected to the patient? (See figure two problems earlier.)Figure two problems earlier e- -ချိုး ,
During open-heart surgery, a defibrillator can be used to bring a patient out of cardiac arrest. The resistance of the path is 500 Ω and a 10.0-mA current is needed. What voltage should be applied?
A clock battery wears out after moving 10,000 C of charge through the clock at a rate of 0.500 mA.(a) How long did the clock run? (b) How many electrons per second flowed?
The batteries of a submerged non-nuclear submarine supply 1000 A at full speed ahead. How long does it take to move Avogadro's number (6.02 x 1023) of electrons at this rate?
SPEAR, a storage ring about 72.0 m in diameter at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (closed in 2009), has a 20.0-A circulating beam of electrons that are moving at nearly the speed of light. (See Figure 20.35.) How many electrons are in the beam?Data given in Figure 20.35 72 m L=-20 A Area A
Electron guns are used in X-ray tubes. The electrons are accelerated through a relatively large voltage and directed onto a metal target, producing X-rays. (a) How many electrons per second strike the target if the current is 0.500 mA? (b) What charge strikes the target in 0.750 s?
What current flows through the bulb of a 3.00-V flashlight when its hot resistance is 3.60 Ω?
What is the effective resistance of a car’s starter motor when 150 A flows through it as the car battery applies 11.0 V to the motor?
How many volts are supplied to operate an indicator light on a DVD player that has a resistance of 140 Ω, given that 25.0 mA passes through it?
(a) Find the voltage drop in an extension cord having a 0.0600-Ω resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing. (b) A cheaper cord utilizes thinner wire and has a resistance of 0.300 Ω. What is the voltage drop in it when 5.00 A flows? (c) Why is the voltage to whatever appliance is being used
A power transmission line is hung from metal towers with glass insulators having a resistance of 1.00 × 109. What current flows through the insulator if the voltage is 200 kV? (Some high- voltage lines are DC.)
What is the resistance of a 20.0-m-long piece of 12-gauge copper wire having a 2.053-mm diameter?
If the 0.010-mm diameter tungsten filament in a light bulb is to have a resistance of 0.200 Ω at 20.0°C, how long should it be?
Find the ratio of the diameter of aluminum to copper wire, if they have the same resistance per unit length (as they might in household wiring).
What current flows through a 2.54-cm-diameter rod of pure silicon that is 20.0 cm long, when 1.00 × 103 V is applied to it? (Such a rod may be used to make nuclear-particle detectors, for example.)
(a) To what temperature must you raise a copper wire, originally at 20.0°C, to double its resistance, neglecting any changes in dimensions? (b) Does this happen in household wiring under ordinary circumstances?
A resistor made of Nichrome wire is used in an application where its resistance cannot change more than 1.00% from its value at 20.0°C. Over what temperature range can it be used?
An electronic device designed to operate at any temperature in the range from-10.0°C to 55.0°C contains pure carbon resistors. By what factor does their resistance increase over this range?
(a) of what material is a wire made, if it is 25.0 m long with a 0.100 mm diameter and has a resistance of 77.7 Ω at 20.0°C? (b) What is its resistance at 150°C?
Assuming a constant temperature coefficient of resistivity, what is the maximum percent decrease in the resistance of a constant an wire starting at 20.0°C?
A wire is drawn through a die, stretching it to four times its original length. By what factor does its resistance increase?
A copper wire has a resistance of 0.500 Ω at 20.0°C, and an iron wire has a resistance of 0.525 Ω at the same temperature. At what temperature are their resistances equal?
(a) Redo Exercise 9.25 taking into account the thermal expansion of the tungsten filament. You may assume a thermal expansion coefficient of 12 x 10-6/°C.(b) By what percentage does your answer differ from that in the example?Data given in Exercise 9.25The diameter of 0-gauge copper wire is 8.252
What is the power of a 1.00 x 102 MV lightning bolt having a current of 2.00 x 104 A?
A charge of 4.00 C of charge passes through a pocket calculator’s solar cells in 4.00 h. What is the power output, given the calculator’s voltage output is 3.00 V? (See Figure 20.36.) 0 1 4 PTHRUOPOUpFiCACHEAPOR SEARC TAX-TAX RCM M- M+ Cov 789c 5 6 2 3 %6 X - 4- הבו
What power is supplied to the starter motor of a large truck that draws 250 A of current from a 24.0-V battery hookup?
How many watts does a flashlight that has 6.00 x 102 C pass through it in 0.500 h use if its voltage is 3.00 V?
Find the power dissipated in each of these extension cords:(a) An extension cord having a 0.0600 - Ω resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing;(b) A cheaper cord utilizing thinner wire and with a resistance of 0.300 Ω.
Show that the units 1 V2/Ω = 1W, as implied by the equation P = V2/R.
Show that the units 1 A2.Ω = 1 W, as implied by the equation P = I2R.
Verify the energy unit equivalence that 1 kW .h = 3.60 × 106 J.
An electric water heater consumes 5.00 kW for 2.00 h per day. What is the cost of running it for one year if electricity costs 12.0 cents/kW. h? See Figure 20.37. Ducha RENZETTI
Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through 1.00 x 102 kV and directed toward a target to produce X-rays. Calculate the power of the electron beam in this tube if it has a current of 15.0 mA.
With a 1200-W toaster, how much electrical energy is needed to make a slice of toast (cooking time = 1 minute)? At 9.0 cents/kW - h, how much does this cost?
What would be the maximum cost of a CFL such that the total cost (investment plus operating) would be the same for both CFL and incandescent 60-W bulbs? Assume the cost of the incandescent bulb is 25 cents and that electricity costs 10 cents/kWh. Calculate the cost for 1000 hours, as in the cost
Some makes of older cars have 6.00-V electrical systems. (a) What is the hot resistance of a 30.0-W headlight in such a car?(b) What current flows through it?
Alkaline batteries have the advantage of putting out constant voltage until very nearly the end of their life. How long will an alkaline battery rated at 1.00 A.h and 1.58 V keep a 1.00-W flashlight bulb burning?
The average television is said to be on 6 hours per day. Estimate the yearly cost of electricity to operate 100 million TVs, assuming their power consumption averages 150 W and the cost of electricity averages 12.0 cents/kW.h.
An old lightbulb draws only 50.0 W, rather than its original 60.0 W, due to evaporative thinning of its filament. By what factor is its diameter reduced, assuming uniform thinning along its length? Neglect any effects caused by temperature differences.
(a) What energy is dissipated by a lightning bolt having a 20,000-A current, a voltage of 1.00 × 102 MV, and a length of 1.00 ms?(b) What mass of tree sap could be raised from 18.0°C to its boiling point and then evaporated by this energy, assuming sap has the same thermal characteristics as
What current must be produced by a 12.0-V battery-operated bottle warmer in order to heat 75.0 g of glass, 250 g of baby formula, and 3.00 x 102 g of aluminum from 20.0°C to 90.0°C in 5.00 min?
Hydroelectric generators (see Figure 20.39) at Hoover Dam produce a maximum current of 8.00 × 103 A at 250 kV.(a) What is the power output?(b) The water that powers the generators enters and leaves the system at low speed (thus its kinetic energy does not change) but loses 160 m in altitude. How
How much time is needed for a surgical cauterizer to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of tissue from 37.0°C to 100°C and then boil away 0.500 g of water, if it puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV? Ignore heat transfer to the surroundings.
Assuming 95.0% efficiency for the conversion of electrical power by the motor, what current must the 12.0-V batteries of a 750-kg electric car be able to supply:(a) To accelerate from rest to 25.0 m/s in 1.00 min?(b) To climb a 2.00 x 102-m-high hill in 2.00 min at a constant 25.0-m/s speed while
(a) An aluminum power transmission line has a resistance of 0.0580 Ω/km. What is its mass per kilometer?(b) What is the mass per kilometer of a copper line having the same resistance? A lower resistance would shorten the heating time. Discuss the practical limits to speeding the heating by
(a) An immersion heater utilizing 120 V can raise the temperature of a 1.00 × 102 -g aluminum cup containing 350 g of water from 20.0°C to 95.0°C in 2.00 min. Find its resistance, assuming it is constant during the process.(b) A lower resistance would shorten the heating time. Discuss the
(a) What is the cost of heating a hot tub containing 1500 kg of water from 10.0°C to 40.0°C, assuming 75.0% efficiency to account for heat transfer to the surroundings? The cost of electricity is 9 cents/kW . h.(b) What current was used by the 220-V AC electric heater, if this took 4.00 h?
(a) What current is needed to transmit 1.00 x 102 MW of power at 480 V?(b) What power is dissipated by the transmission lines if they have a 1.00 - Ω resistance?(c) What is unreasonable about this result?(d) Which assumptions are unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent?
(a) What current is needed to transmit 1.00 x 102 MW of power at 10.0 kV?(b) Find the resistance of 1.00 km of wire that would cause a 0.0100% power loss. (c) What is the diameter of a 1.00-km-long copper wire having this resistance?(d) What is unreasonable about these results? (e) Which

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